Chapter # 2

Scientific Investigation
The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research

► PURPOSIVENESS
► The manager must start with a define aim or
purpose for the research. It means the scientific
research must be purposive.
► RIGOR
► Rigor connotes carefulness, scrupulousness, and
the degree of exactitude in research
investigations.
 The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research (cont.)

► TESTABILITY
► Scientific research let itself to test logically
developed hypotheses to see whether or not the
data support the educated conjectures or
hypotheses that are developed after a careful study
of the problem situation.
► REPLICABILITY
► Our hypotheses would not have been supported
merely by chance, but is reflective of the true state
of affairs in the population.
 The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research (cont.)

► PRECISION AND CONFIDENCE

► Precision refers to how close the findings, based on a
sample, are to “reality” while confidence refers to the
probability that our estimations are correct.
► Confidence refers to the probability that our
estimations are correct
► OBJECTIVITY
► The conclusions drawn through the interpretation of
the results of data analysis should be objective; that is,
they should be based on the facts resulting from the
findings from actual data.
The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research (cont.)

► GENERALIZABILITY
► Generalizability refers to the scope of applicability of
the research findings in one organizational setting to
other settings.
► PARSIMONY
► Simplicity in explaining the phenomena or problems
that occur, and in generating solutions for the
problems, is always preferred to complex research
frameworks that consider an unmanageable number
of factors.
The Building Blocks of Science
(Arguments)

► DEDUCTION
The process by which we arrive at a reasoned
conclusion by logically generalizing from a
known fact.
► INDUCTION
A process where we observe certain
phenomena and on this basis arrive at
conclusions.
The Building Blocks of Science

► Observation
► Problem Identification
► Theoretical Framework or Network of Association
► Hypotheses
► Constructs, Concepts, Operational Definitions
► Research Design
► Data Collection
► Analysis of Data
► Interpretation of Data
► Implementation or Refinement of Theory
The Hypothetico-Deductive
Method

► OBSERVATION
Observation is the first stage, in which one senses that
certain changes are occurring, or that some new
behaviors, attitudes, and feelings are surfacing in
one’s environment.

► PRELIMINARY INFORMATION GATHERING

Preliminary information gathering involves the seeking
of information in depth, of what observed.
The Hypothetico-Deductive
Method (cont.)

► THEORY FORMULATION
Theory formulation is an attempt to integrate all the
information in a logical manner, so that the reason for
the problem can be conceptualized and tested.

► HYPOTHESIZING
Hypothesis testing is called deductive research.
 The Hypothetico-Deductive
Method (cont.)

► FURTHER SCIENTIFIC DATA COLLECTION

► DATA ANALYSIS
At this step, the data gathered are statically analyzed to see
if the hypothesis that were generated have been supported.

► DEDUCTION
Deduction is the process of arriving at conclusions by
interpreting the meaning of the data analysis results.