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ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺻﺢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )(1
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ mﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ hﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻐﻼ
ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎ )ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ( ﺗﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺿﺪ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ
ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ mﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ.
ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ hﻷﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ .ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺯﺍﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ mﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎً ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )(2
ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺇﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ Uﺑﻪ ﻣﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ 1ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﺠﺰﺉ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ Bﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ Aﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ Sﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ Aﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ A&Bﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ .
Figure 1
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )(3
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ A&Bﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ Qﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ
ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻚ ..2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) q oﻣﻨﺎﻅﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ mﻓﻲ
R R
ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺠﺰﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ Bﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ (
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ Qﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ q oﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ
R R
ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺍً ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ Bﺇﻟﻰ Aﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ q oﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ
R R
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ A&Bﻭﺍﻗﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺷﺪﺗﻪ
Eﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ) (F exﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ )(qE
R R
ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ q oﻣﻦ Aﺇﻟﻰ Bﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ) ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ R R
Figure 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﻬﺎ 1.5voltﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ Uﻭﺳﺘﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ.
Aﻭ Bﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ
ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ q oﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ Aﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ . Bﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ :
R R
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :
• If 0 < θ < 90 ⇒ cos θ is +ve and therefore the W is +ve
• If 90 < θ < 180 ⇒ cos θ is -ve and therefore W is -ve
ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﺎﻁﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻥ V B -V A = zero R R R R
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ
،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ .
ﻧﻔﺗﺭﺽ q oﺗﺣﺭﻛﺕ ﺑﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻥ Aﺍﻟﻰ Bﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﻭﺓ R R
ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ q o Eﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻝ .ﻓﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻐﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺟﺯ ﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ Aﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ : b
R R
Figure 4
WAB = Fd = q o Ed (2)
(3)
: ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢdl ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔB ﺍﻟﻰA ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ
(4)
(5)
)(6
Example
ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ Aﻭ Bﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ .
Solution
)(7
)(8
Example
ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ Aﺍﻟﻰ Bﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺩﻧﺎﻩ .ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ .
Solution
ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺭ CBﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ .
ﺍﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ :
)(10
)(11
Therefore
-Edl=Edr )(12
)(13
)(14
We get
)(15
ﻻﺣﻆ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺸﺤﻨﺔ . q
)(16
ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ .
)(18
ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ،ﻷﻧﻚ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺟﻤﻌﺎً qﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺟﺒﺮﻳﺎً ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻌﺎً ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﺎً
.ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ
Example
ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 100ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ 10ﺳﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ .
Solution
ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺠﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ .ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ q 2ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ
R R
ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ rﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ q 1ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ
R R
ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ :
q1
q2
r
W=Vq 2
)(20
)(21
)(22
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ
ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ
ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﺟﻤﻌﺎ ﺟﺒﺮﻳﺎ ،ﺃﻱ ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﻋﻦ
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ.
،ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ *ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ
ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺏ).ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ (
)(23
ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ
ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻜﻪﺭﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻪ ﺩ .
Example
Solution