Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Agriculture
Professor. Dr Ananthamoorthy N P, S.Sathiyarajan,( PG student )
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology,
(An Autonomous Institution)
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu.
Abstract—: The Internet of Things (IoT) offers
enormous potential to carry out tasks efficiently in the
modern era of technology. IoT de vices, as their name
suggests, include sensors and other tools that are directly
connected to the internet. Such a machine can be taught
to perform a wi de range of tasks in the fields of
agriculture, science, and military, among many others.
The proposed approach in this study addresses how the
agriculture industry could benefit from the Internet of
Things. An IoT can be used for a variety of purposes,
including farm security, ensuring that agricultural
products are produced, transported, and sold properly,
and much more. The proposed model, which is covere d
in more detail below, discusses the use of drones,
autonomous tractors, and defense systems that are
essential for creating intelligent agricultural land.
Through adequate AI monitoring and control, these
gadgets can be made to operate well and ser ve a variety
of purposes. After the labor in the fields is finished, a
farmer may practically unwi nd thanks to the installation
of adequate sensors in the aerial machine, ground
machine, and defensive mechanism.
Keywords— Internet of things (IoT), Drones,
Automated Tractors, Defense, Artificial Intelligence,
Sensors
I. INTRO DUC TIO N
Our primary source of food and survival is agriculture. In
addition to giving us the energy we need to survive, this
sector continues to be the top priority for the country. This is
the field where the farmer tends to the land, cultivates the
crops, and tends to the cattle. A farmer works long and hard
to produce enough livestock to sell in the market and feed
us. With the development of science and technology,
researchers from all over the world are working to increase
agricultural production and yield. The need for quick
production rises along with the demand for food. Internet of
things (IoT) devices are being used at work to assist farmers
in meeting these growing demands.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of devices that
can perform certain tasks when asked to do so and are fitted
with sensors. With such technological improvement, the
suggested model may undoubtedly make use of such a
gadget to increase revenue for numerous industries,
including food and agriculture, defense, the stock market,
and many others. [1, 2, 3]. There are a number of IoT
devices that can be utilized in the agricultural industry and
fall within the IoT category. Drones can be used in this area
to monitor the farm when the farmer is not present. The
Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of devices that can
perform certain tasks when asked to do so and are fitted
with sensors.
The tractors can be equipped with a suitable GPS system
that can be utilized for e xt remely accurate field plowing [1].
These tractors can also be made to plant seeds carefully and
in the right places at the right distances. In this industry,
tools other than tractors that can calculate the amount of
seed coverage in a field and how much water and fert ilizer
the seeds will need are also useful. These tabs will act as a
compass for the farmers. There will be less possibility of
seeds being lost due to farmers neglecting them or,
conversely, giving too much water and fertilizer to only
some of the seeds because farmers would have sufficient
instructions.
The IoT can be used to monitor not only the appropriate
maintenance of the seeds but also the proper production of
the crops and the subsequent sale of them to the customer at
a fair price [4]. Farmers always benefit when their harvest is
sold at the market directly, without the use of a middleman.
With all of these advantages of having an IoT device in the
agricultural sector, the proposed model suggests a strategy
through which the proposed model can create an ideal farm
that is simple to maintain, will cause the farmer less stress,
and will also be advantageous to the farmer in the long run.
Numerous inferences about the crop field and crop upkeep
can be made from the data gathering from the drones and
other sensors. Financial decisions are influenced by data
analysis, as indicated in [5]. Farmers can make the financial
decisions using data analysis.
II. BASIC CO MPO NENTS FO R SMART IDEAL FARMING
The proposed model would need highly certain sorts of
sensors because it seeks to create the optimum field and
farming conditions. The following components, all of which
have sensors attached to them, would be the starting point of
the proposed model in order to give us a notion of what
ideal farming requires:
A. Drone maintenance [6]:
Modern technology includes drones. There are many
potential applications for the technology that scientists have
created. Agriculture is one of the sectors. These drones,
which most people assume are surveillance cameras, may be
instructed to perform other tasks as well. The suggested
model can program any drone to perform multiple tasks
using contemporary AI technologies. According to the
suggested model, these drones can be used for farming. To
achieve this, the suggested model will direct an AI-powered
drone to
● Have a precise surveillance power over the crops.
● Scan for harmful insects and look out for wild
animals.
● Have a security measure to counter any deadly
insect or animal.
● Spray insecticides/pesticides [7] if the farmer is not
physically capable of visiting the field.
● Report any kind of unknown damage to the farmer
to avoid any kind of loss.
With such a drone, the farmer can calmly relax about
maintenance and security.
B. IoT based tractors [8]:
Farmers' primary tool for tilling the ground is a tractor. The
tractors they use, however, are not automatic in any way.
The suggested approach calls for the installation of IoT
devices equipped with various sensors in order to automate
tractors. To help farmers grow crops, not only IoT devices
but also a specially created AI are required. Many
businesses have been working on autonomous tractors for a
very long time. The following are some ways having an
automatic tractor might be helpful to a farmer:
● Perfect ploughing pattern.
● No side getting more seeds sowed than the other.
● Self-realization of start and stop.
● Self-assessment of body tools.
For equal sowing of the seeds, the sensors attached to the
tractor will guide the tractor on definite paths for sowing the
seeds. As there is a definite path for the tractor, not one lane
of seeds would overlap on the other causing a single lane to
get more seeds than the other.
Self-assessment of body tools refers to the inclusion of
sensors in the suggested model that would scan the tractor's
body and alert the user to any form of damage to any of its
body components. It will also be necessary to categorize the
bodily components in order to report particular damage to
the farmer and the repair company [16]. A classifier could
be used in conjunction with the sensor to do this. The
farming process would restart at its usual pace after the
necessary repair is made and the tractor is in operating
order.
III. DEFENC E/ALERT SYSTEM
Security of data collected by AI-powered drones [9] that
provide an overhead eye and defense is crucial in the
defense sector, but when threat is on the ground, ground
defense is tested first. Two factor authentication method
[10] is crucial, especially for the security of the data when
using drones. When the land's farmer is not there, the drones
can detect an attack by any wild animal. To stop the
onslaught, the land's fencing must be particularly sturdy.
Farmers also occasionally employ electric fences for this
purpose. Although it provides security, there is a chance that
it could break down. If a wild animal strikes in the middle of
the night and the fence's electricity is only moderately
strong, the animal might easily enter and destroy the crop.
But if the IoT connected to an electric fence is effective
enough to alert the farmer about the fence strength well in
advance, this issue can be averted. This IoT can be used to
inform the farmer that the electrical supply in the fences will
run out after a particular period of time. The farmer would
have ample time to deal with the matter in this way.
Protection against monsters that emerge from below the soil
is just as important as defense against an attack from the
outside. This is possible if the suggested model includes an
IoT with a PIR sensor that is configured to scan, AI that
analyzes the scan, and a decision-making process that
addresses the threat [11]. The suggested concept can thus
use two different forms of security—one from the air and
the other from the ground. Fig. 1 depicts a block schematic
of these three fundamental elements of smart agriculture.
Drone
maintenance
Basic major Tools
IoT based
in smart
agriculture Tractors
Defense/Alert
system
Fig-1: Block diagram for smart agriculture.
IV. SENSO RS FO R SMART FARMING
The proposed model's previous section covered the key
elements needed for farming. Each aspect of farming is
offered in a variety of types. Table 1 displays a list of many
drone kinds along with a few of their uses.
 Table-1: List of drones and some of their applications of soil water content sensors. The proposed model can
monitor and provide data about the soil moisture content
Drones Applications utilizing drones by using intelligent passive sensors that are
Honeycomb AgDrone [12] Easy mission planning; On mounted to the drones.
demand information;
Scouting mapping;
B. Soil electrical conductivity sensor[14]:
Analytics; Surveying
DJI Matrice 100 [12] Advanced navigation; GPS The conductivity of the soil can be determined using this
sensor. Since the water used for irrigation also contains
DJI T600 inspire 1[12] In camera control; GPS;
some unwelcome salt particles, this could result in crop
navigations
failure because the salts harm the roots. The suggested
Agras-MG-1-DJI [12] Accurate spraying; memory
model can therefore determine the soil's suitability for
EBEE SQ-senseFly [12] Crop monitoring; can
irrigation and its level of to xic ity by evaluating this
capture data in four more
parameter.
bands along with RGB
band.
M-18 Dromader [6] Surveillance; crop C. pH sensor[14]:
PZL-106AR-Kruk [6] monitoring; fertilizer &
This sensor would assist in maintaining the soil's pH, which
Grumman Ag Cat [6] pesticide spraying
is a crucial element. Because the pH of the soil might
Yamaha RMAXR22- Large area pesticide fluctuate depending on the type of irrigation used, a farmer
UVR66 spraying. must maintain the pH of the soil for his or her particular
spray systemAlign High payload capability type of farming. When the required pH level in the soil
Demeter E1SR20 and changes, such a sensor would notify the farmer.
SR200 of Rotomotion [6]
AgEagle RX60 [6] Crop monitoring; large area
eBee Ag [6] coverage; fertilizers D. Weed seeker sensor[14]:
Precision Hank Lancaster spraying. This sensor is effective for preventing weed development in
[6] agricultural areas. Weeds could represent a major threat to
Sentera Phoenix 2Trimble the main crop since they eventually drain crop nutrients and
UX5 [6] compete with them for nutrients. It is crucial to have a
DJI Phantom 4 PRO [6] Soil stress calculation; sensor that can recognize and eliminate weed plants. The
AGCO Solo [6] water stress calculation; sensors that must be put would detect both the initial crops
Sentera Omni Ag [6] small area spraying; small and unwelcome weed growth. To accomplish this, the
SenseFly eXom [6] field surveillance. sensor would have an optical system that could find the
AgBot [6] crop's chlorophyll content. The sensor could easily tell
InDago Ag [6] which plant was a crop and which was a weed since the
chlorophyll concentration of crops and weeds differs.
The list of drones can help us determine which drone would
be most effective for a certain task. However, every drone
E. Temperature sensor[14]:
has a unique collection of sensors. Some of their functions
may be shared, although the kind of drone our suggested Crops require the proper kind of temperature in their
model for IoT-based agriculture favors should be able to surroundings. Although it could appear to be a relatively
carry out functions that are comparable to those of these trivial justification for farming, this temperature regulates
sensors. We are aware that use of e xtensive fertilizers the growth of the plant. Plants also need temperature-
affects the natural water stored below the ground and it also sensitive enzymes for optimum growth. Therefore, it is
has several other environmental impacts. Using drones, with imperative to have a sensor that can warn farmers when
sensors capable of spotting locations in need of fert ilizers temperatures deviate from the ideal range for their crops.
and locations where it is not required in great amounts, the
environmental disaster due to fertilizers could be minimized There are several different types of automated equipment
[19]. UV Robots use a variety of sensors, as detailed in [ 13], that have been designed for tractors in the farming industry.
and this has greatly impacted the e-healthcare industry. The Automated tractors have already been developed by a
following is a list of various sensors used in agricultural number of businesses, including John Deere and Case 1H
IoT: [15]. Our proposed architecture for autonomous tractors
incorporates sensors with appropriate distance-measuring
capabilities, IoT devices with AI support, and other features
A. Water content sensor[14]: to report any type of crop damage brought on by the tractor
This sensor is helpful for determining the amount of water as a result of unfavorable circumstances. The distance
in the soil. By measuring the water content, the sensor measuring sensor will accurately measure the area that has
would gather data on how much water is present in the soil previously been plowed and seeded as well as the entire area
relative to the overall volume of the test soil. Tensiometer, that the tractor needs to cover to plow and sow seeds.
capacitance, dielectric technique, gypsum blocks,
volumetric, and neutron probes are the most popular forms
A farmer just wants the best protection possible when it of the intruder. The camera attached to this pole is beneficial
comes to protecting crop production. For this objective to be to have a clear picture of what or who may have caused any
accomplished, the proposed model has previously briefly type of destruction of the crop fields. To send the
covered how farmers may use sensors that informed them of accomplished images to the farmer in an effective and fast
their fence defenses. The employment of s mall poles way an inbuilt W i-Fi system could be utilized so that the
equipped with a PIR sensor and a regular camera to scan the farmer gets notification about the threat looming around
ground is another option that the proposed model here his/her crops [18]. Not only Wi-Fi but there is also other
suggests [16]. Such a pole can search a certain radius of the cloud-based technology, although not discussed in the
ground for insects and pests. If it finds any pests, insects, or current paper, which could be incorporated in the s mart pole
hazards, it will immediately warn the farmer and in itiate a for better and fast communication with the farmer.
plan of action for the future. A framework of the IoT
devices is shown in fig-2 and a small diagram of the security Since the conventional method of farming involved
measures is shown in fig-3. consumption of time at a very huge rate, with the modern
IoT technology this time of sowing watering taking care off
of the crops has been reduced greatly. With the modern IoT
technology a farmer doesn’t have to stay in the fields for a
Basic IoT
longer time. Also, the mental stress and physical labor gets
architecture greatly reduced once the machineries get automated. In the
fields, having a shared remote control will be more
beneficial than a single remote control. It is because, more
Drone IoT based Defense/Alert
maintenance Tractors system the number of helping hands in monitoring the automated
devices in the farm, more will the t ime spent working in the
fields will get reduced. If an automated farmland has a main
Fertilizer Precision Electric pole
Electric Fences farmer along with two or three s mall farmers working in the
spraying farming with->
field then the monitoring of the drones, tractors, security
becomes very easy.
Proper sowing of
Crop monitoring IR camera
crops in a line
V. CO NCLUSIO N

Crop security Camera

Fig-2: Architecture of the IoT involved.
In this study, the proposed model analyzes the potential
applications and usage of IoT as well as some fundamental
elements of smart farming. Drones are crucial for field
observation and farm field upkeep on a regional scale. The
farmer can receive direct signals from this technology
thanks to IoT and AI support. With the aid of an
autonomous tractor, a farmer no longer has to be concerned
about being unable to operate in the field due to illness.
These automated tractors have the ability to plow, sow, and
may also be employed to clear the farmland of the proposed
model plants. In the end, by immediately alerting the farmer,
the alarm and defense mechanism against any form of harm
can be avoided. The proposed model can make agriculture
simple and meet the demands of the growing population by
further improving these fundamental elements.

For future work the inclusion of cloud technology along

with monitoring on crop production data will be done. The
proposed model for now focuses on only three basic smart-
agricultural-tools. This could be upgraded and other
technologies like humanoid robots, sensor-based sprinkles
could be attached to it.
Fig-3: A proposed model of the security system.
VI. ACKNO WLEDGEMENT

In earlier section it has been discussed that a PIR sensor on I am thankful to Prof. Dhara Trivedi for guiding me through
the ground can be beneficial as the proposed model. this paper. I also would like to thank Clarkson University,
Therefore, if the main objective of capturing IR spectra of Ahmedabad University and PDPU for providing support and
creature roaming unnoticed is fulfilled, it doesn’t matter encouragement.
where the proposed model places the PIR sensor in the
fields. This IR sensor would act like a third eye in the dark
when there is no light for the camera to capture clear picture
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