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Chidat L9owa
Chidat L9owa
ﺍﳌــﺎﺩﺓ :ﻓﻴـﺰﻳــﺎﺀ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘــﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍــﺎﻝ :ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ .
6/1
y
-3-1ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ :
L ﺃ -ﻧﺸﺎﻁ :ﻧﻀﻊ ﻋﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﻦ ﻭ ﻧﺪﺭﺱ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ .
x f R
α ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ L ﻭ h -1ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ :
Px
Py
(1) ............... h = L.sin α ⇐ sin α = h
h L
α -2ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ :
α x′
ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ . P ** ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ
P
) ( ) (
y′
ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ Pxﻭ Pyﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻳﻦ xx′و yy′ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ .
ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ . R ** ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ
ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ . f ** ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ
) ( ) (
-3ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ W R = R.L.cos α :ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ R ⊥ xx′ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ cos α = 0ﻓﻨﺠﺪ W R = 0 :
) ( ( ) ) (
-4ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ W f = f .L.cos α :ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ α = f , xx′ = πﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ cos α = −1ﻓﻨﺠﺪ W f = − f .L ≺ 0 :ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻖ .
π π
) ( cos − α = sin αﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ -5ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ W ( P ) = P.L.cos − α :ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
) W P = P.L.sin (α
2 2
W ( P ) = m.g .h
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (1ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ
-ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻮﻙ .
A ﺏ -ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ :
h
ﻋﻤﻞ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻠﻪ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ
B
ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﱵ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ .
h1
) ( ) (
h2 WAB ) P = mgh ⇐ WAB P = P. ( h2 − h1
ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
O A
-1ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ ) ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ ( ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ،
ﻓﻴﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ) .ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ( :
.. . . . . . . . . . . .
6/2
-2ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ :
** ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ : Fﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ،ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ . v
** ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ : mﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ mﻧﻘﺼﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ . v
** ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ : OAﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ . v
-3ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺘﻐﲑ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ :
)W = k (m + v
m v
W = k .m.v W = k .m.v 2 W = k .m 2 .v W = k .m 2 .v 2 W = k. W = k.
v m
) (
M i +1M i −1
= vi , W F = F .d , d = M 0 M 1 ﲝﻴﺚ :
2τ
** ﳕﻸ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7
)d ( m 0, 005 0, 015 0, 030 0, 050 0, 075 0,104 0,139
)W ( j 0, 005 0, 015 0, 030 0, 050 0, 075 0,104 0,139
)v (m / s 0,188 0,313 0, 438 0,563 0, 688 0,800 0,936
m.v 0, 060 0,100 0,140 0,180 0, 220 0, 256 0, 230
m.v 2 0, 011 0, 031 0, 061 0,101 0,151 0, 205 0, 280
m 2 .v 0, 019 0, 032 0, 045 0, 058 0, 070 0, 082 0, 096
m 2 .v 2 0, 004 0, 010 0, 020 0, 032 0, 048 0, 066 0, 053
( ) ≈ 1 =C
W F 1
. 2
et
:
** ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ Wﻭ m.v 2ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ
m.v 2 2
) (
ECO + W F = ECA -6ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ :ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺇﳓﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ :
) (
ECA
W F = ECA ﲝﻴﺚ ECO = 0 :ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ :
Wm ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ ( .
ﻓﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﳉﺴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ، mﻭﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ vﻫﻲ :
ECO
1
= EC m.v 2
2
ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ
6/3
ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ :ﲤﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺳﻲ
F ﲤﺮﻳﻦ : 8
A B
-1ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺿﻠﻊ :
F
** ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ WAB = F × AB : AB
π
F
BC ⊥ F ** ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ WBC = 0 : BCﻷﻥ :
D C ** ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ WCD = F × CD × cos π = − F × CD : CD
DA ⊥ F ** ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ WDA = 0 WDA=0 : DAﻷﻥ :
-2ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ Fﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ABCDﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺎ :
F
A B WAA = WAB + WBC + WCD + WDA = 0
F F
30 0 - 3ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ Fﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ α = 300ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ AB
ﳒﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ . WAA = 0
F
D C
6/4
ﲤﺮﻳﻦ: 9
ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
B
F -1ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺎ :
ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺓ Fﻣﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ
ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ
P
A W1 = 9800 j ⇐ W1 = F .h = P.h = 980 × 10
3000 9800
=P = 54, 54 W ** ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ : 2 =P = 178, 2 W ** ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ : 1
55 55
8880
=P = 161, 45 W ** ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ : 3
55
6/5
** ﲤﺮﻳﻦ : 16
-1ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ 1ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﻼﻉ . 2
1 1
= ∆EC = EC 2 − EC1 m.v22 − m.v12
2 2
1
ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﺫﻥ ∆EC = 2, 43 × 108 j ⇐ ∆EC = × 70 ×103 × ( 83, 33) − 0 :
2
2
-2ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﶈﺮﻛﺔ W = 3,15 ×108 j ⇐ W = F .d = 3, 5 ×105 × 900 :
EC 2
-3ﺍﳊﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻮﻳﺔ
) (
W F
ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ Fﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻔﺎﻅ :
EC1
) (
ا
ة W F + EC1 = EC 2
) (
ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ EC1 = 0 :ﺇﺫﻥ W F = EC 2 :
-4ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ Fﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ .
) (
ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ W F ≻ ∆EC :ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ . f
) ( ) (
ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳊﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻔﺎﻅ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ W F − W f = EC 2 :
2EC
)W(f
ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ :
) ( ) (
)W(F
W f = 0, 72 × 108 j ⇐ W f = 3,15 × 108 − 2, 43 × 108
1EC
ا
ة
6/6