“TEENAGE PREGNANCY: EFFECT ON CRIMONOLOGY STUDENTS AND

OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH IN PUGO LA UNION”

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor if Science in Criminology

By:

Bengado, Rustom B.

College of Criminology

Polytechnic College of La Union

June 2022
 Table of Contents

I. Title Page --------------------------------------------------------------------------------  i

II. Table of Contents---------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

III. Approval Sheet ----------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

IV. Acknowledgement ------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

V. Dedication --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --iv

VI. Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------v

VII. List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------v

VIII. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

IX. Statement of the Problem ---------------------------------------------------------- 2

-Significance of the Study ----------------------------------------------- 3

                  -Scope and Delimitation --------------------------------------------------4

                  -Related Literature and Studies -----------------------------------------4

                  -Null-Hypotheses ----------------------------------------------------------5

                  -Definition of Terms -------------------------------------------------------5

X. Methodology --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

                 - Research Methodology ---------------------------------------------------6

                 - Respondents of the Study -----------------------------------------------6

                 - Sampling Procedure ------------------------------------------------------7

                 - Research Instrument ----------------------------------------------------7

                 - Data Gathering Procedure ----------------------------------------------7

iii
 XI.

Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

XII. Discussion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------11

XIII. Conclusions ------------------------------------------------------------------------11

XIV. Recommendations --------------------------------------------------------------- 12

XV. References ---------------------------------------------------------------------------13

XVI. Appendices -------------------------------------------------------------------------14

Approval Sheet

Research entitled “TEENAGE PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECT ON

CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS AND OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH IN PUGO LA UNION”. A case
study prepared and submitted by BENGADO, RUSTOM B. In partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology has been examined and
its recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.

NELSON E. FONBUENA, MSCrim DONNA MARIE P. SANTOS, MA.

Dean- College of Criminology President, Polytechnic College of La union

iv
Acknowledgement

          The sustaining interest and enthusiasm of many friends and colleagues

are of course, the nutrition that every writer needs, and can never adequately
acknowledge. Therefore the researcher acknowledge s sincerely his
indebtedness to the following.

          To our thesis adviser, Nelson E. Fonbuena, Dean College of Criminology,

Polytechnic College of La Union for his motivating charisma who shared time
and support in imparting his valuable ideas and constructive criticism in order
to enrich the content of this study.

To the respondents who cooperatively answered the interview, for

without them this work will never be made possible; and lastly 

       To my beloved parents my family who always pushes me to go forward,

thank you for the love, support and financial assistance in making this case
study.

      And above all, to the almighty God for his spiritual enlightenment,
guidance in giving me the patience, knowledge and for his graces bountiful
blessing which made this study a reality.

v
Abstract

  The Survey in revealed that about one out of five teenagers aged 15 to 22
were either pregnant or had given birth. The report for the same year believes
that about 10 girls get pregnant in criminology college degree. The aim of this
article was to find out the impact of teenage pregnancy on academic
performance of College learners . A qualitative research method was used in
this article and 4 pregnant learners were interviewed. The findings for this
study revealed the reasons why these teenagers get pregnant as follows: lack of
parental care and control, lack of some material needs, poor peer guidance,
lack of sex education, and the influence of alcohol and drug abuse. The impact
of teenage pregnancy on academic performance included poor academic
performance after the pregnancy, increase dropout because of pregnancy
related issues and negative feeling on schooling. 

vi
vii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

          Over the past few decades, teenage pregnancy has become a public
concern which has generated a great deal of attention in the  social and
economic consequences of teenage pregnancy has led to a consensus opinion
among policy makers  and the public that teenage pregnancy and child bearing
is a significant social problem. It has been linked to an array of other social
issues, such as welfare dependency, child health and well-being, out of
wedlock births, fatherhood responsibility, child abuse and neglect, school drop-
out and workforce development.

There was a strong agreement that teenage pregnancy rate is still on the
increase and reducing the number of births by this age group remains an
important goal Scott (1981). The frequency of teenage pregnancy among the
youth is alarming and has become more or less a fact of life in many nations of
the world including Philippines. This remains both culturally deleterious and
personally destructive. Teenage pregnancy has lots of effects on Educational
Development of teenagers who are victims of this phenomenon.

The Philippine government and other religious institutions  are studying

every angle to look for ways to reduce untimely pregnancy among teenager.
These are many factors which have been recognized by researchers and
authors as being responsible for teenage pregnancy. It has been noted and well
documented that today’s teenagers face more sexual temptation than previous
generations. They seem to be more aware of sex and susceptible to the dangers
of illicit sex. Today’s society is more bombarded with sexually oriented
materials in the environment. The teenager are more vulnerable to sexual
temptations. Health and Home, Philippines, Pregnant at 16, p.12-13
&22).“Today’s teenagers have become more sexually active and promiscuous
compared to their age mates of some thirty, forty or fifty years ago in the
Nigerian situation”. He also asserted that, “The gradual departures from the
traditions, customs and religious doctrine of the different ethnic groups on the
premise of civilization have been largely responsible for this.

Community and families must work hand in hand to shield their

teenagers against these phenomena. Increases in both health and social
problems are products of uncontrollable multiple sex partners among
teenagers. Mainly because the youth cannot control their emotional feelings,
they rush into untimely sex, in the belief that the act will be undetected.

1
Statement of the Problem

This study is aimed to look into the effects of teenage pregnancy to the
Criminology students and out-of-school youth in Pugo La Union. Particularly it
aims to answer the following problems.

1. What is the demographic profile in terms of age, age when pregnant,

educational attainment, status, type of school attended and economic
background of the respondents.

2. What are the causes of teenage pregnancy among the students and
out-of-school youth in Pugo La Union.

3. Is there a significant effect on the educational development of teenage

pregnancy when grouped according to age, educational attainment , status,
type of school attended and economic background of the respondents.  

2
Significance of the Study

The study will be conducted to find out the extent of how extreme is the
effect of the major causes of teenage pregnancy of Criminology students and
out-of-school youth in Pugo La Union. The result of this study is beneficial to

3
criminology students and out-of-school youth, to the parents, teachers,
Instructor to the community, school administrators, researchers and other
interested individuals because this can serve as empirical data where
suggestion of minimizing teenage pregnancy in the community can be taken.

The study will also benefit students who still are at school because it will  give
them information about the cause and possible effects of teenage pregnancy  to
their studies once they got pregnant. In one way or in another this paper will
guide them to focus first their attention to their studies rather than giving
priority to their romantic affairs with boyfriends.

The study will also benefit the out-of-school youth to be aware of not
getting pregnant at teens for the big chance at them to go back school or to be
enrolled in ALS (Alternative Learning System), for the none high school
graduate.

This study will also benefit  the parents to enable them to realize
their great role in educating their teenagers, protecting and diverting them
from indulging early sex especially if without marriage. They must be aware too
of what kind of peers their teenagers have. This study too will make the
parents aware that education about  the use of contraceptives will start also at
home.

This study will also benefit the teachers for they could be informed how
important is education to the development of children to manhood. This
enables them to guide and identify the major causes of teenage pregnancy
especially in Pugo La Union. Then and there they would intensify their
functions to counter those causes by diversity The  interest of teenage in
engaging early sex and if ever teenagers are already fall of indulging sex both
boys and girls, then contraceptives  will play on this to prevent teenage
pregnancy.

This study will also benefit school administrators. It would provide them
information of the importance of knowing the major factors behind early
pregnancy and the possible.  effects on educational development of teenagers.
It’s one way that administrators will intensify sex education on their school,
improve the knowledge of their faculties or teachers through seminars so that

4
they can deal well with students to avoid pregnancy at early age. And truncate
if it not half way to the learners to be effective and to be understood. The
researcher hoped that the result of this study would also would also be a great
help to future researchers and to all people who are interested to know more
about teenage pregnancy on their causes and the possible effects on their
educational development.

Scope and Delimitation

The study is delimited to students who have been pregnant at their teens
(15-22) years old and living in, Pugo La Union. The subjects were drawn to the
students who have been pregnant and or have been a student on their teenager
days and living in Pugo La Union. The study focused on the extent of major
causes of teenage pregnancy which are family, peers, community, and church
involvement, with Criminology students and out-of-school youth in Pugo La
Union.

The perception of the teenager to the effects of major causes of teenage

pregnancy were limited to educational development only. This was the
dependent variables of the study. The dependent variables of the respondents
indicate the effects of educational development among criminology students in
school and out-of-school youth. These are teenagers who got pregnant and
pursued their studies in spite of the hassle of having in the school and having
a child to rear. There are also teenagers who got pregnant tried to go to school
and earned a vocation plus degree. While others did not. There are also
teenagers especially out-of-school youth who never have the chance to go to
school after pregnancy.

Related Literature and Studies

      Presents the review related literature which guided the researcher in

the  conduct of this study. The literature will be taken from the relevant
materials to give the necessary background, insight and to supplement the

5
ideas  in the present investigation. The tremendous speed of technological
innovations requires, that  the teenagers keep pace to the present-day
changes.   Such as teenagers in the Philippine must be protected against the
increasing trend of teenage pregnancy as it happened on this  latest decade.  
An another decades of the same trend is already detrimental to the criminology
students and out of school youth in the country.

Null-Hypotheses

The following null- hypotheses were formulated to guide the study:

1. There is no significant difference on the educational development of

teenage pregnancy when grouped according to age, educational attainment,
status, type of school attended, and economic background.

2. The causes of teenage pregnancy has no significant effect on

criminology students and out-of-school youth in Pugo La Union.

6
DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined for smooth progress of understanding

and clarity of the major concepts used in the study. Cause of teenage
pregnancy- is the producer of an effect, result or consequence.

Economic Status– means family income, parental educational level, parental

occupation, and social status community.

Educational Development– is the possible trend, progress on their school

performance of students or out-of-school youth/teenagers who have been
pregnant

Effect of teenage pregnancy– means a result brought about by premarital sex

at the age of 12 to 19 years old in relation to her educational development.
Out-of-school youth  – are youth aged 12 – 19 who are not in school and who
are unemployed, underemployed, or lacking basic skills.

Peers of teenagers – means were teenagers having an age of 12 to 19 who is

equal to another in abilities, qualification, age, background, and social
status.  

Sex Education – means learning the external conditions such as

psychological, sociological, economic and social factors that affect the
personality, behavior and development of a boy to manhood and fatherhood
and a girl to motherhood as well as with human reproduction.

Teenage Pregnancy -means conception by a girl between the ages of twelve 

(15) and nineteen (22) year old which was not planned for.

7
  
 
 
 
 

CHAPTER 2

Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, the

respondents, sampling procedure, data gathering tools, the scoring procedure
and the treatment data in the foregoing study.

Research Design

Basically, this study employed a descriptive- qualitative research design.

Certain questions were designed  to draw out responses on specific information
regarding the future plans of the respondents despite the conditions that they
are in.

Research Locale

This study was been conducted at Pugo La Union.  This municipality was

be purposely chosen because of its accessibility to the researcher in gathering
data for the reason that this municipality is developing and the researcher is
concerned of the teenagers who get pregnant in the locality and are often
the  topics of  the bystanders and acquaintances of the respondent who are
affected with the sudden twist of their life situation.

 Respondents of the study

            The respondents of this study were  be selected college students and

out of school youth who got pregnant from the year 2013-2020 in Pugo La
Union. They were chosen to provide vital information about the effects of
teenage pregnancy to their educational development.  These respondents were
selected to generate information of the effects of teenage pregnancy and to the
family, community, peers and the church denomination where they are
affiliated.        

8
 The respondents of the study are those whose ages range from 15 year
old and below  to 22 years old and above who got pregnant while still in school.
Data about the respondents can be obtained from health centers, hospital,
inquiries from friends and neighbors, co teachers and Municipal Social Welfare
Development or (MSWD) office.

       The local government has programs for the moral and economic
development of the youth but still lacks implementation thus creating
problems among teenagers.                                     

Sampling  Procedure

            The method that was used in choosing the respondents was purposive
sampling picking all the cases that meet the criterion.   The researcher will
chose  purposive sampling, considering that the population of respondents is
small and there are lots to consider on securing the respondents’
participation.   

Furthermore, the victims might be ashamed to disclose

their  experiences, some don’t want to refresh their  sad past chapter of
their  lives, others have transferred to other place and there are still others that
were  not be reached for comments.

All teenage students and out of school youth who got pregnant from the
year 2013-2020 were involved and prioritized. The researcher  hoped to gather
not less than 10  respondents all throughout the Municipality of Pugo La
Union.

Research Instrument

9
10
 The researcher employed a self- made questionnaire to gather data of the
present study Part I is the demographic profile of the respondents. This was
included  their name, age, age when pregnant, name of school attended,
educational attainment and the economic background of the respondents. The
second part of the questionnaire deals with the causes of teenage pregnancy.
Part III includes questions on educational development after pregnancy. And
Part  IV is the questions on the future plans of the respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher sought permission from the health centers in Pugo, La

Union to be given pertinent data of teenage  pregnancy cases for year 2013-
2020. Further the office of the Municipal Social Welfare Development (MSWD)
was requested to give information regarding cases of teenage pregnancy in the
municipality.

 Inquiries from barangay officials, friends, co-teachers, neighbors and

relatives were also be considered in the possible search for respondents. Once
the researcher has identified a qualified respondent, she will personally
approached  the target respondent and explain to her the study that the
researcher is presently doing. The researcher also explained to her that her
cooperation mean a lot for the success of the said study. A researcher- made
questionnaire was administered personally by the researcher.

CHAPTER 3

Result

This  chapter  presents the findings, analysis and interpretation of data

gathered . Presentation of data follows the sequence  in the statement of
problem found in the study. 

Problem 1. What is the demographic profile in terms of age, age when

pregnant, educational, educational attainment, status, type of school attended
and economic background of the respondents.

11
Table 1. General Profile of the Respondents
Barangay No. of Respondents Percentage
Poblacion East 1 10
Poblacion
West 2 20
Cares 2 20
Dacnap 2 20
Castilla 3 30
Total 10 100

The table shows that majority of the respondents were came from
Barangay Castilla (  3 Castilla 15 or 30%).  This may be because Barangay
Castilla is the most thickly populated compared to some other
barangays.  Aside from that, Barangay Castilla is a fast growing place when it
comes to economic or it is highly urbanized all throughout  the barangays. Due
to this reasons teenagers both females and males especially out of school youth
rushing in for earning a living as sales clerk, house helpers, baby care takers,
gasoline boys, weight clifters “kargadors” and some others. 

During their tour of duties they met and become lovers while their
employers usually were busy on their business or job, leaving them alone
at home were the usual trend between employees and employers,  which
made their boyfriends having the chance to indulge early sex out of the
absence of their employers. Considering that Barangay Castilla is highly
urbanized, parents earning a living usually busy and cannot monitor
anymore the  where about  of their daughters doing things like viewing “
for adults only” on TV shows and going with peers anywhere else.

Barangay Poblacion East has the least respondents, knowing that this
barangay has the smallest population and a  little bet far from atmosphere that
is commonly found in urban areas.   Parents here were still conservatives when
it comes to teenagers whereabouts.

Table 2.  Distribution of the Respondents According to Age

Age Frequency Percent

12
16 years old and below
1 10

17 - 18 years old 4 40

19 - 20 years old 2 20

21 years old and above 3 30

Total 10 100

The general profile of the respondents includes their age, educational

attainment, educational status, type of school attended, and monthly income.

Table 2 shows that a large majority of the respondents are between ages
17 to 18 years old. This comprises 40 percent of the total respondents. This is
followed by 21 years old and above by 30 percent and 19-20 years old which is
20 percent. By contrast, only 10 percent are 16 and below. The result is quite
alarming since the findings showed that many of the respondents are still in
their prime age and for those respondents who became pregnant while still in
school, this would mean that they are just beginning to enjoy and experience
their teenage life.

Based on the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy

(2015),teenage pregnancy brings about life – changing outcomes and
commitments. Thus their studies and ambitions will most likely be hampered
as they will concentrate their attention to their new situation in life-taking care
of the babies. 

Table 3.  Distribution of the Respondents According to Educational

Attainment.

13
Educational Attainment Frequency Percent

High School Graduate 2 20

College Level 5 50

College Graduate 3 30

Total 10 100

Data according to educational attainment of the respondents presented

in Table 3, provides some interesting figures. Majority of the respondents are in
the College level which is 50 percent, and only 2 or 20 percent are High School
Graduate. While of teenagers who  get pregnant in the College Graduate is 30
percent of the respondents make it to college. the situation is grim for pregnant
teenage girls who are in school and their babies. Forced with few options with
nowhere to turn to, many girls find various ways to get rid of the fetus. Many
lost interest at school, absenteeism from school resulting to low academic
performance and finally prefers to stay home.

           This is a common scenario experienced by women among low income

farming communities. Women are usually left at home to take care of the
household chores while men go to the farm. After graduation from the
elementary school, parents would prefer their daughters to stay at home. While
at home male friends can have chances to court them thus resulting to teenage
pregnancy due to less parent’s intervention influence from barkadas, and too
much exposure to films and pornographic materials.

Discussion

14
 The findings are presented and discussed in relation to the objectives of
the study. The first objective was to explore the views of educators on teenage
pregnancy and how it affects school attendance. The following were identified
as the main themes in relation to this objective.

Teen pregnancy and childbearing are associated with increased social

and economic costs through immediate and long-term effects on teen parents
and their children. Pregnancy and birth are significant contributors to high
school and College dropout rates among girls.

Conclusions

1. It is known that girls who become pregnant as a teenager will face

increased medical risks, and if the pregnancy is taken to term, there are
also increased medical risks for their babies.

2. Teenage mothers and their other children can suffer from poorer life
outcomes.

3. The children of teenage mothers are most likely to become teenage

mothers perpetuating the inter generational cycle of teenage pregnancies.

4. Teenage pregnancies has its potential predictors and factors that usually
seen during early life.
5. Interventions to reduce teenage pregnancy rates could address other
issues in addition to the traditional focus on sex education programmed. In
particular, early intervention to treat behavioral problems may also be
useful in reducing the incidence of unwanted teenage pregnancy.

15
Recommendations

The recommendations will be provided specifically for enhancing

contraceptive utilization by adolescents and thereafter for future research.

1. Advocate for adolescent pregnancy prevention among all stakeholders

through interventions such as: information provision, sexuality and health
education, life skills building, contraceptive counselling and service provision,
and the creation of supportive environments.

2. Adolescents should receive sex education before they reach the age of 12,
when a number of adolescent mothers reportedly experienced their menarches.

3. Such sex education topics should include menstruation, sexual intercourse,

pregnancy and contraception. Sex education should be repeatedly offered and
by the time the adolescent girls reach the age of 14, they should be
knowledgeable about different contraceptives and about the accessibility
thereof.

4. Contraception should also address ECs and TOPs.

16
References
Albano. (2001). Median annual income in the philippines, by level of education.

Beutel, A. M. (2001). The relationship between adolescent nonmarital childbearing and educational
expectations: A cohort and period comparison. Sociological Quarterly.

Brosh, J., Weigel, D., & & Evans, W. (2007). Pregnant and parenting adolescents’ perception of sources
and supports in relation to educational goals. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24(6) , 565–578.

Brownson, K. (2009). Protecting two generations: The need to preserve and expand services for New
York City’s pregnant and parenting students. New York: New York Civil Liberties Union .

Crean, H. F., Hightower, A. D., & & Allan, M. J. (2001). School-based child care for children of teen
parents: Evaluation of an urban program designed to keep young mothers in school. Evaluation and
Program Planning, 24(3). 267–275.

Dellanno, D. F., Kaye, J. W., & &Philliber, S. (1999). Student and faculty attitudes toward a program for
teenage parents and their children. ocial Work in Education, 21(2) , 108–117.

Eruesgbefe. (2005). Voices of teen mothers: Their challenges, support systems, and successes. Pittsburgh.

Kost, K., & Henshaw, S. (2010). U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions. Guttmacher Institute.

Torrevillas, D. M. (2003, July 11). Prepped for success? Supporting pregnant and parenting teens in
Philippine schools; (The Philippine Star) . Retrieved June 2022, from Philippines: Center for Impact
Research: http://www.impactresearch.org/documents/prepped.pdf

Trenton, N. (1999). Helping the education system work for teen parents and their children. Center for
Assessment and Policy Development .

17
 Appendices

Appendix A

Eloi V. Panasan

Punong  Barangay

Sir;

Greetings!

            The undersigned is undertaking a study entitled “TEENAGE

PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECT ON CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS AND OUT- OF
SCHOOL YOUTH IN PUGO LA UNION”   for the requirements of the course.

            In this connection, I would like to ask permission from your

prestigious office that I be allowed to float my questionnaire in your barangay
and gather important data.

18
  
 
 
            The result of this study is beneficial to students and out-of-school
youth, to the parents and to the community because this can serve as
empirical data where suggestion of minimizing teenage pregnancy in the
community can be taken.

            May this matter merit your preferential attention and most favorable
action.

Very truly yours,

Rustom B. Bengado            

Researcher

Appendix B

Raul Ramirez

Punong  Barangay

19
Sir;

Greetings!

            The undersigned is undertaking a study entitled “TEENAGE

PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECT ON CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS AND OUT- OF
SCHOOL YOUTH IN PUGO LA UNION”   for the requirements of the course.

            In this connection, I would like to ask permission from your

prestigious office that I be allowed to float my questionnaire in your barangay
and gather important data.

            The result of this study is beneficial to students and out-of-school

youth, to the parents and to the community because this can serve as
empirical data where suggestion of minimizing teenage pregnancy in the
community can be taken.

            May this matter merit your preferential attention and most favorable
action.

Very truly yours,

Rustom B. Bengado

Researcher

20
  
 
 
 
 

Appendix C

Vivian Boado

Punong  Barangay

Ma’am;

Greetings!

            The undersigned is undertaking a study entitled “TEENAGE

PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECT ON CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS AND OUT- OF
SCHOOL YOUTH IN PUGO LA UNION”   for the requirements of the course.

21
  
 
 
            In this connection, I would like to ask permission from your
prestigious office that I be allowed to float my questionnaire in your barangay
and gather important data.

            The result of this study is beneficial to students and out-of-school

youth, to the parents and to the community because this can serve as
empirical data where suggestion of minimizing teenage pregnancy in the
community can be taken.

            May this matter merit your preferential attention and most favorable
action.

Very truly yours,

Rustom B. Bengado

Researcher

Appendix D

22
Dear Respondents;

Greetings!

                              

The following questionnaire is part of my case study entitled “TEENAGE

PREGNANCY; ITS EFFECT ON CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS AND OUT-OF-
SCHOOL YOUTH  IN PUGO LA UNION” 

The accuracy of the result of this research will depend upon your
sincerely and honesty answering the questions. 

Rest assured that all data gathered from the questionnaire will be treated
with utmost confidentiality. 

Thank you very much for your kind contribution to the success of this
study.

Very truly Yours,

Rustom B. Bengado

Researcher

23
  
 
 
               

Appendix E

A QUESTIONNAIRE ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECT ON

CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS AND OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH IN PUGO LA
UNION

A. Demographic Profile

 (Please fill in the following)

1.1    Name: ____________________________________________________

1.2   Age:    ____________

1.3   Age when Pregnant: ____________

1.4   Educational Attainment:

  High School Level         High School Graduate

  College Level                College Graduate

1.5   Status:                  Out-of-school youth              Still studying

1.6   Type of school attended:           Public                   Private    

                                                           Sectarian             None Sectarian

24
B. Economic Background of the Respondents(Monthly income of parents)
Check the box of your appropriate answer:

Less than P5,000

P5,000 – P8,000 and above

Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy

Direction: Indicate whether you are Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A),
Moderately Agree (MA) Disagree (DA), Strongly Disagree (SD) with the following
statements by checking the appropriate box.

(SA)    (A)    (MA)   (DA)   (SD)

          5       4       3        2        1

1. Parents are not open about the use of

contraceptives at home.                                         
(     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (   )

2. The level of educational attainment of

parents  is low and the income is not enough to

support the family.                                                 

(     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (    )

3. Parents have permissive attitudes towards sex

or premarital sex.                                                  
(     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (    )

25
4. Single kin relatives or members from the

family likely to have unprotected sex and become

pregnant.                                                   (     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (     )

5. Parents don’t talk about consequences of

plan or unplanned indulgence of sex.           (     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (    )

2.2 Friends and Peers

1. Friends and Peers are likely to joke about

still being a virgin.                                                   

(     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (     )

2. Friends and Peers usually read pornographic

materials when they are together.                       

(     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (     )

3. Indulging in relationship with the opposite

sex is encouraged by peers.                                

(     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (     )

4. Parents work outside the home giving  teenagers

time to be alone most often.                                  

(     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (     )

5. There is common place where friends and

peers hang-out together.                                        

(     )   (     )   (     )   (     )   (     

26