chap 01

Mobile Cloud Computing Overview

*NIST Definition
- Cloud Computing:
is a a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient,
on-demand network with little effort
.‫هو نموذج لتمكين الوصول للشبكة في كل مكان وخاصة عند الطلب بمجهود أقل من المعتاد‬
*Cloud Formation
- Cloud Computing:
Emerging – enable to development
Enabling – enable real time delivery
Internet (IDC) – enable cloud services

is a style of computing in which typically real-time scalable resources are

provided as a service over the internet
.‫هي نمط من الحوسبة يتم فيها توفير موارد قابلة للتطوير في الوقت الفعلي كخدمة عبر االنترنت‬
* Cloud Computing is an Evolution in IT How?
- less time - Less effort - Accessibility everywhere - Relatively less expensive

Comparisons
- Grid Computing:
a form of distributed computing, acting in concert to perform very large tasks
‫هي شكل من أشكال الحوسبة تعمل بالتنسيق ألداء مهام كبيرة جدا‬
- Utility Computing:
a metered service similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity
‫خدمة مقننة تشبه المرافق العامة التقليدية مثل الكهرباء‬
- Autonomic Computing:
capable of self-management
‫قادر على اإلدارة بشكل تلقائي‬
- Cloud Computing

* The four dimensions of the Cloud Cube Model

boundary between the client's network and the cloud
‫تبدأ وتنتهي من شبكة العميل والسحابة ذاتها‬

1- Physical location of the data boundary:

Internal (I) - External (E)
2- Ownership boundary:
Proprietary (P) / Open (O)
measure of not only the technology ownership, but of interoperability
‫ ولكن لقابلية التشغيل البيني‬،‫مقياس ليس فقط لملكية التكنولوجيا‬
3- Security boundary:
(Parameterized - De-parameterized)
is a measure of whether the operation is inside or outside the security boundary
or network firewall.
‫هو مقياس لما إذا كانت العملية داخل أو خارج حدود األمان أو جدار حماية الشبكة‬.
 4- Sourcing boundary:
Insourced or Outsourced
‫االستعانة بمصادر خارجية أو داخلية‬

* Deployment models

- Public cloud: is available for public use ‫متاح لالستخدام العام‬

- Private cloud: for the exclusive use of an organization. ‫لالستخدام الحصري للمؤسسة‬

- Hybrid cloud: combines multiple clouds (private, community of public) bound together
as a unit. ‫ والعامة) ويعمل معا كوحدة واحدة‬،‫يجمع بين النوعين (الخاصة‬.

- Community cloud: is one where the cloud has been organized to serve a common
function or purpose.

.‫هي السحابة التي يتم فيها تنظيم السحابة لخدمة وظيفة أو غرض مشترك‬
* Many Flavors of Cloud Computing

1- SaaS – Software as a Service

allows users to connect to and use cloud-based apps over the Internet.

.‫يتيح للمستخدمين االتصال بالتطبيقات المستندة إلى السحابة واستخدامها عبر اإلنترنت كخدمة‬
2- PaaS – Platform as a Service

is a complete development and deployment environment in the cloud

.‫بيئة تطوير ونشر كاملة في السحابة‬

3- IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service

is a cloud computing service model in which computing resources are hosted in

a public cloud, private cloud, or hybrid cloud.

‫هي نموذج لخدمة الحوسبة السحابية يتم فيها استضافة موارد الحوسبة في سحابة عامة أو سحابة خاصة‬
.‫أو سحابة مختلطة‬
4- DaaS – Data as a Service

Desktop as a Service (DaaS) is a cloud computing offering where a service

provider delivers virtual desktops to end users over the Internet.

‫هو عرض للحوسبة السحابية حيث يقدم مزود الخدمة أجهزة كمبيوتر سطح مكتب افتراضية للمستخدمين‬
‫النهائيين عبر اإلنترنت‬
5- IPMaaS – Identity and Policy Management as a Service

that allows users to connect to and use identity management services from the
cloud

‫يسمح للمستخدمين باالتصال بخدمات إدارة الهوية واستخدامها من السحابة‬

 6- NaaS – Network as a Service

is a business model for delivering enterprise WAN services virtually on a

subscription basis

.‫ للمؤسسات االفتراضية على أساس االشتراك‬wan ‫هو نموذج أعمال لتقديم خدمات‬

* The Cloud’s “Snowball Effect”

- Maturation of Virtualization Technology ‫أبرزت تقنية المحاكاة االفتراضية‬

- Virtualization enables Compute Clouds

allows cloud providers to deliver users along with existing physical computer
hardware.

‫يسمح لموفري الخدمات السحابية بتوصيل المستخدمين إلى جانب أجهزة الكمبيوتر المادية الحالية‬.

- create demand for Storage Clouds

‫قامت بخلق مساحات واسعة للتخزين ووفرتها بشكل كبير‬

- Storage + Compute Clouds create Cloud Infrastructure

.‫طالما أصبح هناك تخزين وحوسبة سحابية اذا تحصلنا على بنية تحتية متكاملة‬
- Cloud Infrastructure enables Cloud Platforms & Applications

.‫بما أنه قد أصبح بنية تحتية بذلك أصبح بإمكاننا وضع التطبيقات واألنظمة‬
* Cloud “Applications”

- Ex: -Gmail -Yahoo -Mail

- Advantages: - Free - Easy to use - Consumer Adoption

- Disadvantages: - Limited functionality - No full control or access

* Cloud “Platforms” (Containers environments)

- Ex: - Google App Engine - Heroku - Mosso - Joynt

- Advantages: - Good for developers - more control - Tightly configured

- Disadvantages: - Restricted to what is available - Other dependencies

* Cloud “Infrastructure” (Compute & Storge) Virtualization layers

- Ex: - Amazon - EC2 - Go Grid - Linode

- Advantages: - Full control of environments and infrastructure

- Disadvantages: - Premium price point - limited competition

* Who’s using Clouds today? ‫من الذي يلجأ الستخدام الكالود هذه األيام‬

- Startups & Small businesses ‫المشاريع جديدة االنشاء والصغيرة‬

- Mid-Size Enterprises ‫المؤسسات متوسطة الحجم‬

- Large Enterprises ‫الشركات الكبيرة‬

* What is Mobile Cloud Computing? (MCC)

is the combination of cloud computing and mobile networks to bring benefits for the
mobile users, network providers as well as cloud providers.

‫مزيج من الحوسبة السحابية وشبكات الهاتف تهدف لتحقيق فوائد مستخدمي الهواتف المحمولة وموفري الشبكة‬
.‫والخدمة نفسها‬
MCC refers: an infrastructure where both data storage and data processing

* Why uses cloud?

Because the Mobile devices face many resource challenges as (battery life, storage,
bandwidth).

)‫ النطاق الترددي‬،‫ التخزين‬،‫ألن األجهزة المحمولة تواجه العديد من تحديات الموارد مثل (عمر البطارية‬
& cloud allowing users to use infrastructure platforms and software & obviating the
need to have a powerful device configuration by run all process in the cloud not device.

‫تسمح للمستخدمين باستخدام المنصة وبرامج البنية التحتية وتجنب الحاجة إلى تكوين جهاز قوي من خالل تشغيل‬
‫جميع العمليات في السحابة وليس الجهاز‬
- low cost ‫تكلفة قليلة‬ - elasticity ‫مرونة ويسر في التحكم والعمل‬

- available on-demand ‫متوفرة عند الحاجة والطلب‬

* MCC Characteristics ‫خصاص الكالود‬

- Scalability: he ability to increase or decrease IT resources as needed to meet changing

demand

‫القدرة على زيادة أو تقليل الموارد حسب الحاجة لتلبية الطلب المتغير‬
- Reliability: detection user needs app or services run on-demand

‫الكشف عن حاجة المستخدم إلى تشغيل التطبيق أو الخدمات عند الطلب‬

- Security: Provides good protection well but not absolutely

‫توفر حماية جيدة بشكل جيد ولكن ليست بشكل مطلق‬

- Reduced Cost: ‫تكلفة مخفضة نسبيا‬

- Reduced Maintenance: ‫ال تحتاج صيانة من المستخدم‬

* MCC Architecture

Mobile send requests -> IPS (internet provider) -> provider sent request to cloud

-> cloud run process & sent result as response -> IPS deliver to the user

* Advantages of MCC

- Extending battery lifetime by not use mobile to perform processes.

- Improving data storage capacity and processing power by provide a more space storage
and run process in the cloud.

- Improving reliability and availability

- reduces the chance of lost data

- data security model

- always (almost) available

- Dynamic Provisioning:

is a volume management feature that allows storage managers and system

administrators to efficiently plan and allocate storage to users or applications

– No need for advanced reservation

- Scalability: cost / size / performance

System run will under an increased or expanding workload.

- Multi-tenancy:

Sharing service, which means that everything is shared except for the private
parts reserved for each user

- Ease of Integration:

Multiple services from different providers data aggregation and integration

service which collects and maintains data.

* Applications of MCC Where use?

1- Mobile Commerce: allow user to view all product in the market or site.

* M-commerce applications challenges:

1- low bandwidth 2- high complexity 3- security

* How to solve it:

- By Integrated with cloud.

 2- Mobile Learning: allow students to learn by mobile.

* Mobile Learning applications challenges & limitations:

1- high-cost devices 2- low transmission rate

3- limited educational resources

* How to solve it:

- By Integrated with cloud mobile.

3- Mobile Healthcare: allow patient to make connection with doctors

Access to medical information and advice.

* MCC Issues

1- Mobile communication issues:

- Low bandwidth: biggest issues because the radio resource for wireless
networks is much scarcer than wired networks.

- Service availability: Mobile users may not be able to connect to the cloud to
obtain a service due to traffic congestion, network failures

‫قد ال يتمكن مستخدمو األجهزة المحمولة من االتصال بالسحابة للحصول على خدمة بسبب االزدحام‬
- Security and Privacy: Users are worried about the vulnerability to attacks

2- Heterogeneity issue:

- used in highly heterogeneous networks

a- Issue of how to handle the wireless connectivity?

:‫مشكلة نتجت من دعم األجهزة المختلفة نستطيع حالها بواسطة‬

To solve this issue IRNA (Intelligent Radio Network Access) is built up by
Microsoft.

IRNA Definition: is an effective model to deal with the dynamics

and heterogeneity of available access networks.

‫هو نموذج فعال للتعامل مع ديناميكيات وعدم تجانس شبكات الوصول تهدف‬
‫لتجانس المعلومات لتسهيل اداراتها ومعالجتها‬
- IRNA architecture:

- context provider‫مزود‬

- context broker ‫وسيط‬

- context consumer ‫ مستهلك‬ask a URI for provider

 3- Computing issues:

- Computation offloading - Security

- Enhancing the efficiency of data access.

- Context-aware mobile cloud services

* Types of offloading

1- Depending on material being offloaded ‫اعتمادا على الموارد التي يتم تفريغها‬

* Data Offloading: Data are migrated from one congested network to another
network.

‫ترحيل البيانات من شبكة مزدحمة إلى شبكة أخرى‬

* Computational Offloading: An expensive computational process is migrated
from the mobile device to the server with cloud to improve performance and
battery life.

‫ترحيل عملية حسابية باهظة الثمن من الجهاز المحمول إلى الخادم باستخدام السحابة لتحسين األداء وعمر‬
‫لبطارية‬
2- Depending on Approaches to Time Reduction ‫اعتمادا على تقليل الوقت‬

- Partial Offloading - Full Offloading

*Offloading Methods three main directions:

1- Client-Server:

- stable & well support API - Need prior Installation

2- Virtualization: It is the point of distinction between it and any other cloud

- no code rewriting - VM synthesis task time

3- Mobile Agents: as a software use to provide a solve some problem & it is a combines
computer software and data with the ability to autonomously migrate from one
computer to another within a network

- Dynamic deployment - Security constraints

* MAUI (Mobile Assistance Using Infrastructure):

designed by Microsoft for Windows phones is a system that enables fine-grained energy-
aware offload of mobile code to the infrastructure.

* Think Air (Developed for Java and has been based on Android)

is a framework that makes it simple for developers to migrate their smartphone

applications to the cloud. (Exploits the concept of smartphone virtualization)
* Cloudlets

is a mobility-enhanced small-scale cloud datacenter that is located at the edge of the

Internet. ‫مركز بيانات سحابي صغير الحجم ُمحسَّن للتنقل‬

main purpose of the cloudlet is supporting resource-intensive and interactive

mobile ‫الغرض الرئيسي هو دعم الهاتف المحمول التفاعلي كثيف الموارد‬
 chap 02
Virtualization in Cloud Computing

* Traditional App/Server

- Single OS image - Software and hardware coupled - Running multiple applications

- Underutilized resources - Inflexible and costly

* The Traditional Server Concept

Pros: - Easy to conceptualize - Fairly easy to deploy - Easy to backup - Virtually

Cons: - Expensive - Not very scalable - Difficult to replicate - Redundancy

- Vulnerable

* What is Virtualization ‫ما يميز الكالود خصيصا‬

The ability to run multiple operating systems on a single physical system and share the
underlying hardware resources.

.‫القدرة على تشغيل أنظمة تشغيل متعددة على نظام مادي واحد ومشاركة موارد األجهزة األساسية‬

* Hosted Architecture

host VMM: Is a process running on a host operating system that has been installed on
the machine in the normal manner.

- Hardware-independence

- Virtual machines can be provisioned to any system

- Can manage OS and application

* Bare-Metal (Hypervisor) Architecture

It’s a native VMM that does not require a host operating system, and runs directly on the
physical machine.

supports multiprogramming across different VMs

- Xen (HXen)

- XenServer (or just Xen)

* Key features of the server virtualization

- Partitioning (Different OS - can be divided)

- Isolation (Fault and security)

- Encapsulation (Can be stored - Move and copy)

* Five Abstraction Levels Virtualization Ranging from Hardware to Applications

App level (JVM) -> 1

Library Level (API – WINE) -> 2

Operating system Level (Jail)-> 3

Hardware abstraction Level (HAL – VMware) -> 4

Instruction set architecture Level (ISA) -> 5

* Virtualization at ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) level:

- to the host machine

Advantage:

- It can run a large amount of legacy binary codes

- best application flexibility

Shortcoming & limitation:

- relatively slow & more needed source instruction

- V-ISA requires adding a processor-specific

* Virtualization at Hardware Abstraction level:

- Virtualization is performed right on top of the hardware.

Advantage:

- Has higher performance and good application isolation

Shortcoming & limitation:

- Complexity & very expensive

* Virtualization at Operating System (OS) level:

- abstraction layer between traditional OS and user placations.

Advantage:

- Has minimal star up/shutdown cost

- low resource requirement

- high scalability

Shortcoming & limitation:

- All VMs at the operating system must have the same kind of guest OS

- Poor application flexibility and isolation.

* Library Support level:

- creates execution environments rather than creating VM to run the entire operating
system.

Advantage:

- It has very low implementation effort

Shortcoming & limitation:

- Poor application flexibility and isolation.

* User-Application level:

- It virtualizes an application as a virtual machine.

Advantage:

- has the best application isolation

Shortcoming & limitation:

- low performance.

- low application flexibility.

- high implementation complexity.

* Full Virtualization vs. Para-Virtualization

- Full virtualization

1. not need to modify guest OS

2. critical instructions are emulated by binary translation.

3. VMware Workstation applies full virtualization

Dis: binary translation slows down the performance.

- Para virtualization

1. Reduces the overhead

2. improvement depends on the workload

3. must modify guest OS

4. non-virtualizable instructions are replaced by hypercells

5. supported by Xen, Denali and VMware ESX.

* How a native VMM works

- By emulating instructions of the target instruction set and maintaining the state of
different virtual machines.

VMM attempts run the instructions of each of its virtual machines natively on the
hardware, and while doing so also Maintain the state of the machine at its proper
location in the memory hierarchy

* Virtualization and Elasticity

elastic multi-server environment is completely virtualized, with all hardware resources

running under a set of cooperating VMMs.

* Live Migration of Virtual Machines

- enables a virtual machine running on one physical machine to be suspended.

- it’s a key component for elasticity.

Stages:

1. Pre-migration
2. Reservation
3. Iterative pre-copy
4. Stop & copy
5. Commitment
6. Activation
 chap 03
Offloading in Mobile Cloud Computing

* What is Offloading Means?

It means the transfer of data from a computer or digital device to another digital device.

- save energy.

- improving performance by divided a program.

* Type offloading:

- depending material

* Data offloading. From one congested network to another network

* Computation offloading. From mobile device to the server.
- depending the approach time reeducation

* Fine granted offloading (static & dynamic)

* Coarse-granted offloading: in this full program migrated to the cloud
Ad:
- instances with shorts computation.
- it requires no burden on the app.
Dis:
- timeout wastes energy for the computation.
* Topologies of offloading:
- Star Topology (multi-cloud offloading): connect with different cloud.
- Ring Topology: mobile device connected and offloads turn is dependent on other cloud.

* Cloud Computing VS Offloading in mobile

Cloud Computing:
- deals with a whole set of devices.
- offloading in cloud is nothing but superset of offloading.
- Device usually do not move & network not necessary.
- Change may not occur & not essential factors.
Mobile Cloud Computing
- deals with data and computation related the device.
- Architectures & algorithm for the tow cases remain the same
- device can move & the network they access.
- change in network it’s an essential.
* (MACS) Mobile Augmentation Cloud Services:
Is a middleware that enables adaptive extension or optimization of Android App.
* Adaptive Computation Offloading:
Is the partial computing of applications on the cloud.
* Cost Of Adaptive Computation Offloading:
Constraint 01: Minimized memory usage
Constraint 02: Minimized energy usage
Constraint 03: Minimized execution time
 chap 04
Platform as a Service (PaaS)

* PaaS (Platform as a Service) | useful in any situation where multiple developers

is where a complete software and hardware solution is provided to users

* aPaaS (application Platform as a Service)

is where only a specific component or subset is offered on a platform.

* iPaaS (integration Platform as a Service)

supports the integration of components to link aPaaS offerings together

* kPaaS (knowledge Platform as a Service)

is a business intelligence platform for gathering and analysis of

broad sets of data.

* uxPaaS (user experience Platform as a Service)

is a form of aPaaS which specialises in the user interface components

* dPaaS (data Platform as a Service)

is a form of aPaaS which specialises in the data components

* mftPaaS (managed file transfer Platform as a Service)

is a cloud service which enables organisations to distribute files internally and externally.

* What to look for in a PaaS vendor

- Make sure a pre-integrated
- Choose a vendor which already has PaaS
- Beware of being “locked in”
- Ensure the PaaS platform

* PaaS system has certain characteristics

- Separate of data management from the user interface
- Reliance on cloud computing standards
- An integrated IDE
- Multi-tenant architecture support
- Performance monitoring