MODULE 1 How to compare the MCT

What is Statistics?
A branch of scientific methodology
that that deals with the collection,
classification, description, and
interpretation of data

The purposes of Statistics

● Descriptive Statistics: reduces
large amounts of data to a small
number
● Inferential Statistics: draws
inferences about a population by
testing a hypothesis within a
sample
The Levels of Measurement
The Measures of Variability
● Range: “how spread out the
data is”
Range = Highest Score - Lowest Score
● Variance: the average squared
deviations within a distribution

● Standard Deviation: the square

root of the variance

The Measures of Central Tendency

● MODE: appears frequently in
the distribution
● MEDIAN: the middlemost
point in the distribution
● MEAN: the arithmetic average
of a dataset
MODULE 2
Ethics in conducting research
❏ Informed Consent (informing
the participants about the
research)
❏ Debriefing (explaining the true
nature of the study)
 ❏ Protection of Participants
(participants must be protected)
❏ Deception (when participants
are misled)
❏ Anonymity and
Confidentiality (participants
have the right to remain
anonymous)
❏ Withdrawal from an
Investigation (participants have
the right to decline in taking part
of the project)
❏ Methodology: “How did I
answer my research question?”
❏ Results: “What was the answer
to my research question?”
❏ Discussion: “How do I make
sense of the answer in the
research question?”
MODULE 3
What is probability?
“The likelihood or % chance that an
outcome will occur”

Starting a Research Project

❏ Finding your phenomenon
❏ Developing a research problem
❏ Finding a theory or framework
that best suits your research
❏ Hypothesizing * probability is measured using the letter p
❏ Looking for resources
❏ Writing your paper while How do you solve the probability?
understanding the audience
reading it

The rules of probability

Parts of a Research Paper
★ CONVERSE RULE
❏ Introduction: “What is the
research question?”
 ○ determines the probability CHARACTERISTICS:
that something will not ❏ Perfectly Symmetrical (“two
equal halves”)
occur ❏ Unimodal (has one peak of
○ 1-p maximum frequency)
❏ Asymptotic (its tails stretch
★ ADDITION RULE infinitely)
○ determines the probability
of obtaining any one of
several different and
distinct outcomes
○ ADD THEIR
SEPARATE Z-Scores
PROBABILITIES - Standard scores in sigma units
★ MULTIPLICATION RULE - converting a raw score into a
○ determines the likelihood standard score that uses the
of independent outcomes same units as the normal curve
○ MULTIPLY THEIR
SEPARATE
PROBABILITIES
- Uses a Z-SCORE TABLE to get
the percentile
The Normal Distribution
“Model of reality”
- Even though this is supposed to
be theoretical, the normal
distribution can be applied in
many real world situations