Aly Designation: D 4044 — 96 (Reapproved 2002) Standard Test Method (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers* This cand ic ned unde the Ged designation BAO; the mmr mmodsly following the dasgation indict the yor of ‘gmat adpeon on the cs of evison the Year of revise A nue parca fc the ear Of ast appeal A ‘superset epsilon ()indieates an eto cing sine the ls eis o teary 4, Scope LLL This test method covers the fleld procedure for perform- ing ni sic insantaneous eange in eal (lag) es 1.2 This est method is used in eonjunetion with en analyt cal procedure suchas Test Method D 4104 0 determine aquifer properties. 1.3 The values stated in the ST units ate 10 be regarded as standard 1.4 This standard does not purport to uddvess all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilty of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate sets and health practices and determine the applica bitty of regulatory timttations prior 1 use 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 11653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rack, and Contained Fluids 1.4043 Guide for Selection of AguiferTest Method in Deiermination of Hydraulic Properties by Well Tech- niques? 1.4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) far Determine ing Transmissivity of Confined Nomleaky Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response (9 Inscatancous Change in Head (Slug Testy” 1.4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well? 5785 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter- mining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Underdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change In Head (Slug Test? 1D SNRI. ‘Test Method! (Analytical Procedure) for Netermin- ing Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers. by Critically Damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change In Head (Slug Test)? "his test method iu he jason of AST Commitee DIR on Sand Rat aay Seem IRM on aed ‘Carn eon approved Oct 10,1997 Published February 197. Oriialy bland ws 404401 Lt previa dion DADO * mu Boot of AST Standart, Vl 0% yma! Book of AST Sedan, Nl 4.00 Copyright by the ASTM laternationl Sun Dec 15 142206 Zone 1D 5912 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin- ing Hydraulie Conductivity of an Uneonfined Aquifer by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change In Head (Slug Test 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: Definitions: 3.1.1 control well well by which the aquifer is stressed, for example, by pumping, injection, or change of head 3.1.2 fyrdraultc conducttviqy—Gheld aquifer tess) the vole une of water atthe existing kinematic viscosity that will move in a unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient though @ unit area measured at right angles to the dieetion of flow. 3.1.3 observation wella well open to all or part af an aquifer 3.14 ovendamped-well response churacterized by the wie ter level returning to the staie level in an epproximavely exponential manner following a sudden change in water level (Sve tor comparison underdamped well.) 3.1.5 slug—a volunne of water or solid object used to induce a sudden change of head in a well. 3.1.6 storage eveficient—the volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unic surface ree of the aquifer per unit change in head. For a confined aquifer, itis equal to the product of specie storage and aquler thickness For an unconfined aquifer, the storage coeticient is approxi- mately equal to dhe specific yield 3.1.7 transmissivitythe volume of water at the existing Kinematic viseosty tht will move in a unit ime under a unit haydraulie gradient through a unit width of the aquifer. 3.18 underdamped-well response characterized. by the water level oscillating about the static water level following a sudden change in water level. (See for comparison overdamped weil) 3.1.9 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology 1 653 4, Summary of Test Method 4.1 This test method describes the field procedures involved in conducting an instantaneous head (slug) test. The slug test method involves causing a sudden change in head in & control ‘well and measuring the water level response within that comtral well. Head change may be induced by suddenly injecting orWy 0 4044 removing a known quantity or “slug” of water into the well, rapid removat of a mechanicat “slug” from below the water level, increasing or decreasing the air pressure in the well casing, or emplacement of a mechanical slug into the water column. 42 ‘The water-level response in the well isa fimetion of the ‘mass of water inthe well and the transmissivity and coetticient of storage of the aquifer. One method of analysis of the data from this ficld practice is described in Test Method D 4104, 5. Significance and Use 5.1 This stug test eld procedure is used in eonjunetion with aslug test analytical procedure, such as Test Method D 4104 to provide quick and relatively inexpensive estimates of transmis- siviy. 5.2 The slug test provides an advantage aver pumping tests in that it does not require the disposal of the large quantities of water Unt may be praduced. This is of special siamporaaee when testing a potentially contaminated aquifer. However, slug tests reflect conditions near the well, therefore are influenced bby near-well conditions, such as gravel pack, poor well evelopment, and skin effects 53 Slug tests may be made in aquifer materials of lower hydraulic conductivity than generally considered suitable for hydraulic testing with pumping teats. ‘Sat The method of data analysis (analytical procedure) should he known prior to the field testing to ensure that all appropriate dimensions and measurements are properly re- corded, Sclection of the analytical procedure can be aided by using Guide D 4043, ‘Test Method D785, Test Method D 5881, and Tost Method D $912. 6. Apparatus 6.1. Slug-fnduciny Equipment —This test method describes the types of equipment thet ean be used. Because ofthe infinite variety of testing conditions and because similar results ean be achieved with different apparans, engineering specifications for apparatus are not appropriate, This test method specities the results t0 be achieved by the equipment to satisfy the require- ‘ments of this practice 6.2 Water-Level Measurement Eguipment The method of ‘water level measurement may be dependent on the method selected for injection or withdrawal of water, and the nature of the response of the well. For an open-well test, that is, where access to the water level is open to the surface, measure water levels manually as deseribed in Test Method D 4750, by an automatic recording device linked to a oat, or with a pressure ‘transducer linked to a data logger or display deviee. A pressure ‘transducer linked to a data logger will be necessary fora test in a closed well in which water-level changes are induced by ‘vacuum or pressure on the control well end where manual ‘measurements do not provide measurements of adequate fre- ‘quency (see 9.3). 7. Conditioning 7.1 Pre-Test Procedure: TL. Measuring Pro-Test Water Levels Measure the water level in the coniral well betore beginning, the test for a period longer than the duration of the test determine the pre-test Copyright by the ASTM Internation Sun Dee 15 L256 Zone ‘water level fhuctutions and to establish pre-pumping water level trend and to determine a pre-pumping reference water level. 8, Procedure 8.1. Cause a change in wate level, either rise or decline, by one of the following methods: 8.1.1 Hater Slug —Injeet or withdraw water of a known ‘quantity into oF from the control well 8.1.2 Mechanical Slug—Inject or withdraw a mechanical slug below or above the water level. The water within the control well will then rise or decline an amount equal to the volume of the mechanical slug 8.1.3 Release Vacuum or Pressure—A method of simulating the injection or withdrawal of a slug of water is by the release fof vacuum or pressure on a tighily capped (shut-in) control well. Before the release, the vacuum or pressure is held coms. "Nors 1—Thete ino fice roquirement forthe magnitide of the change in water level, Similar resus ean be achieved with a wide range in induced head change Some considerations inchde a magnitude of change tha ean be ea measured with the appara selected for example the ‘neat change shouldbe soch thatthe method of measurement shuld be accurate 1 %of the maximum head change. Generally, an induced head change of fom onecthir to one meter i adequate Although the indeed ‘oad shang shu be cont allow the response curve tobe defined, excessive head change should he avoided to reduce the possibly of ining large fitonal loses in wel bo. "The mechanical model for he fst nesimies the head change since insanumeously. Pracocally, a finte tie fs required to effect head change. Sclection of ime zevo van be selested experimentally. Refer tothe ‘method of analysis (soch as Test Method D 4168) to determine time 229 tind to evaluate the suitability ofthe change effected in the wel 8.2 Measure water-level response to the change in water level, The frequency of water-level measurement during the test is dependent upon the hydraulic conductivity of the ‘material being tested. During the early portions of the tes, measure water levels at closely-spnced mtervals, Meastte= ‘ments of water level made manually with a tape should be made as frequently as possible unt the water fevel has, recovered about 60 to 80%. Increase the length of time between measurements with increasing duration of the test. Since most methods of data analysis are curve-fitting tech- ‘hiques, itis essential char water levels are measured frequently enough to define the water-level response curve (sce Guid D 4043, Test Methods D 4104 and D 5785). 8.2.1' In aquifer-well aystems where water-level changes re rapid, it may be necessary to use a pressure transducer linked to an electronic data logger to measure and record the water levels Frequently enough w adequately define die waterkevel response. The use of transducers and date loggers generally, provides a greater than adequate frequency of measurements, ‘anging from several measurements per second in the early part (ot the test to a specified frequency mn the later portions of atest With such equipment, the test analysis may use a reduced data set of measurements to calculate the hydraulic properties (sce Guide D-4043, Test Methods D 4104 and D 5785 for analysis, of water level data. 83 PosteTest Procedure—Make preliminary analysis. of data before leaving the fleld and evaluate the test regarding theWy D 4044 criteria given in this test method and he method of analysis, ssuch as Test Method D 4104 to determine if the test should be rerun. 9. Report 9.1 Include the information listed below in the report ofthe feid procedure: 9.2 All test reports should include the following: 9.2.1 Date, time, and well identification, 9.2.2 Method of slug withdrawal or injection, as well as ‘whether the test is a falling head (injection) or a rising head (ovithdrawal) test, 9.2.3 Inside diameie: of well seseen and well casing above 9.24 Depth of well, 9.25 Length and depth sewing of sereen, 9.2.6 Volume of mechanical slug or pressure change im- posed om water level, amd 9.2.7 Pre-testing water-level trend. 913 Establish and record the measurement point from which all measurements of water level ate made. Record date. time. and depth to water level below measurement point of all water levels 9.4 Water levels measured during the test should be re- corded with information on date, clock time, and time since test started. If the water levels ate measured with a pressure transducer and recorded with an eleetonic data logger, record the name of the data file on the data logger. 10, Precision and Bias 10.1 11 is not practical to specify the precision of this test ‘method because the response of aquifer systems during aquifer tests is dependent upon ambient system stresses. No statement ean be made about bias because no true reference values exist Al. Keywords 11.1 aquifers, aquifer (esis; ground water, hydraulic conduc tivity; hydraulic properties; instantaneous head test; sug testss storage coefficient; transmissivity ASTI ntenatena takes no positon respecting he vay of any patent rights asserted in comecton with any am marine in be standard.Usoreo tie sander are expose mbriaod that lamination of a wait fay sua patent ga and te ok ‘ringers of sun rans. ar aly nae cx reponstty, This standards sujet to revision a any tne bythe responsible latrical commits and us be reviewed every fe years at foatresead, ahr mapprosed or wiraun Your nants nnd aaron of stad o fe alana ana ‘a shout be areesnd ASTM Iterator eager Your covets wil rcalte cael corsteaton ata macting o e ‘esponsbiefecincalconmitee wich you may aera ou fel Bat your comments have ret rceveda fa Perna vou shat ‘make your views inoun fo tho ASTIN Commi on Standards, the addrse shown bata ‘Ths standan ie copptie by ATTA International, 100 Dar arbor Dive, PO Dox 700, Hest Conshohocken, PA 191202869, ned States. nda repr’ (srl or mite copes) of ms standard may be oblained Dy contacting ASTM atthe stove Satiace or af G10832.0085 (phone) GIDE ISES i), on zanicagianmong (emai) or trough the ASTI wakes feereastn on Copyright by the ASTM Internation sun Dee 15 L42549 20ne