Dela Cruz, John Hayden P.

November 1, 2021
CIV201
Activity 9: Factors affecting solubility

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Demonstrate how the temperature affects solubility.

2. Prove how the surface area, and stirring affects the solubility.
3. Illustrate how the polarity of solute and solvent affects solubility.

PROCEDURES:

A. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SOLUBILITY

1 Obtain 3 glasses and fill each one with 100 ml of water using a liquid measuring device to get
accurate measurements. Glass A should be from the cold-water source, Glass B should be room
temperature from the tap, and Glass C should be from the warm water source.

2 Take the temperature of each beaker and record the range of temperatures observed. It will be
difficult to keep the temperatures constant, so a range of temperatures will do.

3 Take 1 scoop of salt and place it each glass of water, one at a time. Begin on
the warm water and observe its solubility. Repeat the procedure on other glass of water with
different temperature. Don’t stir the mixture. Make sure all of your servings of salt are
equal in size.

4 You should be observing to make sure that all of the material (solute) is dissolving.
You should add another scoop until no more material can dissolve in the water. You will know
this when you see material settling at the bottom of the beaker. Stir the salt in the beaker.

5 Record the number of scoops that each beaker needed in the data table.

B. SURFACE AREA EFFECTS ON SOLUBILITY

6 Obtain 2 glasses and fill them up with 100 ml of tap water.
Make sure that you rinse the glasses thoroughly from the steps before.

7 To test surface area we will use rock salt and regular salt. The two materials are similar except for the
rock salt being bigger chunks. The smaller the chunks, the greater the surface area.

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8 Add equal amounts of the salt to its glasses; observe the rate of dissolving in each. If you wish, you can
weigh out both samples to get an equal amount of mass for each.

C. STIRRING AND ITS EFFECT ON SOLUBILITY

9 Obtain 2 glasses and fill them with 100 ml each of tap water.
10 Add equal amounts of the salt to each glass and only stir in the salt in one of the glasses. This
means that one of the glasses will have salt that is undisturbed. Observe the rate of
dissolving in each beaker.
11 Add scoops of salt to its glasses, recording the number of scoops used as you did for the beakers at
different temperatures.

D. POLARITY OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT

12. Determine the solubility of 1 gram (if solid) or 1 mL (if liquid) in 10 mL of water, 1 mL of isopropyl
alcohol and 1: 1 mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol on the following solute listed below:
SOLUTES:
Sodium Chloride
Coconut oil
Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda)
Toluene (Toluene is found naturally in crude oil, and is used in oil refining and the
manufacturing of paints, lacquers, explosives (TNT) and glues. In
homes, toluene may be found in paint thinners, paintbrush cleaners, nail polish,
glues, inks and stain removers.

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Activity 9: Factors affecting solubility

Questions:

1. List the factors that affect solubility of a solid that is being dissolved in a liquid and explain
each one.

A. Temperature

Temperature has a direct impact on solubility. For the majority of ionic solids, raising the temperature
makes it easier to make a solution. The solid particles travel faster as the temperature rises, increasing the
chance that additional liquid particles will contact with them. As a result, the pace at which a solution
appears rises.

B. Molecular Size

The molecular weight and size of solute molecules increase as they become larger. Solvent molecules
have a tougher time encircling bigger molecules. When all of the ale factors mentioned above are removed,
the general rule is that bigger particles are less soluble. If two solutes of the same polarity have the same
pressure and temperature, the one with the smaller particles will normally be more soluble.

C. Stirring increased the speed of dissolving

Although stirring has no effect on a substance's solubility, everyone knows that if they add sugar in
their tea and do not stir, it will dissolve. Stirring enhances the pace of the process by increasing the mobility
of the solvent, which exposes the solvent to new sections, allowing for solubility. Because molecules in
liquid fluids are always moving, the process will continue, but it will take longer.

D. Surface Area

A solid's surface area would be split into smaller pieces if its surface area was increased. This would
be done to increase the rate at which the solution dissolves the solvent.

2. Give an example on how each of the factors are used around the house.

A. Temperature

When I put a piece of ice from the refrigerator in a hot zone in my house, it take minutes for the ice
to turn into water because the ice particles that make it a solid melt

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 B. Molecular Size

If I put two kinds of salt in the water at the same time, the smaller salt should dissolve sooner
since it has greater surface area than the bigger salt.

C. Stirring increased the speed of dissolving

If we let the tea alone for long enough, the sugar will dissolve, although it will take a bit longer.
However, using the stirring technique, it is possible to melt sugar quickly.

D. Surface Area

If you have to dissolve sugar in water, a sugar cube will dissolve slower than an equivalent quantity
of microscopic sugar crystals. The total surface area of both sugar crystals is substantially larger than
that of a single sugar cube, allowing for increased contact with the water molecules. The sugar crystals
are broken down more faster as a result of this.

TABLE of OBSERVATIONS:

DATA TABLE # 1: FOR TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

Water Temp. of Water , Number of Scoops

oC

15 degrees Celsius 2 scoops of 25 ml of salt

COLD WATER

35 degrees Celsius 2 scoops of 25 ml of salt

ROOM TEMP.
54 degrees Celsius 2scoops of 25 ml of salt
HOT WATER

DATA TABLE # 2: FOR SURFACE AREA EFFECTS

Type of Salt Observation after 1 Observation after 3 Number of scoops

minute
Nothing happens after 1
Rock Salt minute, which I believe is
due to the big
amount/particle size of the
rock salt.
Because of the tiny size of
Table Salt table salt compared to
rock salt, which takes
longer to melt, some of
minutes
Some particles have 2scoops of 25 ml
melted after 3 minutes, of rock salt
but it takes time to melt
all of the particles or the
salt itself.
Because table salt melts 2scoops of 25 ml
correctly and quickly of table salt
compared to rock salt,
the 25 ml of table salt I

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 the particles are already placed in tap water after
gone or completed within 3 minutes is not 25 ml if
1 minute. I measure it now.

DATA TABLE # 3: FOR STIRRING EFFECTS

Type of Salt Observation after 1 Observation after 3 minutes Number of

minute scoops
I used rock salt for this, Stirring speeds up the process 2scoops of 25 ml
Stirred and after 1 minute of since after 3 minutes, the rock of salt
swirling, some of the salt has entirely dissolved in
particles had melted the tap water.
away.
After 1 minute, nothing After 3 minutes, some of the 2scoops of 25 ml
Unstirred happened, which I particles have melted, but it of salt
assume is due to the will take longer for all of the
large amount / particle particles or the salt to melt.
size of the rock salt.

DATA TABLE # 4: POLARITY OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT

Solvent
Sodium Baking soda Coconut Oil Toluene
Chloride

Water Miscible Miscible Immiscible Immiscible

Isopropyl Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Miscible

Alcohol

1: 1 mixture of
water and Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Miscible
Isopropyl
Alcohol

LAB QUESTIONS. If needed use another sheet of paper.

1. Record your observations about how temperature affects the solubility of the solute and
explain why this effect occurs. Be sure to use data from your lab.

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 For some substances dissolved in liquid water, solubility rises with temperature. The increase in
kinetic energy at higher temperatures aids the solvent molecules in more efficiently breaking apart the
solute molecules that are held together by intermolecular interactions. The salt dissolves in cold and room
temperature water, but not as easily as it does in hot water, as seen in the data. Formally, it takes 1-2
minutes to dissolve and completely dissolves in hot water. A salt dissolves more quickly in room
temperature water than it does in cold water. This is due to the fact that at ambient temperature, the
microscopic particles that make up water and salt move about and vibrate at a faster pace.

2. Record your observations concerning the solubility of the rock salt as compared to the
solubility of the regular salt. Include a description of the two beakers after the following times:
1 minute and 3 minutes. Explain why this effect occurs.

When comparing rock salt to normal salt, we can state that rock salt is bigger and contained in a
solid form before being mined, whereas regular salt is manufactured from solid salt that is found
underground and then treated to eliminate any impurities before being mined. After 1 minute and 3
minutes of table salt and rock salt in tap water, we can see that table salt dissolves significantly faster than
rock salt. What causes this to happen? It's also due to the size of rock salt, which is larger than table salt.

3. Record your observations concerning the solubility of the stirred sample as compared to the
solubility of the unstirred sample. Include a description of the two beakers after the following times:
1 minute and 3 minutes. Explain why this effect occurs.

Stirring may have an impact on the pace of dissolving. Stirring influences the ease with which a
liquid dissolves in a solvent, but not the amount of solvent that dissolves. Stirring helps the solvent
molecules communicate and transfer the dissolved solution into the majority of the solution with the
solid fragments of undissolved solution by pushing them about. They are the same rock salt as in the
data, but they are different in the phase because the rock salt that is swirled dissolves quicker than the
rock salt that is not stirred.

4. When comparing the temperatures and the solubility, describe the pattern of solubility as
temperature changes.

For some substances dissolved in liquid water, solubility rises with temperature. The increase in
kinetic energy at higher temperatures aids the solvent molecules in more efficiently breaking apart the
solute molecules that are held together by intermolecular interactions. Increasing the temperature usually
improves the solubility of solids and liquids. As the temperature rises, the solubility of gases drops.
Raising the temperature increases the solubility of chemicals. Sugar and salt, for example, are more soluble
in water at higher temperatures. However, when the temperature rises, the solubility of a gas in a liquid
diminishes. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules increases as the temperature rises. As a result,
the gas molecules dissolved in the liquid are more likely to escape and not return to the gas phase.

5. Explain how a person can affect the factors of the solubility by manipulating the
material that is to be dissolved.

I feel that a person might be impacted by such variables without even realizing it. Because some
solubility factors are more likely to dissolve, the sugar probably dissolved in less than a second when I
placed it in hot water and swirled it, because we all know that hot water is part of the solubility factor if

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temperature is part of it. If we mix the two, stirring will make the sugar dissolve readily, therefore
dissolving will have a big impact. As a result, it might influence a person, for example, if he or she desires
to dissolve sugar quicker.

6. Record your observations concerning the solubility of the nature of the solute and
solvent.

The amount of dissolving solution required is determined on the kind of solution. While just 1
gram of lead (II) chloride may be dissolved in 100 grams of water at room temperature, 200 grams of zinc
chloride can be dissolved. This means that a greater amount of zinc chloride may be dissolved in the same
volume of water than lead II chloride.

Thinking-Out- loud

The ability of a material to dissolve is referred to as solubility. In the process of dissolving, the
material that is being dissolved is referred to as a solute, and the substance in which the solute is
dissolved is referred to as a solvent. A solution is a combination of the solute and the solvent. We may
say that the salt is a solute and the water is a solvent in this action. Solubility is influenced by the nature
of the solute and solvent, as well as temperature and pressure. Temperature, stirring, size, and surface
area are all elements that determine the rate of the solution.

When I perform this type of activity, I am delighted because I learn that some activities we take
have an impact on everything. For example, stirring sugar into coffee makes the sugar dissolve quicker,
but it can dissolve even if we can't stir it because it takes too long. This type of action can assist me in
my daily tasks, such as dissolving something.

REFERENCES:

https://socratic.org/questions/how-does-solubility-change-with-temperature-changes

https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-second-edition/r15/section/17.4/

https://www.solubilityofthings.com/basics

https://www.solubilityofthings.com/basics/factors_affecting_solubility.php