Chapter 11 Exponential and Logarithmic Function

3 3
 
8. 32 5
(25) 5
11-1 Real Exponents 15


25

23
Page 695 Graphing Calculator Exploration
8
1. 9. (3a )3  3a5
33  a6  3a5
2

34a1
81

81a1 or a
1 1
 
10. 
m3n2  
m4n5
(m3n2) 2  (m4n5) 2
3 2 4 5
   

m2n2  m2n2
7 7
 

m 2 n 2 or m3n3mn





1
8n  27 8n  27


2. 11.   2
4 n 4 n
n 7
 
82  22

n
 
4 2
n 7
 
(23) 2  2 2

 n

(22) 2
3n 7
 
3. am  an
amn 2 2  22


4. (am)n
amn 2n

2
2
a m
5.


b
am

bm, when b 0 3n

7

2n


2  22  2 2
2

5n  7


2 2

n1
Page 700 Check for Understanding
22n3  2

2

1. The quantities are not the same. When the

negative is enclosed inside of the parentheses and
22n3 
2n1
1 1 1 1
   
the base is raised to an even power, the answer is 12. (2x4y8)
2 2  (x4) 2  (y8) 2
2

positive. When the negative is not enclosed inside 1


4

8


22  x2  y2
of the parentheses and the base is raised to an 1

even power, the answer is negative.
2 2  x2y4 or x2242

1
2. If the base were negative and the denominator 
13. 
169x5
(169x5) 2
were even, then we would be taking an even root 1 1
 
of a negative number, which is undefined as a real
169 2  (x5) 2
number. 5


13x 2
3. Laura is correct. The negative exponent of 10 1

14. 
a2b3c4
4
represents a fraction with a numerator of 1 and a d5
(a2b3c4d5) 4
1 1 1 1
denominator of a positive power of 10. The product    

(a2) 4 (b3) 4 (c4) 4 (d5) 4
of this fraction and a number between 1 and 10 is 1 3 5
  
between 0 and 1.
a 2 b 4 c d 4
2
1

196  1 1 3 1 1 1 1 5 3
4. 54
54 5.
    
15. 6 4 b 4 c 4
(6b3c) 4
 
16. 15x 3 y 5
15x 15 y 15
  

9 2

 
1
 
16

6b3c
4 1

625
15 (x5y3) 15
16 2


 

15 
15
9 x5y3
162


1
 
17. 
3
9 2
p4q6r5
(p4q6r5) 3

256


1 1 1
   

1 1
81
1 1

(p4) 3 (q6) 3 (r5) 3
   
6. 216
(63) 7. 27
  3

27  3 2 2 4 5
3 3  
3 1

1


p 3 q2r 3


6 3

(33)  3 2 2

pq2r
3

3 1
pr2

6
3 3

2

2
4


4
18. y
34
5



32
4 5 5
   

y 5 4

34 4

32 1


9 y
(345) 4
y 82.1

375 Chapter 11
19. A
r2 r
3.875  107 m 2 1

33.
216

(216 3 )2
3 

A
(3.875  107 m)2 2



(3.875)2  (107)2 m2
216 3

(15.015625  1014) m2 2


(63) 3
4.717  1013 m2

62

36
1 1 1
Pages 700–703 Exercises  2  1
34. 81 2  81
(92) 2  


1
1 
20. (6)4

1
21. 64
 64 (9 2) 2
(6)4
1 1


1

 
9  9
1296 1296
24 8
22. (5  3)2
152 23. 
24(1)
89
2 1

225
25 1 1
35.  

(128
7 4
)4 

32 (128) 7
3 1

78

1
24.
3
4


 7

8
[(2)7] 7
1
8 3
(2)
 



4

7 1
83
16


73
512
36. (3n )
33(n2)3
2 3


343
27n6
1
1 37. (y2)4  y8
   y8
25. (31  33)1
 
31  31
(y2)4
1
1
y8  y8


1 1
  
1
3 9 3 3 3
  

1

38. (4y4) 2
4 (y4) 22

4 3 3
 

(22) 2 (y4) 2
9
6 12
9  


4
22y 2
1 1 1 1
   
26. 81 2
(92) 2 27. 729 3
(93) 3
8y6

9
9
1 1 1 1 1

27 3 (p3) 3 (q6) 3
r 3

    1 
39. (27p3q6r1) 3
27 33 1 1 1 1


(33) 3 (p3) 3 (q6) 3
r 3
     1 
28. 2

2

3
27 (33) 3 3 3 6
   1
33
33p3q3 

32 1

r3

3 3
1
1

1

1

1

3pq2r
29. 2  12
2  (2  6)
2 2 2 2
1
1

1

1
 40. [(2x4]2
 
[(2x)4]2

22  22  62 1
1

 
28x8

2  62 1

28x8 or 
256x8

26
 1 1 1 1 1
b2n


1 1 1     
  4 1 41. (36x6) 2
36 2 (x6) 2 42.   2

(b2n  b2n) 2
30. 64 2
(26) 12 31. 16
 1

b2n 1
1 


2 2 or 2

16 4
6x3
(b4n) 2
1

 1

b2n
(24) 4 1
1 2
2n  n


2 43.
2n
 1

 4
(37)(94) 37(32)4 4n 2
32. 
 6
276  1

(33) 2 2n 2
315


3
9
4
n

36 

2

729

Chapter 11 376
 1 1 4 1 4 1 4
(245

   
44.
3m 2  27n 4 
34
m 2  274
n4 
1
3  
61. x
) 5

34m2(33)4n
3
 0.33


316m2n  0.69
1 1 1
f 1 6 1 1   
45.

256g4h4
4

(f16  2561  g4  h4) 4 62. d3e2f 2
(d3) 2 (e2) 2 (f 2) 2
1 1 1 1
defd


(f16) 4
(2561) 4
(g4) 4
(h4) 4
1 1 1
  

3
1
 63. a5b7c
(a5) 3 (b7) 3 (c) 3

f 4 256  g  h1 4

ab2
3
4 f4g a2bc

4 f 4gh1 or  1

1

1

h 64. 
20x3y6
(20) 2 (x3) 2 (y6) 2


x2
x 
3 3 3 3 1

 x 
x2
x 
6     4 

2xy35x

46. 4 4 4
x 6
3 5
2 
14.2
x 724
15a 2  12
3 6 1

x2  x
x  1 4 

4

6 65. 66.
2 3 2 5
 2 3 
(14.2) 3
(x 712
15a 2
5 3 1

x
x  1
  
4 2 6 )
0.17 x 712
5


a2
1 1 1 2 2 3
      
47.
2x y 4 3

3x y 
6x
4 3 4
y 3
15
2 5 2


712    

(a 2 ) 5
1
  5

6x y 2
15
m 1 1
 
1

1
 4.68 a


a n  m m6n
(m6) 2
n 2 
n
48. a 49.  1
1 1
 
1
 67. 8
x5
3.5

a n m

m3n 2
5

1
 x 2
28

a nm
5 2
 
2

1
 (x 2 ) 5
(28) 5

a mn

mn x 3.79

a

1 1
68. d
6.794  103 km so r
3.397  103 km
  4
50. 
xy3
(x) 2 (y3) 2 V
3r3
1 3
  4

x 2 y 2
3(3.397  103 km)3
1 1 1
  
51. 
3
8x3y6
8 (x3) (y6) 3 3 3 1.64  1011 km3
10 1 2 10 5 7

2xy2 69. y
3x; x
8, 6, 5, 3     
3, 2, 3, 9 , 3, 2
1 1 1
  
52. 17 
17(x14) 2 (y7) 7 (z12) 7
7
x14y7z12 x 3x y
12


17x2yz 7 8 38 
9
1 1 1
6561
  
53. 
a10b2  
5 4
c2
(a10) 5 (b2) 5 (c2) 4 6 36
1

2 1
729
 

a2b c 5 2
5 35
1

1

1

1

243
54. 60
r80s56
8
t27
60(r80) 8 (s56) 8 27 8 10
27
(t ) 10


3 33 1.395
 33

60r st
10 8
1
1

1

5

3
  3 2
1.732
56. (7a) b

75a5b3
5 8
55. 16
16
 5 8 8 2
2

2
2
  3 3
2.080
2

1 1
 
4

3 2
   3 1

3
2
57. p 3 q 2 r 3
p 6 q 6 r 6 58. 
23 10

10

1

9 3 9
3.389
23


6
p4q3r2 3 5
5


2
 
3 3 3
14.620
1 1 3 7 7
    7 
59. 13a b
13a b 7 3 21 21  3 2
46.765
2

21

13 a3b7

1 1

1

69a. If x 0 then y  0. If x
0 then y
1. Since
60. (n3m9) 2
(n3) 2 (m9) 2 x 0, y  0 and y 1. So, 0 y 1.
3 9

n2m2
 
69b. If x  0 then y  1. If x 1 then y 3. So,
1 y 3.

nm4mn

69c. If x  1 then y  3. So, y  3.

377 Chapter 11
69d. If the exponent is less than 0, the power is greater n factors




















than 0 and less than 1. If the exponent is greater m factors m factors m factors

















than 0 and less than 1, the power is greater than 1 74b. (am)n
a  a  ...  a  a  a  ...  a  ...  a  a  ...  a

and less than the base. If the exponent is greater m  n factors
than 1, the power is greater than the base.






a  a  ...  a
amn
Any number to the zero power is 1. Thus, if the m factors m factors m factors
exponent is less than zero, the power is less than

















74c. (ab)m
ab  ab  ...  ab
a  a  ...  a  b  b  ...  b
ambm
1. A power of a positive number is never
negative, so the power is greater than 0. m factors






a m
Any number to the zero power is 1 and to the 74d.


b

a

b
a a
 b  ...  b
bm
am

first power is itself. Thus, if the exponent is

m factors
greater than zero and less than 1, the power is






am a  a  ...  a
between 1 and the base. 74e. 
an

  mn
n factors a






a  a  ...  a
Any number to the first power is itself. Thus, if
the exponent is greater than 1, the power is 75. y
greater than the base.
1

70. r
(1.2  1015)A 3
If r
2.75  1015 then 1

2.75  105
(1.2  1015)A 3 O x
2.75  1015
1


1.2  1015
A 3

1

2.29 A 3
12.04 A 76. y2
12x
Since 12.04 12, which is the mass number of (y  0)2
4(3)(x  0)
carbon, the atom is carbon. Vertex is at (0, 0) and p
3. The parabola opens
32(x 4x)
16(x 4x3) to the right so the focus is at (0  3, 0) or (3, 0).
2 2
71.
(25)(x 4x)
(24)(x 4x3)
2 2
Since the directrix is 3 units to the left of the
2(5x 20x)
2(4x 16x12) vertex, the equation of the directrix is x
3.
2 2

5x2  20x
4x2  16x  12 y

x2  4x  12
0 8
(x  6)(x  2)
0 6
4
x6
0 x2
0 2
x
6 x
2 O
2
2 4 6 x
72a.
Wind Speed Wind Chill 4
5 0.8 6
8
10 12.7
1

15 22.6   2i) 5
77. (23
20 29.9 Convert to polar form r(cos v  i sin v).



23
  22
2
25 35.3 r
v
Arctan 
2
23
30 39.2

3

16

Arctan 3
72b. A 5-mile per hour increase in the wind speed 
when the wind is light has more of an effect on
4
6
 
perceived temperature than a 5-mile per hour   2i)
4
cos 6  i sin 6.
So, (23
increase in the wind speed when the wind is Use De Moivre’s Theorem.
1 1
heavy.
4
cos 6  i sin 6 1  1 

45
cos
5  6sin
5  6
 
5

GMe t2 1 1
 
73a. r3

42
G
6.67  1011  

4 cos 30  4 i sin 30
5 5

Mt
5.98  1024
1.31  0.14i

t
1 day
86,4000 seconds 78. 
2 2 
(6.67  1011)(5.98  1024)(86,400)2 3 3
r3

42 5 
r  42,250,474.31 m 6 6

73b. 42,250,474.31 m
42,250.47431 km  0

42.250.47431  6380
35870.47431 1 2 3 4
35,870 km
7 11
m factors n factors mn factors 6 6

















4 5
74a. aman
a  a  ...  a  a  a  ...  a
a  a  ...  a
amn 3 3 3
2
Lemniscate

Chapter 11 378
 u sin v  1qt2  h. 87. The time it takes to paint a building is inversely
79. Use the equation y
tv 2
u
v 
105
proportional to the number of painters.
g
32 h
3 v
42 k
1 48
8
y
t(105)(sin 42°)  2(32)t2  3
k
384

16t2  (105 sin 42°)t  3 384
Find t when y
0 (i.e., the ball is on the ground). So t
1
6

t

105 sin 42°
(105

in s)42°16)(
 4(3)
 t
24
2(16)
The correct choice is E.
t
0.04, 4.43
So, the ball hits the ground after about 4.43 s.
u
80. TC
(2  3), (6  (4)), (5  6)

1, 10, 11

Exponential Functions
u 11-2
TC 
 (2  3)2  (6
 (
4))2 (5  6)2

222

81. Sample answer: Page 705 Graphing Calculator Exploration
1
tan S cos S
2 1. positive reals
sin S cos S 1 2. (0, 1)

cos S  1
2
1
3. For a
0.5 and 0.75, y →  as x → , y → 0 as
sin S
2 x → . For a
2 and 5, y → 0 as x → , y →  as
82. cot v
0 x → .

v
2 4. horizontal asymptote at y
0, no vertical
asymptotes
Period of cot v is  so
cot v
0 5. Yes; the range of an exponential function is all
 positive reals because the value of any positive
v
2  n, where n is an integer.
real number raised to any power is positive.
83. r  6h
150 m
6. Any nonzero number raised to the zero power is 1.
150 m
r
 
6h 7. The graph of y
bx is decreasing when 0 b 1
r
25 m/h because multiplying by number between 0 and 1
84. 90°, 270° results in a product less than the original number.
The graph of y
bx is increasing when b  1
85. x3  25x
0
because multiplying by a number greater than 1
Degree of 3 so there are 3 complex roots.
results in a product greater than the original
x3  25x
0
number.
x(x  5)(x  5)
0
x
0 x5
0 x5
0 8. There is a horizontal asymptote at y
0 because a
x
5 x
5 power of a positive real number is never 0 or less.
3; 5, 0, 5 As a number between 0 and 1 is raised to greater
and greater powers, its value approaches 0. As a
86.
number greater than 1 is raised to powers
approaching negative infinity, its value
approaches 0.

Page 708 Check for Understanding

1. Power; in a power function the variable is the
base, in an exponential function the variable is
[5, 5] scl:0.5 by [5, 5] scl:0.5
the exponent.
2. Both graphs are one-to-one, have the domain of all
reals, a range of positive reals, a horizontal
asymptote of y
0, a y-intercept of (0, 1), and no
vertical asymptote. The graph of y
bx is
decreasing when 0 b 1 and increasing when
b  1.
3. If the base is greater than 1, the equation
represents exponential growth. If base is between
abs. min; (0.75, 1.88) 0 and 1, the equation represents exponential
decay.
4. The graphs of y
4x and y
4x  3 are the same
except the graph of y
4x  3 is shifted down
three units from the graph of y
4x.

379 Chapter 11
 5. x y y 11. x y y
1 1 O x
1 
9 1 2
y
3x y
2x
0 1 0 1
1 3 1 2
2 9 2 4

O x
6. x y y 12. x y y
2 9 2 4
1 3 1 2
y
3x
0 1
0 1 1
1

1 2
1 9 y
2x

O x O x
7. x y 13. x y y
2
3
34 Use (0, 0) as a test point. 3 1
1
2 2
?
1 32 0  20  4 1 4 y
2x 3
? 0 8
0 4 0 14

1 2 0  3 
2 0 The statement is true so shade
the region containing (0, 0). O x
y 14. x y y
3 1 O x
2 2
1 4
y
2x 3
O x 0 8

y  2x  4

8. Use N
N0 (1  r)t where N0
3750, r
0.25, 15. x y (0, 0) y

and t
2. 1
3
14 0
?
 42 2
N
3750 (1  0.25)2 ?

3750 (0.75)2 0 1 0 1  2

 2109.38 1 2 0  1; no O x
9a. 9,145,219  8,863,052
282,167 2 14
282,167
y  4x  2

40,309.57
7
40,309.57
  0.0045
8,863,052
 0.45% 16. x y y
9b. Use N
N0(1  r)t. 1 5
N  8,863,052(1  0.0045)20 0 1
N 9,695,766 1
1
 y
( 15 ) x
5

Pages 708–711 Exercises

10. x y y O x
1 17. x y (0, 0) y
1 
2
0 1
2 4 ? 1 0
0 2

1 2 ?
1 2 0 1 
O x 0 1
2 4 y
2x 1
1 
2
y  ( 12 ) x

O x

Chapter 11 380
18. x y (0, 0) y 23b. The graph of y
3x is a reflection of the graph
3
1
 ?
0 204 of y
3x across the x-axis.
2
?
4 1 0 24 y  2x  4
1
5 2 0 16 
6 4

O x
19. x y y
1 100
0 1 [10, 10] scl:1 by [10, 10] scl:1
1 y
0.01x
1 
100
23c. The graph of y
7x is a reflection of the graph
B 1 of y
7x across the y-axis.
(0, 1) (1, 100 )
O x
20. x y y
1 5 (1, 5)
0 1 y
5x
1
1 
5
C (0, 1)
(1, 15 )
21. x y [10, 10] scl:1 by [1, 9] scl:1
O x 1 x
1 49 23d. The graph of y

2 is a reflection of the graph
0 7 y
of y
2x across the y-axis.
1 1 (0, 7)
A
y
71  x

(1, 1)

O x
22.

[10, 10] scl:1 by [1, 9] scl:1

24a. y
32
30
28
26
[5, 5] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1 24
22
22a. The graph of y
5x is a reflection of y
5x 20
across the x-axis. The graph of y
5x is a 18
reflection of y
5x across the y-axis. 16
14
22b. The graph of y
5x  2 is shifted up two units,
12
while the graph of y
5x  2 is shifted down 10
two units. 8
22c. The graph of y
10x increases more quickly 6
4
than the graph of y
5x. The graphs are not the 2
same because 52x 10x.
O 2 4 6 8 1012 141618 2022x
23a. The graph of y
6x  4 is shifted up four units
from the graph of y
6x.
24b. y
9.25(1.06)50
y 170.386427 thousand
y $170,400
25a. y
(0.85)x

[10, 10] scl:1 by [1, 9] scl:1

381 Chapter 11
25b. y 28d. Sample answer: A borrower might choose the
1.3
1.2
30-year mortgage in order to have a lower
1.1 monthly payment. A borrower might choose the
1.0 20-year mortgage in order to have a lower
0.9 interest expense.
0.8
0.7 29a. P
4000, n
43, i
0.0475
(1  0.0475)43  1
0.6 Fn
4000 
0.0475 
0.5
0.4 535,215.918; $535,215.92
0.3
0.2 29b. P
4000, n
43, i
0.0525
(1  0.0525)43  1
Fn
4000  
0.1
0.0525
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
611,592.1194 or $611,592.12
25c. y
(0.85)12 $611,592.12  535,215.92
$76,376.20
0.14 or 14% 30. The function y
ax is undefined when a 0 and
25d. No; the graph has an asymptote at y
0, so the the exponent x is a fraction with an even
percent of impurities, y, will never reach 0. denominator.
26a. N
876,156(1  0.0074)15 31a. Compounded once:
978,612.2261 or 978,612 I
1000[(1  0.05)1  1]
26b. N
2,465,326(1  0.0053)15
50; $50
2,668,760.458 or 2,668,760 Compounded twice:
0.05 2
26c. 152,307
139,510(1  r)10 I
1000[
1  2  1]
152,307

139,510
(1  r)10 50.625; $50.63
1
 Compounded four times:


152,307 10

1r 0.05 4
139,510 I
1000[
1  4  1]
N
139,510(1  r)25 50.9453; $50.94
N
173,736.7334 or 173,737 Compounded twelve times:
0.05 12
26d. 191,701
168,767(1  r)10 I
1000
1  1
2   1
191,701

168,767
(1  r)10 51.1619; $51.16
1
 Compounded 365 times:


168,767 
191,701 10

1r 0.05 365

I
1000
1  
365 
  1
N
168,767(1  r)25 51.2675; $51.26
N
232,075.6889 or 232,076 31b. Let x represent the investment.
35

27a. O
100(3 5 )

Statement savings: I
x[(1  0.051)1  1]

100(33)
0.051x
The return is 5.1%

2700 units 0.0505 12
4.2 mi 5280 ft 1 hr Money Market Savings: I
x
1  1 2   1
1 hr  1 mi  3600 s
27b. s
   

0.517x

6.16 ft/s The return is 5.17%
36.16
 0.05 365
O
100(3 5 ) Super Saver: I
x
1  
365 
  1
 5800.16

0.513x
5800 units
The return is 5.13%
28a. Pn 121,000, n
30  12 or 360, Money Market Savings
i
0.075  12 or 0.00625 365
(1  0.05)

1  
365 
x
31c. 
1  (1  0.00625)360
121,000
P   
0.00625
1
 x
(1.05) 365

1 
P 1

365
846.04955; $846.05 365[(1.05)  1]
x
365

28b. Pn
121,000, n
20  12 or 240, 0.04879
x; 4.88%

i
0.0725  12 or 0.00604 32. 4x2(4x)2
4x2(4)2(x)2
0.0725 240
4x2
1 
1  12
 

 
16x2
——— 1
121,000
P
4

0.0725
 
12
33. y
15
P 956.35494; $956.35 Use y
r sin v.
y
15
28c. 30 year: I
360(846.05)  121,000
So, 15
r sin v.

$183.578
20 year: I
240(956.35)  121,000 34. 3, 9
 2, 1

(3)(2)  (9)(1)

$108,524
3
3; no because the inner product does not equal 0.
Chapter 11 382
35.
1

3
cos 78  i sin 78  33cos
4  i sin
4 42. y
7  7 
y
1x


3  33 cos
8  4  i sin
8  4 y
x 1 3
1

5 5

3 
cos 8  i sin 8
O x

0.66  1.60i
36. s
72t  16t2  4
s  4
16t2  72t
s  4  (16)(5.0625)
16(t2  4.5  5.0625)
(s  85)
16(t  2.25)2 The parent graph is translated 3 units left. The
Vertex: (2.25, 85) vertical asymptote is now x
3. The horizontal
Maximum height: 85 feet. asymptote, y
0, is unchanged.
37a. y 43. CAC
32 CAB
16
(12, 8) 100.53 50.27
100.53  50.27
50.26 or about 50.
The correct choice is E.
(7, 6)

11-3 The Number e

O x
Page 714 Check for Understanding
(12  (7)) (8  6)
37b.
, 
2 2 
(2.5, 7) 1. C
2. If k is positive, the equation models growth.
38. sin4 A  cos2 A
cos4 A  sin2 A
If k is negative, the equation models decay.
(sin2 A)2  cos2 A
cos4 A  sin2 A
(1  cos2 A)2  cos2 A
cos4 A  sin2 A 3. Amount in an account with a beginning balance of
(1  2cos A  cos4 A)  cos2 A
cos4 A  sin2 A
2 $3000 and interest compounded continuously at
cos4 A  1  cos2 A
cos4 A  sin2 A an annual rate of 5.5%.
cos4 A  sin2 A
cos4 A  sin2 A 4. reals, positive reals
2900 rev 2 5. Sample answer: Continuously compounded
39. 
1 
1 rev
4800

4800
interest is a continuous function, but interest
V
9.2 1 compounded monthly is a discrete function.
138,732.73 or about 139,000 cm/s 6a. growth
40. 21˚ 6b. 33,430
6c. y
33,430e0.0397(60)
200 ft 361,931.0414 or 361,931
7. A
12,000e0.064(12)
x 25,865.412 or $25,865.41
x
tan 69°

200
200 tan 69°
x Pages 714–717 Exercises
521.02
x 8. p
(100  18)e06(2)  18
about 521 feet
42.6 or 43%
41. 9a. y
84e0.23(15)  76

78.66 or 78.7°F
9b. too cold; After 5 minutes, his coffee will be about
90°F.
10a.

[4, 4] scl:1 by [1, 10] scl:1

10b. symmetric about y-axis

Sample answer: y
948.4x  4960.6

383 Chapter 11
11a. Annually: I
100[(1  0.08)1  1] 14b. 2 decimal places; 4 decimal places; 6 decimal

80 $80.00; 8% places
0.08 2
Semi-annually: I
1000
1  2  1 14c. always greater
15a. 5 days: P
1  e0.047(5)

81.6 $81.60; 8.16%
0.08 4
 0.20943 20.9%
Quarterly: I
1000
1  
4   1 20 days: P
1  e0.047(26)
 82.4316 $82.43; 8.243%  0.60937 60.9%
0.08 12 90 days: P
1  e0.047(90)
Monthly: I
1000
1  
12   1  0.98545 98.5%
 82.9995 $83.00; 8.3% 20.9%; 60.9% 98.5%
0.08 365
Daily: I
1000
1  
365  1 15b.
 83.2776 $83.28; 8.328%
Continuously: I
1000(e 0.08(1)  1)
 83.2871 $83.98; 8.329%
Effective
Interest Annual
Compounded Interest Yield
Annually $80.00 8% about 29 days
Semi-annually $81.60 8.16% 15c. Sample answer: The probability that a person
Quarterly $82.43 8.243% who is going to respond has responded
approaches 100% as t approaches infinity. New
Monthly $83.00 8.3%
ads may be introduced after a high percentage of
Daily $83.28 8.328% those who will respond have responded. The
Continuously $83.29 8.329% graph appears to level off after about 50 days.
r n
So, new ads can be introduced after an ad has
11b. continuously 11c. E

1  n  1 run about 50 days.
11d. E
e  1
r
16a. all reals
12a. y
525(1  e0.038(24)) 16b. 0 f(x) 1
 314.097 314 people 16c. c shifts the graph to the right or left
(1  0.035)8  1
12b. after about 61h 17. 120,000
P  
0.035
120,000  P(9.051687)
P  13,257.19725
$13,257.20
8 3 1
  
18. x 5 y 5 z 5
x
5
x3y3z
19. y
6x2 v
45°
x sin 45°  y cos 45°
6(x cos 45°  y sin 45°)2
[0, 100] scl:10 by [0, 550] scl:50 
2 
2 
2 
2 2

2 x
y
6

2 x
y 
13a. P
1  e6(0.5) 2 2
 0.95021 95% 2 2


6

1 1
2 x  y x2  xy  y2
13b. 2 2 2

x
0.02; about 0.02 h 2

 2

2 x
y
2
3x2  6xy  3y2
0.02h 60 min

1  
1h
1.2 2x  2
y
6x2  12xy  6y2
6x2  12xy  6y2  2
x  2
y
0
1
20. r

(5)2  (1)2 v
Arctan 
5  


26
  3.34
26
(cos 3.34  i sin 3.34)

[0, 1] scl:0.1 by [0, 1] scl:0.1 about 1.2 min

2(10)  1 10 21 10
14a. For x
10:

2(10)  1


19 
 2.720551414
2(100)  1 100 201 100
For x
100:

2(100)  1 



199 


 2.718304481
2(1000)  1 1000 2001 1000
For x
1000:

2(1000)  1 


1999 


 2.718282055
2.720551414; 2.718304481; 2.718282055

Chapter 11 384
21. y Page 717 Mid-Chapter Quiz
(0, 150) 1. 642
8 1

343 2
(343 31 )2
3
2. ()


((73) 3 )2

7 2
1

4
9
8x3y6 1 1


27w z 



27w6y6 
8x3z9
 
(x, y) 3. 6 9
3  3
d
1

1

1

y (23) 3 (x3) 3 (z9) 3
28˚
 1

1

1

(33) 3 (w6) 3 ( y6) 3
O x x
2xz3 2

  or w2xy2z3
3w2y2 3
u u
d
x, y
F
0, 150

1


x x 4. 
a6b3
(a4b3) 2
cos 28°
10
 sin 28°

10
1

1


(a6) 2 (b3) 2
x
10 cos 28° x
10 sin 28° 3


x 8.8295 x 4.6947
a3b 2

1

d
8.8295, 4.6947
5. (125a2b3) 3
 125a2
3
b3
u u
W
F d
 53a2b3
3

W
0, 150
 8.8295, 4.6947

5b
3
a2

0  704.205
6. 1.75  10
0.094 
2 
A3

704.2 ft-lb 3

1.75  10
0.94 A
2 2

22. y
1.5(10)2  13.3(14)  19.4 1.75  102

3


2.4 
0.94
A2
2 3 2
1.75  10

23. 2x 3
4
 
2   

0.94
3

(A 2 ) 3
2x  3
16
2x
13 151.34  A
13 1.51  102 mm2
x
2
7. 1,786,691
1,637,859 (1  r)8
24. 3x  2  6 1,786,691
3x  2  6 3x  2  6

1,637,859
(1  r)8
3x  4 3x  8
1 1


1,637,859 
[(1  r) ]
1,786,691  
 8 8 8
4 8
x  3 x  3 1


1,637,859   1
r
1,786,691 
 8

x 8
3 x
4

3 
r 0.011
Store the exact value in
3 2 2 9 6
25. 3
2  6 5 1
3

 
6
6 18 15 3
9
 your calculator’s
memory.
J
(9, 6), K
(6, 18), L
(6, 15), M
(9, 3); The
N
1,637,859 (1  0.011)24 Use the stored
dilated image has sides that are 3 times the

2,216,156.979 value for r.
length of the original figure.
2,126,157
4x  y
26.  x

 
2y  12
6
 8. A
3500
1  4
0.052 (4)(3.5)

4x  y
6 4(2y  12)  y
6 x
2(6)  12
3500(1.013)14

x
2y  12 9y
54 x
0
4193.728
y
6 $4193.73 48.1 48.1
 
(0, 6) 9a. y
6.7e 15 9b. y
6.7e 50
27. {4, 2, 5}; {5, 7}; yes  0.271292  2.560257
271,292 ft3 2,560,257 ft3
28. The correct choice is D.
200
10. 2 years: n
 
1  20e0.35(2)
 18.3
200
15 years: n
 
1  20e0.35(15)
4  181
200
60 years: n
 
1  20e0.35(60)
 200
18.3; 181; 200

385 Chapter 11
 2
14. log7 n
3 log7 8
11-4 Logarithmic Functions 2

log7 n
log7 8 3
2


Pages 722–723 Check for Understanding n
83

n
4
1. y y
3x and log3 x are 15. log6 (4x  4)
log6 64
y
3x similar in that they are 4x  4
64
both continuous, one-to- x
15
one, increasing and 1
inverses. 16. 2 log6 4  4 log6 16
log6 x
O x 1

y
3x and log3 x are not log6 42  log6 16 2
log6 x
y
log3 x similar in that they are 42

inverses. The domain of log6 
log6 x
1

one is the range of 16 4

another and the range 42
of one is the domain of 1
x


the other. y
3x has a 16 4

17. x y x
8
y-intercept and a
1 0 y
horizontal asymptote
2 1
whereas y
log3 x has a
4 2
x-intercept and a y
log 1 x
vertical asymptote. 2
2. Let bx
m, then logb m
x. O x
(bx)p
mp
bxp
mp
logb bxp
logb mp 18. x y
xp
logb mp 1 0
p logb m
logb mp y
6 1
3. y
y
log 1 x
5
O x
y  log6 x
O x
y
log5 x t
19. 16
 
3.3 log 1024 4
t
16(33 log4 1024) log4 1024
x
Log5 x is an increasing function and log1 x is a t
16(33  5) 4x
1024
decreasing function.
5 t
264 h 22x
210
2x
10
4. Sean is correct. The product property states that
x
5
logb mn
logb m  logb n.
1
5. In half-life applications r
2. So, (1  r)
becomes


1 1
1  2 or 2 . Thus, the formula Pages 723–725 Exercises
1 t


1 1
N
N0(1  r)t becomes N
N0 2 . 
20. 27
3
3

21. 16 2
4
3 1

215 
 5
2 1 
6. 9 2
27 7.
5 22. 74
 
2401 23. 4 2
32
4
25.
6

36
1 2
8. log7 y
6 9. log8 4
3 24. ex
65.98
1 3
1
10. log2 16
x 26. log81 9
2 27. log36 216
2
11. log10 0.01
x
1
1 10x
0.01 28. log 18 512
3 29. log6 36
2
2x
16
10x
102
2x
24 x
2
x
4
1
343
x
12. log7   13. log2 x
5
1 25
x
7x

343 32
x
7x
73
x
3

Chapter 11 386
30. log16 1
0 31. logx 14.36
1.238 x
2
32. log8 64
x 3
47. log1010

x
3
10x
10
8x
64 125x
5 1

10x
10

3

8x
82 (53)x
51 1
x
2 3x
1 x
3
33. log125 5
x 1
x
3
1
48. log12 x
2 log12 9  3 log12 27
1

1 1
34. log2 32
x 
log12 x
log12 9 2  log12 27 3


2x
32 4x
128 1

1

2x
25 22x
27 log12 x
log12 9 2  27 3
1 1
 
x
5 2x
7 x
9 2  27 3
7
35. log4 128
x x
2 or 3.5 x
33
36. log9 96
x x
9
9x
96 49x
343 49. log5 (x  4)  log5 8
log5 64
x
6 72x
73 log5 (x  4)(8)
log5 64
37. log49 343
x 2x
3 (x  4)(8)
64
3 x4
8
x
2 or 1.5
x
4
38. log8 16
x 50. log4 (x  3)  log4 (x  3)
2
x
8x
16
8 
4096 log4 (x  3)(x  3)
2
23x
24 x
42
(x  3)(x  3)
8
84

2

3x
4 x 16
x2  9
4 
4 25
x2
x
3 2
x
8 5
x
39. log8 4096
x 1
40. 104 log102
x 51. 2(log7 x  log7 8)
log7 16
1
10log1024
x 41. logx 49
2 (log 8x)
log 16
2 7 7
24
x x2
49
1

log7 (8x) 2
log7 16
16
x x
7 1

(8x) 2
16
8x
256
42. log3 3x
log3 36
x
32
3x
36
x
12 52. 2 log5 (x  2)
log5 36
log5 (x  2)2
log5 36
43. log6 x  log6 9
log6 54
(x  2)2
36
log6 9x
log6 54
x2
6
9x
54
x
8 y
x
6
53. x y
44. log8 48  log8 w
log8 6
48 1 0 y
log4 x
log8 w
log8 6 1
2 
48 2

6 O x
w 4 1
6w
48

w
8 x
3
45. log6 216
x 46. log5 0.04
x
6x
216 5x
0.04
6x
63 5x
52

387 Chapter 11
54. x y y r 410
20 62a. 5000  2500
1  4
1 0 15 r 40
2 3 10 y
3 log2 x 27 
1  4
5 r 40
4 6 62b. 2

1  4
O
5 5 10 1520 2530 3540 x 1
r 40
1

2 40

1  4 
 
40
10
15 r
1.0175  1  4
20
0.0699  r
55. x y y 6.99%
r 28
2 0 62c. 2

1  4
6 1 y
log5 (x  1) 1
 r
2 28
1  4
x r
1.0251  1  4
0.1004  r
10.04%
1 1
y 63a. n
log2 — 63b. 3
log2 p
56. x y 1

4 1
1 0 y  log2 x n
log2 4 23
p
2 1
2n
4 8
p1
4 2 1
x n
2 
8
p
1
less light; 8
64. Let y
loga x, so x
ay.
x
ay
57. x y y logb x
logb ay
1 0 logb x
y logb a
logb x
2 2 y
 
log a b
4 4 logb x
x loga x

logb a

y  2 log2 x 65a. P
16
15.5
15 log2.72 (14.7)
0.02h
P

58. x y y 14.5
14
0 0 13.5
9 1 13
12.5
x 4 2 O 2 4h
y  log10 (x  1)
P
14.7
0.02(1)
65b. log2.72  
P

2.720.02
59. Use N
N0(1  r)t; r
1 since the rate of growth 14.7

is 100% every t time periods. P
14.7 (2720.02)

64,000
1000 (1  1)t 14.4 psi
P
64
2t 14.7
0.02(6.8)
65c. log2.72  
log2 26
log2 2t P
14.7(2.720.136)
6
t 16.84 psi
t  15
90 min 1 t
66. 6.8
38
2
60. All powers of 1 are 1, so the inverse of y
1x is
1 t


2
6.8
not a function. 
38
61. Let logb m
x and logb n
y. 1 t

log
2
6.8
log 
So, bx
m and by
n. 38
m bx 6.8 1

 
t log 2
by
b
xy log 38
n
m 6.8

bxy log  
n __ 38
m t
1
logb n

xy log 
2
m t
2.5
logb n
logb m  logb n
2.5  3.82
9.55
about 9 days

Chapter 11 388
67. 69.6164 75. cos (A  B)
cos A cos B  sin A sin B
5 35




0.115 12.30


1 1  cos A
1
3 cos B
3
7
12
68. 90,000
P ______
0.115
 x2  52
132 x2  352
372
12
x2
144 x2
144
P  891.262 x
12 x
12
$891.26 12
So, sin A
13
12
So, sin B
3
7
69. ellipse 5 35 12 12
9x2  18x  4y2  16y  11
0 cos (A  B)
13  3
7  13  37
 

9x2  18x  4y2  16y
11


175 144
481  481
 
9(x  2x  1)  4(y2  4y  4)
11  9  16
2
31
9(x  1)2  4(y  2)2
36

481
(x  1)2 (y  2)2
  9
1 76. y
A sin (kt  c)  h
4
90  64 90  64 2
y A
2 h
2 
k
4


13
77 k
2

y
13 sin
2t  c  77

64
13 sin
2(1)  c  77
O x 
13
13 sin
2  c

1
sin
2  c

70. r
3, v
2 sin1(1)  2
c
(3 cos 2t, 3 sin 2t) 3.14 c
71. AB
(
1  (1))2 
 (3  3)2 
So, y
13 sin
2k  3.14  77


0  (
2 6) 2
77. c2
(6.11)2  (5.84)2  2(6.11)(5.84) cos 105.3

6
c2
37.3321  34.1056  71.3648 cos 105.3
BC
(
3  ((
1))2  0  ( 3))2 c2 90.2689


4  3
2 2
c 9.5

5 (6.11)2 (5.84)2  (9.5)2  2(5.84)(9.5) cos A
AC
(
3  (1))2  
(0  3)2 37.3321 34.1056  90.25  110.96 cos A


4  3
2 2 cos A 0.7843

5 A 38.34 or 38° 20

3 3 2 2 B 180  (105° 18
 38° 20
)
72. 5
cos 4  i sin 4  2
cos 3  i sin 3
36° 22


3 2

5  2 cos
4  3  i sin
4  3
3 2
 c
9.5, A
38° 20
, B
36° 22

17 17

10
 78. M
cos 12  i sin 12
17 17 c˚

10 cos 12  10i sin 12 Q
P x˚ b˚
 2.59  9.66i
17 17
10
cos 1
2  i sin 12 , 2.59  9.66i


73. (3  4j)(12  7j)
36  21j  48j  28j2 c˚

S

64  27j
N
64  27j volts
74. y mSMN
mQNM alternate interior angles
C x°
b°  c° Exterior Angle Theorem
50˚ The correct choice is E.
A
50˚

O D x
B

Both vectors have the same direction. 50° south of

u u
east. Therefore, AB and CD are parallel.

389 Chapter 11
 3x3  2 
4
16. 4x1
11-5 Common Logarithms x1

3x3  2
4 4

x1
(x  3) log 3  log 2  4 log 4
Page 730 Check for Understanding
(4x  12)log 3  4 log 2  (x  1) log 4
1. log 1
0 means log10 1
0. So, 10°
1.
4x log 3  12 log 3  4 log 2  x log 4  log 4
log 10
1 means log10 10
1. So, 101
10.
4x log 3  x log 4  4 log 2  log 4  12 log 3
2. Write the number in scientific notation. The x(4 log 3  log 4)  4 log 2  log 4  12 log 3
exponent of the power of 10 is the characteristic. 4 log 2  log 4  12 log 3
x 
4 log 3  log 4
3. antilog 2.835
102.835
683.9116
4. log 15
1.1761 x  4.84
log 5
0.6990 17.
log 3
0.4771
log 5  log 3
0.6990  0.4771
1.1761
5. log 80,000
log (10,000  8)

log 104  log 8

4  0.9031

4.9031
6. log 0.003
log (0.001  3)

log 103  log 3 [10, 10] scl:1 by [20, 100] scl:10

3  0.4771 5.5850
18a. R
log
 1.6   4.2
200

2.5229 

7. log 0.0081
log (0.0001  34)
6.3

log 104  4 log 3 18b. 10 times; According to the definition of

4  4(0.4771) logarithms, R in the equation

2.0915 R
log
T  B is an exponent of the base of the
a

8. 2.6274 9. 74,816.95 logarithm, 10. 105 is ten times greater than 104.
10. y

y  log (x  3) Pages 730–732 Exercises

19. log 4000,000
log (100,000  4)
x
log 100,000  log 4

5  0.6021

5.6021
20. log 0.00009
log (0.00001  9)

log 0.00001  log 9
log 18
11. log12 18
 
log 12

5  0.9542

4.0458
 1.1632
log 15 21. log 1.2
log (0.1  12)
12. log8 15
 
log 8
log 0.1  log 12
 1.3023
1  1.0792
13. 2.2x  5
9.32
0.0792
(x  5) log 2.2
log 9.32 22. log 0.06
log
0.01  2
12
log 9.32
(x  5)

log 2.2
log 0.01  log 12
1


x 7.83 42
1
14. 6 x2
4x
log 0.01  log 12  2 log 4
(x  2) log 6
x log 4 1
x log 6  2 log 6
x log 4
2  1.0792  2(0.6021)
2 log 6
x log 4  x log 6
1.2218
2 log 6
x (log 4  log 6) 23. log 36
log (4  9)
2 log 6

x
log 4  log 9
log 4  log 6

0.6021  0.9542
8.84 x

1.5563
15. 4.3x 76.2
24. log 108,000
log (1000  12  9)
x log 4.3 log 76.2
log 76.2

log 1000  log 12  log 9
x  
log 4.3
3  1.0792  0.9542
x 2.97
5.0334

Chapter 11 390
25. log 0.0048
log (0.0001  12  4) 46. 3x1  2x7

log 0.0001  log 12  log 4 (x  1) log 3  (x  7) log 2

4  1.0792  0.6021 x log 3  log 3  x log 2  7 log 2

 2.3188 x log 3  x log 2  log 3  7 log 2
26. log 4.096
log (0.001  46) x(log 3  log 2)  log 3  7 log 2
log 3  7 log 2

log 0.001  6 log 4 x 
log 3  log 2

3  6(0.6021)
x
9.2571

0.6124 1
47. logx 6  1
27. log 1800
log
100  9  4 2 


log 6
1  1

log 100  log 9  2 log 4 log x
1 log 6  log x

2  0.9542  2(0.6021) 6x
log 6

3.2553 When x
1, log 1
0, which means  
log x is
28. 1.9921 29. 2.9515 log 6
undefined. When x 1,  
log x is negative, which is
30. 0.871 31. 2.001 not greater than 1. So, x must also be greater than
32. 3.2769 33. 2.1745 1. Therefore, 1 x 6.
log 8 log 625
34. log2 8
 
log 2 35. log5 625
 
log 5 48. 42x5  3x3

3
4 (2x  5) log 4  (x  3) log 3
log 24 log 4 2x log 4  5 log 4  x log 3  3 log 3
36. log6 24
 
log 6 37. log7 4
 
log 7 2x log 4  x log 3  5 log 4  3 log 3
1.7737 0.7124 x(2 log 4  log 3)  5 log 4  3 log 3
log 0.0675 5 log 4  3 log 3
38. log6.5 0.0675

log 0.5 x 
2 log 4  log 3
3.8890 x  2.1719
log 15
39. log 15
1


1 40. 2x
95 49. 0.52x4  0.15x
log 2 (2x  4) log 0.5  (5  x) log 0.1
2
x log 2
log 95
log 95 2x(log 0.5)  4 log 0.5  5 log 0.1  x log 0.1
x
 
log 2 2x log 0.5  x log 0.1  5 log 0.1  4 log 0.5
x 6.5699 x(2 log 0.5  log 0.1)  5 log 0.1  4 log 0.5
41. 5x
4x  3 x
5 log 0.1  4 log 0.5

2 log 0.5  log 0.1
x log 5
(x  3) log 4
x log 5
x log 4  3 log 4 Change inequality sign because (2 log 0.5 
x(log 5  log 4)
3 log 4 log 0.1) is negative.
3 log 4
x
 
log 5  log 4
x  3.8725
log 52.7
x 18.6377 50. log2 x
3 51. x  
log 3
1 x
23 x 3.6087
42. 
3 log x
log 8 x
0.1250
1

x
8
3
52.
x 512
43. 0.1643x
0.38x
(43x) log 0.16
(8  x) log 0.3
4 log 0.16  3x log 0.16
8 log 0.3  x log 0.3
3x log 0.16  x log 0.3
8 log 0.3  4 log 0.16
x(3 log 0.16  log 0.3)
8 log 0.3  4 log 0.16
8 log 0.3  4 log 0.16
x

3 log 0.16  log 0.3
x 0.3434 [10, 10] scl:1 by [3, 3] scl:1
44. 4 log (x  3)
9 53.
9
log (x  3)
4
9
(x  3)
antilog 4
9
x
antilog 4 3
x 174.8297
45. 0.25
log 16x
0.25
x log 16 [1, 10] scl:1 by [1, 3] scl:1
0.25
x
 
log 16
x 0.2076

391 Chapter 11
 t
54. 1 0.8
60b. 0.9535

2
1
log 0.9535
0.8t log 2
log 0.9535

1
0.8t
log 2

 
log 0.9535
log 
1
t log 0.8
log 
2
[10, 1] scl:1 by [2, 10] scl:1 12.0016 t
55. x 0.3210 12 years
61. Sample answer: x is between 2 and 3 because 372
is between 100 and 1000, and log 100
2 and log
1000
3.
1
62a. L
10 log  
1.0  1012

10(log 1  log (1.0  1012))

120 dB
I
62b. 20
log  
1.0  1012
[5, 5] scl:1 by [10, 50] scl:10
2
log I  log (1.0  1012)
56. x 0.1975
2
log I  12
10
log I
1  1010
I; 1  1010 W/m2
1 t
63. Use N
N0
2 .
N
630 micrograms
63  104 gram
N0
1 milligram
1.0  103 gram
1 t
6.3  104
(1.0  103)
2
[5, 5] scl:1 by [3, 10] scl:1
6.3  104 1
1.0  103
t log 2
log   
57. x
2
0.6666 t
0.6666  5730 3819 yr
64. loga y
loga P  loga q  loga r
p
loga y
loga q  loga r
pr
loga y
loga q
pr
y
q
[5, 5] scl:1 by [5, 10] scl:1
100 10.3 65. logx 243
5
58a. h
9 log  
14.7 x5
243
1.7 mi x
3
100 P
58b. 4.3
9 log  
14.7
66.
0.3870
log P  log 14.7
0.3870  log 14.7
log P
0.7803 log P
6.03 P; 6 psi
59a. M
5.3  5  5 log 0.018
1.58
59b. 5.3
8.6  5  5 log P increasing from  to 
8.3
5 log P 1 2
  
1

1

1

1.66
log P 67. (a4b2) 3 c 3
(a4) 3 (b2) 3 (c2) 3
0.0219 P
a
3
ab2c2
9
1 0.8 68. (5)  (0)  D(5)  E(0)  F
0
2 2
60a. q

2
5D  F  25
0
1 0.1342


2 (1)  (2)  D(1)  E(2)  F
0
2 2

0.9112 D  2E  F  5
0
$91,116 (4)  (3)  D(4)  E(3)  F
0
2 2
4D  3E  F  25
0

Chapter 11 392
 5D  0E  F  25
0 74. f(x)
x3  2x2  11x  12
() D  2E  F  5
0 f(1)
1  2(1)  11(1)  12 Test f(1).
4D  2E  20
0 f(1)
0 (x  1) is a factor.
4D  3E  F  25
0 1 1 2 11 12
() D  2E  F  5
0 1 1 12
3D  E  20
0 1 1 12  0
4D  2E  20
0 x2  x  12
0
2(3D  E  20
0) (x  4)(x  3)
0
10D  60
0 So, the factors are (x  4)(x  3)(x  1).
D
6 75. y
4(6)  2E  20
0
2E  4
0
E
2 y
5x 3  2x  5
5(6)  0(2)  F  25
0
F5
0
F
5 O x
x2  y2  6x  2y  5
0
(x2  6x  9)  (y2  2y  1)
5  9  1
Neither; the graph of the function is not
(x  3)2  (y  1)2
5
symmetric with respect to either the origin or the
 18  4
69.
 , 
(25
  25
65
2 2 , 11) y-axis.
70. r
6 76. 7  5  4  1
17
r2
36 17,000,000
x2  y2
36 The correct choice is D.
71. 90˚
120˚ 60˚

150˚ 30˚
11-6 Natural Logarithms
180˚ 0˚
2 4 6

210˚ 330˚
Page 735 Check for Understanding
1. ln e
1 is the same as loge e
1. And e1
e. So,
240˚ 300˚
270˚ ln e
1.
u 2. The two logarithms have different bases.
72. AB
(6  5), (5  6)
log 17 ⇒ 10x
17 or x
1.23

1, 1
ln 17 ⇒ ex
17 or x
2.83
u
AB 
 (6  5
)2  (5  6
)2 3. ln 64
4.1589

2  1.414 ln 16
2.7726
73. ln 4
1.3863
ln 16  ln 4
2.7726  1.3863
4.1589
4. The two equations represent the same thing,
A
Pert is a special case of the equation
N
N0ekt and is used primarily for computations
involving money.
 3.65 cm 5. 4.7217 6. 1.1394
a 7. 15.606 8. 0.4570
ln 132
9. log5 132
 
ln 5
b 3.0339
ln 64
v
36  10
360° 10. log3 64
 
ln 3

cos 36°
 
a
sin 36°

b
 3.7856
3.65 3.65
11. 18
e3x
a
3.65 cos 36° b
3.65 sin 36°
ln 18
3x ln e
2.9529 2.1454 ln 18
1 
x
Use A
2aP, where P 10(2.1454) 21.454. 3

1 0.9635
x
A 2(2.9529)(21.454)
31.6758 or 31.68 cm2

393 Chapter 11
12. 10
5e5k 33. log8 0.512
 
ln 0.512
ln 8
2
e5k
ln 2
5k ln e 0.3219
ln 303
ln 2

k 34. log6 323
 
1.6
5
0.1386 k 3.2246
ln 2
88
13. 25ex 100 35. log5 288

 
ln 5
ex 4 1.7593
x ln e ln 4
36. 6x
72 37. 2x
27
x 1.3863
x ln 6
ln 72 x ln 2
ln 27
14. 4.5  e0.031t ln 72 ln 27
ln 4.5  0.031t ln e x
 
ln 6 x
 
ln 2
ln 4.5
 t 2.3869 4.7549
0.031
38. 9x4
7.13
48.5186  t
(x  4) ln 9
ln 7.13
15. x 13.57 x ln 9  4 ln 9
ln 7.13
x ln 9
ln 7.13  4 ln 9
ln 7.13  4 ln 9
x
 
ln 9
x 4.8940
39. 3x
32  40. 25ex
1000
x ln 3
ln 3  ln 2 ex
40
x
 
ln 3  ln 2
 x ln e
ln 40
ln 3
[20, 20] scl:2 by [4, 20] scl:2 x 3.6889
x 1.3155
16. x  26.90
41. 60.3 e0.1t
ln 60.3 0.1t ln e
ln 60.3

0.1 t
40.9933 t
42. 6.2e0.64t
3et1
ln 6.2  0.64t ln e
ln 3  (t  1) ln e
ln 6.2  ln 3  1
0.36t
[15, 30] scl:5 by [50, 150] scl:10 ln 6.2  ln 3  1

0.36
t
17a. p
760e0.125(3.3)

760e0.4125 0.7613 t
503.1 torrs 43. 22
44 (1  e2x)
1
17b. 450
760e0.125a 
2  1
e2x
450

760
e0.125a 1

e2x
2


0.125a ln e
ln 
450

760 ln 2
1

2x ln e


450 1
ln  ln 2
760

0.125
a 
x
2
4.1926 a; 4.2 km 0.3466 x
44. 25 e0.075y
ln 25 0.075y ln e
Pages 736–737 Exercise ln 25
 y
18. 5.4931 19. 0.2705 0.075

20. 6.8876 21. 0.9657 y  42.9183

22. 0 23. 2.2322
24. 10.4395 25. 1.2134
26. 0.0233 27. 0.9966
28. 146.4963 29. 0.2417
ln 56 ln 36
30. log12 56
 
ln 12 31. log5 36
 
ln 5
1.6199 2.2266
ln 83
32. log4 83

ln 4
3.1875

Chapter 11 394
45. 5x  76 52. x  4.72
x ln 5  ln 7  ln 6

ln 7  ln 6

x 
ln 5
x  1.7657
46. 12x4  4x
(x  4) ln 12  x ln 4
x ln 12  4 ln 12  x ln 4
x ln 12  x ln 4  4 ln 12 [10, 10] scl:1 by [10, 75] scl:5
x(ln 12  ln 4)  4 ln 12
4 ln 12
53. x  0.37
x 
ln 12  ln 4

2
x  9.0474

47. x 3  27.6 3

x  (27.6) 2
x  144.9985
48. x 3.76

[5, 5] scl:1 by [2, 5] scl: 0.5

t

20,000(41011)
54. 0.6
1e
t
ln 0.6

20,000(4  1011) ln e
20,000(4  1011) ln 0.6
t
4.09  107 t
7
4.09  10 s
[5, 5] scl:1 by [50, 700] scl:50
1 t
49. x 7.64 55. 2.8
9
2
2.8 1
ln 9
t ln 2
2.8
ln 9
__
1
t
ln 2

1.6845 t
1.6845  8  24
323.4236
324 h
[70, 10] scl:1 by [3, 10] scl:1
56a. ln 180  72
k(0)  c
50. t 133.14 4.6821 c
56b. ln 150  72
k(2)  4.6821
ln 78  4.6821

2
k
0.1627 k
56c. ln 100  72
(0.1622)t  4.6821
ln 28  4.6821

0.1627
t
8.3 t 8.3  2
6.3
[10, 150] scl:10 by [100, 2000] scl:100
about 6.3 min
51. x 2.14
57. e2x  4ex  3
0
(ex  3)(ex  1)
0
ex  3
0 ex  1
0
ex
3 ex
1
x ln e
ln 3 x ln e
ln 1
x 1.0986 x
0
0 or 1.0986
58a. 2
e0.063t
[6, 6] scl:1 by [4, 24] scl:2 ln 2
0.063t ln e
ln 2

0.063
t
11.0023 t
about 11 years
58b. See students’ work.

395 Chapter 11
59. 1800
5000 ln r 68. 2x  5y  3
0
1800

ln r  A2  
B2

22  (
5)2
29

5000
2x 5y 3
antiln

1800      
0

r
5000 
29 
29 29
2  3
0.6977 r; about 70% 29 529
29 x  29y  29
0
29
1
60a. 
1ek(1622) 3
29
2 p
29 0.56 units
1
ln 
1622 k ln e 5 2
2 sin 



29
cos 
 
29

1
ln  5 29
2 

k ___29
1622 tan 

2 29
0.000427 k  
29
60b. 1.7
23e(0.000427)(t) 5
1.7 tan 
2
2.3
0.000427t ln e
ln  

112°
1.7
ln  229 
529 
329 3
29

2.3

t 29 x  29y  29
0; 29 0.56; 112°
0.000427
707.9177 t 69. y

70 cos 4v
about 708 yr 70. d
800  (10  55)
61. y is a logarithmic function of x. The pattern in the
250
table can be determined by 3y
x which can be The correct answer is 250.
expressed as log3 x
y.
62. 1.2844
11-6B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
3

63. 16 4
8
64. x2
y  4 Natural Logarithms and Area
x2  4y2
8
(y  4)  4y2
8 Pages 738–739
4y2  y  4
0 1. 0.69314718
1
1
(4)(4
 4) 2. 0.6931471806; It is the same value as found in
y

8
1
65
 Exercise 1 expressed to 10 decimal places.
y

8 3a. The result is the opposite of the result in
y 0.9, 1.1 Exercise 1.
x2 0.9  4 x2 11  4 3b. Sample answer: a negative value
x
4.9
 x
2.9
 4a. 0.69314718
x 2.2, 2.2 x 1.7, 1.7 4b. 1.0986123
y 4c. 1.3862944
4d. 0.6931471806, 1.098612289, 1.386294361
4e. The value for each area is the same as the value
O x of each natural logarithm.
5. 0.5108256238; 0.6931471806; 0.9162907319;
These values are equal to the value of ln 0.6,
ln 0.5, and ln 0.4.
6. If k  1, then the area of the region is equal to
52.4 N
 146 cm3  
m3 ln k. If 0 k 1, then the opposite of the area is
1003 cm3
c
65.  
m2
equal to ln k.
0.00765 c; 0.00765 N  m
7. The value of a should be equal to or very close to
66. x
0.25 cos  y
0.25 sin  1, and the value of b should be very close to e. This

0.25
0 prediction is confirmed when you display the
(0.25, 0) actual regression equation.
67. u
a
1, 2
 3 4, 3
8. Sample answer: Define ln k for k  0 to be

1, 2
 12, 9
1
the area between the graph of y
x, the x-axis,

13, 7
and the vertical lines x
1 and x
k if k  1 and
to be the opposite of this area if 0 k 1. Define
e to be the value of k for which the area of the
region is equal to 1.

Chapter 11 396
 Modeling Real-World Data with
0.415
1.0091e0.0197x
11-7 Exponential and Logarithmic
15c.
0.415
Functions 1.0091
0.0197x
ln  

0.415
ln 
Page 744 Check for Understanding 1.0091

0.0197
x
1. Replace N by 4N0 in the equation N
N0ekt,
45.10 x
where N0 is the amount invested and k is the
45.10  10
35.10 min
interest rate. Then solve for t.
16a. y
2137.5192(1.0534)x
2. The data should be modeled with an exponential
function. The points in the scatter plot approach a 16b. y
2137.5192(1.0534)x
horizontal asymptote. Exponential functions have y
2137.5192(eln 1.0534)x
horizontal asymptotes, but logarithmic functions y
2137.5192e(ln 1.0534)x
do not. y
2137.5192e0.0520x
3. y
2e(ln 4)x or y
2e1.3863x; ln y
ln 2  (ln 4)x or 16c. 2631.74
2137.52e4r
2631.74
ln y
0.6931  1.3863x 2137.52
4r
ln  
ln 2 ln 2
4. t
 
0.0175 5. t
 
0.08
2631.74

2137.52
39.61 yr 8.66 yr ln 
4
r
6a. y
10.0170(0.9703)x 0.0520 r; 5.2%
6b. y
10.0170(0.9703)x 17. y
40  14.4270 ln x
y
10.0170(eln 0.9703)x 18a. y
–826.4217  520.4168 ln x
y
10.0170e(ln 0.9703)x 18b. The year 1960 would correspond to x
0 and
y 10.0170e0.0301x ln 0 is undefined.
6c. 5 10.0170e0.0301x 19. Take the square root of each side.
5
y
cx2
10.0170 0.0301x
ln  

5 y
 cx2
ln  

10.0170
x y
cx
0.0301
20a. 1034.34
1000(1  r)1
23.08 x; 23.08 min 1.03034
1  r
0.03034 r; 3.034%
20b. y
1000.0006(1.0303)x
Pages 745–748 Exercises 20c. y
1000.0006(1.0303)x
ln 2 ln 2
7. t

0.0225 8. t
 
0.05 y
1000.0006(eln 1.0303)x
30.81 yr 13.86 yr y
1000.0006e(ln 1.0303)x
ln 2 y
1000.0006e0.0299x
9. t

0.07125 20d. 1030.34
1000er
9.73 1030.34
1000
r
ln  
10. exponential; the graph has a horizontal asymptote
0.0299 r; 2.99%
11. logarithmic; the graph has a vertical asymptote
21a. x 0 50 100 150 190 200
12. logarithmic; the graph has a vertical asymptote
13. exponential; the graph has a horizontal asymptote ln y 1.81 2.07 3.24 3.75 4.25 4.38
14a. y
4.7818(1.7687)x
21b. ln y
0.0136x  1.6889
14b. y
4.7818(1.7687)x
21c. ln y
0.0136x  1.6889
y
4.7818(eln 1.7687)x
y
e0.0136x1.6889
y
4.7818e(ln 1.7687)x
y
4.7818e0.5702x 21d. y
e0.0136(225)1.6889
ln 2 115.4572
14c. Use t
k; k
0.5702. 115.5 persons per square mile
ln 2
t
 
0.5702
22a. The graph appears to have a horizontal
asymptote at y
2, so you must subtract 2 from
1.215 hr
each y-value before a calculator can perform
15a. y
1.0091(0.9805)x exponential regression.
15b. y
1.0091(0.9805)x 22b. y
2  1.0003(2.5710)x
y
1.0091(eln 0.9805)x
23a. ln y is a linear function of ln x.
y
1.0091e(ln 0.9805)x
y
cxa
y
1.0091e0.0197x
ln y
ln(cxa)
ln y
ln c  ln xa
ln y
ln c  a ln x

397 Chapter 11
23b. The result of part a indicates that we should 32.
take the natural logarithms of both the x- and y (2, 1): f(x)
2(2)  8(1)  10
y-values. x
4
22
x
2
(2, 3) (4, 1): f(x)
2(4)  8(1)  10
ln x 6.21 6.91 8.52 9.21 9.62 (4, 4)

26
x  2y
4
ln y 4.49 4.84 5.65 5.99 6.19 (4, 1) (2, 8): f(x)
2(2)  8(3)  10
y
1
38
23c. ln y
0.4994 ln x  1.3901 O x (4, 4): f(x)
2(4)  8(4)  10
23d. ln y
0.4994 ln x  1.3901 (2, 1)

50
eln y
e0.4994ln x1.3901
y
e0.4994ln x  e1.3901 50; 22
y
(eln x)0.4994  4.0153 33. Circle X contains the regions a, b, d, and e.
y
4.0153x0.4994 Circle Z contains the regions d, e, f, and g. Six
24. 2
ek(85) regions are contained in one or both of circles X
ln 2
85k and Z.
0.0082 k The correct choice is C.
12
e0.0082t
ln 12
0.0082t
303 t
303.04 min or about 5 h Chapter 11 Study Guide and Assessment
25. 0.01
26. log5 (7x)
log5 (5x  16) Page 749 Understanding the Vocabulary
7x
5x  16
1. common logarithm 2. exponential growth
2x
16
x
8 3. logarithmic function 4. scientific notation
27a. y
x(400  20(x  3)) 5. mantissa 6. natural logarithm
y
x(460  20x) 7. linearizing data 8. exponential function
y
20x2  460x 9. nonlinear regression 10. exponential equation
y  2645
20(x2  23x  132.25)
y  2645
20(x  11.5)
vertex at (11.5, 2645), maximum at x
11.5 Pages 750–752 Skills and Concepts
$11.50 1 2
1

 1 

27b. At maximum, y
2645. 11. 
 12. (64) 2
8


4 1 2

4
$2645
 
16
28. 5
cos 
5

3 1
  i sin    i 4

4
 4 3 3

6 6 2 2 13. (27) 3
(33) 3 )
(256) 4
14. (256
5 5 3
3

2  2i
34
(44) 4


60 b
81
43
29. 
 
sin 24° sin 48°

64
60 sin 48°
b sin 24° 3x2
1
 3 1
 3
60 ft b
109.625 15. 3x2(3x)2
 
(3x)2
16.
6a 3 
63
a 3 
about 109.6 ft 3x2
216a


9x2
1
b
3
42˚
3 1 3
18˚
17.
12x4

2 (x4)3
1

8x12
30. 5x2  8x  12
0
18. (w3)4  (4w2)2
w12  42  w4
Discriminant: (8)2  4(5)(12)
176

16w16
The discriminant is negative, so there are 1

1
 3 1
 3 1
 2
2 imaginary roots. 19.
(2a) 3 (a2b) 3 
(2a) 3   (a2b) 3 

x
10
8
176

(2a)(a2b)

2a3b
8
4i11
 4
2i11


1 or 5 1

1

5

9

0 20.
3x 2 y 4 (4x2y2)
12x 2 y 4
31. 4 units left and 8 units down

Chapter 11 398
21. 22. 1
45. 2 log6 4  3 log6 8
log6 x
y y 1

log6 42  log6 8 3
log6 x
42
log6 1

log6 x

83
y
3x 42
y
( 12 ) x 1

x

83
8
x
O x O x 1
46. log2 x
3 log6 27
23. 24. 1


y y log2 x
log2 27 3
y
2x 1
1

x
27 3
x
3
47. y
y
2x  2

O x
y
log10 x
O x O x
25. 26.
y y

O x
y  2x  2 48. log 300,000
log (100,000  3)
y 2x 1
log 100,000  log 3

5  0.4771

5.4771
49. log 0.0003
log (0.0001  3)
O x
log 0.0001  log 3

4  0.4771
27. A
2500e0.065(10)

3.5229
4788.8520; $4788.85
50. log 140
log (10  14)
28. A
6000e0.0725(10)

log 10  log 14
12,388.3866; $12,388.39

1  1.1461
29. A
12,000e0.059(10)
2.1461
21,647.8610, $21,647.86
2
 1
51. log 0.014
log (0.001  14)
30. 8 3
4 31. 34
8
1
log 0.001  log 14
32. log2 16
4
1
33. log5 25
2
3  1.1461

1.8539
34. 2x
32 35. 10x
0.001
52. 4x
6x2
2x
25 10x
103
x log 4
(x  2) log 6
x
5 x
3
x log4
x log 6  2 log 6
1
36. 4x
16 37. 2x
0.5 x log 4  x log 6
2 log 6
4x
42 2x
21 x(log 4  log 6)
2 log 6
2 log 6
x
2 x
1 x
 
log 4  log 6
1
38. 6x
216 39. 9x
9 x 8.84


6x 63

9x 91 53. 120.5x
80.1x4
x
3 x
1 0.5x log 12
(0.1x  4) log 8
40. 4x
1024 41. 8x
512 0.5x log 12
0.1x log 8  4 log 8
4x
45 8x
83 0.5x log 12  0.1x log 8
4 log 8
x
5 x
3 x(0.5 log 12  0.1 log 8)
4 log 8
4 4 log 8
42. x4
81
1
43.
12
x x

0.5 log 12  0.1 log 8

x
(81) 4

16
x x 8.04
x
3
44. log3 3  log3 x
log3 45
log3 3x
log3 45
3x
45
x
15

399 Chapter 11
 3x log 100 log 125
54.
14 6x2 62. log4 100
 
log 9 63. log15 125
 
log 15
1
3x log 4 (x  2) log 6 2.0959 1.7829
1 64. 4x
100
3x log 4 x log 6  2 log 6
1 x ln 4
ln 100
3x log 4  x log 6  2 log 6 ln 100
1
x
 
ln 4
x(3 log   log 6)  2 log 6
4 x 3.3219
2 log 6
x 
1 65. 6x2
30
3 log 4  log 6
(x  2) ln 6
ln 30
1 ln 30
Change the inequality because 3 log 4  log 6 is x2
 
ln 6
negative. ln 30
x

ln 6  2

x  0.6
55. 0  12x8  7x4 x 3.8982
(2x 8) log 0.1  (x  4) log 7 66. 3x1
42x
2x log 0.1  8 log 0.1  x log 7  4 log 7 (x  1) ln 3
2x ln 4
2x log 0.1  x log 7  4 log 7  8 log 0.1 x ln 3  ln 3
2x ln 4
x(2 log 0.1  log 7)  4 log 7  8 log 0.1 x ln 3  2x ln 4
ln 3
4 log 7  7 log 0.1 x(ln 3  2 ln 4)
ln 3
x 
2 log 0.1  log 7 ln 3
x  4 x
 
ln 3  2 ln 4

56. log (2x  3)
log (3  x) x 0.6563

log (2x  3)
log (3  x)1 67.
5x4
94x
(2x  3)
(3  x)1 4x ln 9
(x  4) ln 5
(2x  3)(3  x)
1 4x ln 9
x ln 5  4 ln 5
2x2  3x  8
0 4x ln 9  x ln 5
4 ln 5
x
4
3
73
 x(4 ln 9  ln 5)
4 ln 5
4 ln 5
1.39, 2.89 x
 
4 ln 9  ln 5

57. y x 0.8967
y
3 log (x  2) 68. 24 e2x 69. 15ex  200
200
ln 24 2x ex  15
x ln 24 200
O x  2 x  ln 15
x  1.5890 x  2.5903
70. x 3.333

58. y

y  7x  2 [5, 5] scl:1 by [10, 60] scl:10

71. x 2.20
O x

59. x
3.42

[1, 5] scl:1 by [1, 10] scl:1

[5, 5] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1

log 15 log 24
60. log4 15
 
log 4 61. log8 24
 
log 8
1.9534 1.5283

Chapter 11 400
 ln 2 ln 2
72. t
 
0.028 73. t
 
0.05125 Chapter SAT & ACT Preparation
24.76 13.52
ln 2
74. 18

k Page 755 SAT and ACT Practice
ln 2 1. To find the greatest possible value, the other 3
k

18
values must be as small as possible. Since they
0.0385; 3.85%
are distinct positive integers, they must be 1, 2,
and 3. The sum of all 4 integers is 4(11) or 44. The
sum of the 3 smallest is 1  2  3 or 6, so the
Page 753 Applications and Problem solving fourth integer cannot be more than 44  6 or 38.
1 t
75. 0.065

2 The correct choice is B.
1 1
1 2. Since one root is 2, x
2, 2x
1, and 2x
0.
log 0.65
t log 2 1
Similarly for the root that is 3,
log 0.65 1

1
t x
3, 3x
1, and 3x  1
0.
log 2
To find the quadratic equation, multiply these two
0.6215 t
factors and let the product equal zero.
0.6215  5730 3561.13 or 3561 yr.
(2x  1)(3x  1)
0
1.15  1010
76a. 
10 log  
1012
6x2  5x  1
0
20.6 20.6 dB The correct choice is E.
9 109 3. The result of dividing T by 6 is 14 less than the
76b. 
10 log  
102 correct average.
39.5 39.5 dB T

correct answer  14
6
8.95  103 T
76c. 
10 log  
1012

6  14
correct average
99.5 99.5 dB The correct average is the total divided by the
77. 200,000
142,000e 0.014t
number of scores, 5.
100

71
e0.014t correct average
5
T

100
ln 
71
0.014t T
  14
5
T
6
100
ln  The correct choice is E.
71

t 4. y
0.014
24.4 t
B x,y (2 )
1990  24
2014
78a. N
65  30e0.20(2) y
44.89; 45 words per minute
78b. N
65  30e0.20(15) A x C (x, 0) x
2

63.50; 64 words per minute
78c. 50
65  30e0.20t tan A

y

2y

x
x
1 

2
e0.20t 2
1 Find the area of ABC.
ln 
2
0.20t 1 1 xy
1 A
2bh
2xy
2
ln 2

t Simplify the ratio.
0.20 xy

area of ABC

2y
2
4
3.47 t; 3.5 weeks 2 x xy x2

tan A

2y

x
The correct choice is E.
Page 753 Open-Ended Assessment 5.
x

10

2y
1
 y
1. Sample answer: (n4) (4m)1 4
2yx
10y
2. Sample answer: 2x
10
log 2  log(x  2)
2 log 36
1 x
5
The correct choice is B.

401 Chapter 11
 6. C
D 9. A is the arithmetic mean of three consecutive
2 x  (x  2)  (x  4)


D positive even integers, so A

3 3
2 1 3x  6
x  2, where x is a positive even integer.
D

3 and, therefore, r
.
3
 
3
Now use this value for the radius to calculate half Then A is also a positive even integer. Since A is
of the area. even, when A is divided by 6, the remainder must
1 2  also be an even integer. The possible even

2r2
2
3
2
9
18
1 1 1 1 1
A
2 remainders are 0, 2, and 4.
The correct choice is A. The correct choice is C.
7. The average of 8 numbers is 20. 10. First notice that b must be a prime integer. Next
sum of eight numbers
20
 notice that 3b is greater than 10. So b could be 5,
8
since 3(5)
15. (b cannot be 3.) Check to be sure
that 5 fits the rest of the inequality.
sum of eight numbers
160 5 25 1
The average of 5 of the numbers is 14. 3(5)
15  6(5)
6
46
sum of five numbers So 5 is one possible answer. You can check to see
14

5 that 7 and 11 are also valid answers.
sum of five numbers
The correct answer is 5, 7, or 11.
70
The sum of the other three numbers must be
160  70 or 90. Calculate the average of these
three numbers.
sum of three numbers 90
average

3

3
30
The correct choice is D.
8. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°. Since
∠B is a right angle, it is 90°. So the sum of the
other two angles is 90°. Write and solve an
equation using the expressions for the two angles.
2x  3x
90
5x
90
x
18
The question asks for the measure of ∠A.
∠A
2x
2(18)
36
The correct choice is C.

Chapter 11 402