INVESTIGATING THE CONSEQUENCES

OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG GRADE 11

STUDENTS OF PAMUKID NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

Pamukid National High School

In Partial Fulfillment
Of requirements for subject
Practical Research 1

Veronica D. Farol, Ronalyn C. Tolosa, Elvira C. Penalosa

Panelists

Alba, Ronalyn P., Banasihan, Mary Jubelle D.,

Balanlay, Revy N., Buraga, Alyssa Marie D., Gapoy, Fate O.,
Guevarra, Angel Mae N. Lovite, Irene S.,
Norioste, Sheryn Mae F., Olitoquit, Catherine R.,
Peoro, Kimberly N., Regidor, Siegred B., Watson, Carl Andrei
V.
RESEARCHERS

Joanne Camille V. Carillo

Subject Teacher

Fe L. Sibulo
School Principal II
Pamukid National High School

June 2023

i
 ABSTRACT

This qualitative research study aimed to investigate the

consequences of teenage pregnancy among Grade 11 students at
Pamukid National High School. By focusing on the experiences,
challenges, and outcomes faced by teenage mothers, the study
sought to provide insights into the personal, academic, and
social implications of early parenthood.

Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions,

a purposive sampling technique was utilized to select a
diverse range of participants, including teenage mothers and
their partners. This approach ensured the inclusion of
individuals from different age groups, socioeconomic
backgrounds, and educational performances.

The study's findings highlight the pressing need for

comprehensive support systems to address the multifaceted
needs of teenage mothers and mitigate the negative
consequences associated with early parenthood. Accessible
reproductive health education, counseling services, and
community initiatives are identified as vital components of
effective interventions. The research outcomes have
significant implications for educational policies,
reproductive health programs, and interventions aimed at
reducing teenage pregnancies, promoting the well-being of
young mothers, and supporting their future prospects.

This study adds valuable insights to the existing body of

knowledge on teenage pregnancy, emphasizing the importance of
holistic support systems in addressing the challenges faced by
teenage mothers and improving their overall well-being.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the

almighty, for his showers of blessings throughout our research
work to complete the research successfully.

We would like to express our deep and sincere gratitude

to our research supervisor, Mrs. Joanne Camille V. Carillo for
giving us the opportunity to do research and providing
invaluable guidance throughout this research. Her dynamism,
vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired us. She
has taught us the methodology to carry out the research and to
present the research works as clearly as possible. It was a
great privilege and honor to work and study under her
guidance. We extremely grateful for what she has offered us.

We would also like to thank our panelists for letting our

defense be an enjoyable moment, and for your brilliant
comments and suggestions, thanks to you.

Finally, we would also like to give special thanks to our

family as a whole for their continuous support and
understanding when undertaking our research and writing our
project. Your prayer for us was what sustained us this far.

iii
 Table of Contents

Title page ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i

Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii

Table of contents …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv

CHAPTER I: Introduction

Background of the Study ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Significance of the Study …………………………………………………………………………………………

Scope and Delimitation …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Assumptions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER II: RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

Prevalence of Teenage Pregnancy…………………………………………………………………………

Risk Factors Associated with Teenage Pregnancy…………………………………

Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy……………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 3III: METHODOLOGY

Research Sample …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Research Instruments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Research Design …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Methods And Procedures ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Research Locale …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Data Treatment Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Interpretive Paradigm …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Sources of Knowledge about Teenage Pregnancy ……………………………………

Factors and Consequences Associated with Teenage Pregnancy…

Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Teenage Pregnancy …………………

Impact on Education…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Socio-Economic Consequences……………………………………………………………………………………

Chapter V: SUMMARY, FINDING, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Findings………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Notes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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vi
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Teenage pregnancy has emerged as a pervasive global

problem, prompting numerous initiatives and increased public
awareness. It is particularly prevalent in developing
countries, where a lack of knowledge about sexual and
reproductive rights and health contributes to its occurrence.
Alarmingly, teenage girls with lower levels of education are
five times more likely to become mothers compared to those
with higher education. The consequences of teenage pregnancy
are far-reaching, as pregnant girls often drop out of school,
limiting their future employment options and perpetuating the
cycle of poverty. Unfortunately, many girls mistakenly
perceive pregnancy as a more favorable alternative to
continuing their education.

The prevalence of teenage pregnancy highlights the

urgency of addressing this issue. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), approximately 12 million females
aged 15 to 19 in developing countries become pregnant every
year (WHO, 2022). Notably, the Philippines stands out as one
of the countries where teenage pregnancy is a significant
concern. As reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA) in 2023, 1.6% of women aged 15 to 19 had recently become
pregnant, 5.4% had already given birth, and 0.4% had
experienced a miscarriage (PSA, 2023). These statistics
underscore the need for targeted interventions to address
teenage pregnancy in the Philippines.

Pamukid National High School, located in Camarines Sur,

Philippines, is among the public schools grappling with a
number of cases of teenage pregnancies among its students.

1
This study specifically aims to investigate the consequences
of teenage pregnancy among Grade 11 students at Pamukid
National High School. Grade 11 is a critical phase in the
academic and personal development of Filipino adolescents as
they prepare for college and make crucial life choices.
Therefore, understanding the factors contributing to teenage
pregnancy during this period is crucial.

The study will delve into the consequences of teenage

pregnancy on the children born to adolescent mothers. It will
explore the potential health risks and challenges faced by
these children, including higher rates of preterm birth, low
birth weight, and developmental difficulties. The research
will also investigate the socio-economic implications for both
the adolescent mothers and their children, considering factors
such as financial stability, access to healthcare, and social
support.

The findings of this research will have significant

implications for policymakers, educators, and healthcare
providers. By identifying the consequences of teenage
pregnancy, policymakers can develop targeted strategies and
interventions to address these issues effectively. Educators
can use the insights gained to design comprehensive sexual
education programs that provide the necessary information and
support to prevent teenage pregnancy and mitigate its
consequences. Additionally, healthcare providers can utilize
the research findings to improve healthcare services, provide
appropriate prenatal and postnatal care, and address the
specific needs of adolescent mothers and their children.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to investigate the

consequences of teenage pregnancy among Grade 11 students of

2
Pamukid National High School. Teenage pregnancy is a
significant public health issue that can have negative effects
on the lives of young people and their families. By conducting
a qualitative study, this research aims to gain an in-depth
understanding of the experiences and perspectives of Grade 11
students regarding teenage pregnancy.

1. What is the extent of student-related factors in terms of:

1.1 Socio-economic status

1.2 Family Background

1.3 Educational level

2. What are the knowledge of students in sex education?

3. What are the potential consequences of Teenage Pregnancy on

the lives of the involved individuals?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

According to a systematic assessment of the literature,

anemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, low birth weight,
preterm, intra-uterine growth retardation, and newborn death
were the most commonly mentioned medical effects of teen
pregnancy. Critical analysis revealed that the social,
economic, and behavioral factors that predispose some young
women to pregnancy were primarily responsible for the elevated
risks of these consequences. Prematurity, low birth weight,
and neonatal mortality increased with maternal age less than
16 years old.

This study is beneficial to students and out-of-school

youth in Pamukid National High School, to parents, teachers,
to the community, school administrators, researchers, and
other interested people because it can serve as empirical

3
where suggestion minimizing teenage pregnancy in the community
can be taken. This study will be conducted to determine the
extent of how extreme effect the major causes of teenage
pregnancy to educational development students.

 Out-of-school youths. Being mindful to avoid getting

pregnant while kids have the potential to enroll in the
ALS (Alternative Learning System) or return to school if
they did not complete high school.
 Parents. To help parents achieve their noble objective of
safeguarding, educating, and discouraging their teenagers
from engaging in early sex, especially if they are not
married. They need to be knowledgeable about the types of
peers their teenagers have. This study will also inform
parents that educating their children about using
contraceptives begins at home.
 Students. Who are still in school since it will tell them
of the causes of teen pregnancy and potential impacts on
their academics after becoming pregnant. In one way or
another, this paper will advise them to prioritize their
education over their romantic relationships with
boyfriends.
 Teachers. They are better equipped to advise and pinpoint
the main causes of adolescent pregnancy, especially in
Pamukid High School, because they are aware of the
connection between education and the development of
children and manhood. Then and there, they would step up
their efforts to combat the causes of diversity,
including young people's interest in having early sex
and, if necessary, the use of contraception to stop both
boys and girls from engaging in sex.
 School administrators. It would inform them of the
significance of understanding the primary contributing
factor to early pregnancy and the potential impact on
teenage educational development. This is one way the

4
 administration will step up sex education in their
schools, enhance faculty or teacher knowledge through
seminars, and shorten lessons if necessary for them to be
effective and understood. The study's findings, the
researcher thought, would also be of great assistance to
future researchers and to everyone else who is curious
about pregnancy's causes and potential impacts on
scholastic development.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

Scope

This qualitative research study is specifically designed

to investigate the consequences of teenage pregnancy among
Grade 11 students at Pamukid National High School. By focusing
on this particular group, the study aims to provide valuable
insights and understanding of the challenges faced by
adolescent mothers and the potential impact on their
education, healthcare, and overall well-being. The findings of
this research will have significant implications for
educators, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. It will
help inform the development of successful prevention programs
by analyzing the risk factors associated with teenage
pregnancy and promoting awareness among teenagers. The
research outcomes can guide educators in creating
instructional initiatives that provide support for adolescent
mothers and their children, ensuring they receive the
necessary care and opportunities for a brighter future.

Delimitations

5
 This research study was exclusively conducted at Pamukid
National High School, focusing on the consequences of teenage
pregnancy among female students aged 19 and below in Grade 11.
Given the sensitivity of the topic, the researcher has
carefully designed questionnaires using the most appropriate
and respectful approach to ensure participant comfort and
confidentiality.

THEORETICAL FFRAMEWORK

Teenage pregnancy is a complex social issue with far-

reaching consequences for the individuals involved, their
families, and society at large. The aim of this qualitative
research is to explore the consequences of teenage pregnancy
among Grade 11 students of Pamukid National High School. By
employing a theoretical framework, this study seeks to provide
a deeper understanding of the various factors and outcomes
associated with teenage pregnancy, drawing upon existing
theories and concepts.

Social Learning
Theory

Teenage
Ecological System Pregnancy Symbolic
Theory Interactionism

Feminist
Theory
6
 Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study

 Social Learning Theory: This theory, proposed by Albert

Bandura, suggests that people learn by observing and
imitating others around them. In the context of teenage
pregnancy, this theory would suggest that young people
may be more likely to engage in sexual activity and
become pregnant if they observe others around them doing
the same. This theory could be used to explore the role
of peer pressure and social norms in shaping young
people’s sexual behavior and attitudes towards pregnancy.
 Ecological Systems Theory: Developed by Urie
Bronfenbrenner, this theory suggests that individuals are
shaped by a complex set of interacting systems, including
their family, peers, school, and broader social and
cultural contexts. In the context of teenage pregnancy,
this theory would suggest that a range of factors at
different levels of the social environment (e.g., family
conflict, poverty, lack of access to contraception) could
contribute to a young person’s risk of becoming pregnant.
This theory could be used to explore the diverse and
interrelated factors that influence young people’s sexual
behavior.
 Symbolic Interactionism: Symbolic Interactionism, rooted
in the work of George Herbert Mead, focuses on the ways
individuals interpret and give meaning to social
interactions and symbols. Applying this theory to the
study of teenage pregnancy can shed light on how
individuals perceive and interpret their experiences and
the social stigma attached to teenage pregnancy. It can
explore the role of labeling, self-identity, and the
interactions between pregnant teens and their peers,
teachers, and family members.

7
  Feminist Theory: Feminist Theory provides a critical lens
to understand power dynamics, gender inequality, and the
social construction of motherhood. Applying this theory
to the study of teenage pregnancy can help examine how
societal expectations, gender roles, and unequal power
relations influence the experiences and outcomes of
pregnant teenagers. It can explore the impact of social
support, access to resources, and the autonomy of young
women in decision-making processes related to their
reproductive health.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Pr Outpu
Input ocess t

Identification and
Conducting a formal Developing
selection of
interview among the Interventions that
consequences to be
Grade 11 students in can be implemented
examined in the study.
Pamukid National to reduce the
1. Risk Factors High School to occurrence of

a. Individual factors gather qualitative teenage pregnancy

b. Environmental data on the among Grade 11

factors Consequences of students in Pamukid

Teenage Pregnancy. National High
c. Behavioral factors
School.
d. Psychological
factors

2. Consequences

a. Physical health
consequences

b. Educational
consequences

8
c. Social consequences

d. Economic
consequences

ASSUMPTIONS

Theoretical Assumption

Socio-economic factors and lack of access to

comprehensive sex education may contribute to higher rates of
teenage pregnancy. It could be assumed that teenage pregnancy
may have negative consequences for the educational and
economic outcomes of these students, as well as their physical
and mental health.

Phenomenological Assumption

The research will uncover various factors contributing to

teenage pregnancy such as inadequate access to sex education,
early exposure to sexual content, and lack of parental
supervision.

Instrumental Assumption

The study will utilize data gathering tools such as

library resources, computer technology, interviews, focus
groups, and observations. These methods will be employed to
gather rich, contextualized data that captures the
experiences, perceptions, and behaviors of Grade 11 students
regarding teenage pregnancy.

Methodological Assumption

The study will employ qualitative methods such as in-

depth interviews, focus groups, and observations as the
primary data collection techniques. These methods will enable

9
the exploration of the multifaceted factors contributing to
teenage pregnancy, including access to sex education, exposure
to sexual content, and parental supervision. Open-ended
questions and prompts will be used to encourage participants
to share their experiences, beliefs, and attitudes related to
teenage pregnancy, as well as its consequences on various
aspects of their lives.

Analytical Assumption

The lack of comprehensive and age-appropriate

reproductive health education in schools and communities may
contribute to the high rates of teenage pregnancy. The study
may discover that introducing comprehensive sex education
programs in schools and communities could decrease the risk of
teenage pregnancy for these students.

Assumption on Respondents

Grade 11 students that are currently enrolled at Pamukid

National High School and are in the age range of 15-19 years
old.

Assumption on Significance

The study's findings could contribute to a deeper

understanding of students' perceptions of the program or
similar programs. Successful implementation of the program's
aim to educate teenage girls about healthy relationships may
have the potential to prevent or decrease the incidence of
teenage pregnancy, as suggested by the research.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

THIS CHAPTER PRESENTS A REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE AND

STUDIES RELATED TO TEENAGE PREGNACY, ITS RISK FACTORS, AND
CONSEQUENCES.THE LITERATURE IS ORGANIZED INTO THREE SECTIONS:
(1) THE PREVALENCE OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY, (2) RISK FACTORS
ASSOCIATED WITH TEENAGE PREGNANCY , AND (3) CONSEQUENCES OF
TEENAGE PREGNANCY.

PREVALENCE OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY

Teenage pregnancy is a serious public health issue

worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In the
Philippines, The prevalence of teenage pregnancy remains high,
despite the efforts of the government and non-government
organizations to address the issue. According to the 2017
National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 8% of women
aged 15-19 have already given birth or are currently pregnant,
and the majority of them are not married (Philippine
Statistics Authority, 2018).

The prevalence of teenage pregnancy is influenced by

various factors such as cultural, social, economic, and

11
environmental factors. The following section discusses the
risk factors associated with teenage pregnancy.

RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TEENAGE PREGNANCY

INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

Several individual factors contribute to the increased

risk of teenage pregnancy, such as age, education level, and
sexual behavior. A study conducted by Abiola & Ogunleye (2021)
found that younger adolescents are at a higher risk of teenage
pregnancy compared to older adolescents. Education level is
also a crucial factor in preventing teenage pregnancy. Several
studies (e.g., Ganchimeg et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2018)
reported that teenagers who had lower education levels had a
higher risk of teenage pregnancy. Sexual behavior,
particularly early sexual debut, is also a significant risk
factor for teenage pregnancy (Koumouvi et al., 2017).

FAMILY FACTORS

Family factors such as parental monitoring, family

structure, and communication play a vital role in teenage
pregnancy prevention. Several studies (e.g., Liao et al.,
2018; Sisay et al., 2021) reported that parental monitoring
and supervision can significantly reduce the risk of teenage
pregnancy. A study by Oladimeji et al. (2021) also found that
teenagers who come from single-parent households had a higher

12
risk of teenage pregnancy. Moreover, communication between
parents and adolescents regarding sexual health and behavior
can help prevent teenage pregnancy (Chou et al., 2017).

COMMUNITY FACTORS

Community factors such as peer influence, access to

sexual and reproductive health services, and socioeconomic
status can also influence the risk of teenage pregnancy.
Studies (e.g., Grange et al., 2016; Romo et al., 2019) found
that peer influence, particularly peer pressure, can increase
the risk of teenage pregnancy. Access to sexual and
reproductive health services, including family planning,
counseling, and education, can also help reduce the risk of
teenage pregnancy (Adebayo et al., 2021). Socioeconomic
status, including poverty and unemployment, can also increase
the risk of teenage pregnancy (Magadi et al., 2017).

CONSEQUENCES OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY

Teenage pregnancy can have severe consequences on the

health and well-being of the mother and child, as well as
their social and economic status.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES

Several studies (e.g., Patabendige et al., 2017; Vitek &

Norris, 2017) reported that teenage pregnancy is associated
with higher maternal morbidity and mortality rates compared to

13
adult pregnancy. Teenage mothers are at a higher risk of
developing pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia,
premature birth, and low birth weight. Moreover, teenage
mothers are at risk of experiencing mental health problems
such as depression, anxiety, and stress (Melnick et al.,
2017).

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES

Teenage pregnancy can also have negative social

consequences, such as dropping out of school, lower
educational attainment, and poverty. Several studies (e.g.,
Singh et al., 2018; Whelan et al., 2020) found that teenage
pregnancy is a significant predictor of school dropout and
lower educational attainment. According to research, children
born to teenage mothers are more likely to experience poverty,
social exclusion, and discrimination (Chen et al., 2015).
Moreover, teenage mothers are more likely to drop out of
school, limiting their education and career opportunities
(Kirchengast & Hartmann, 2013). This can result in lower
lifetime earnings and reduced economic stability (Koleva et
al., 2016).

Other studies have also found that teenage pregnancy can

have intergenerational effects on socio-economic outcomes. For
instance, children born to teenage mothers are more likely to
become teenage parents themselves, perpetuating the cycle of
poverty and educational disadvantage (Hoffman et al., 2018).
It is also found that teenage mothers are at a higher risk of
depression and anxiety, which can make it difficult to
maintain employment and support their families financially
(Reis et al., 2016).

14
 In conclusion, this review of related literature provides
a thorough understanding of the prevalence, risk factors, and
consequences of teenage pregnancy. The literature suggests
that teenage pregnancy is a significant public health issue
worldwide, particularly in developing countries like the
Philippines. Individual factors such as age, education level,
and sexual behavior, family factors such as parental
monitoring and communication, and community factors such as
peer influence and access to reproductive health services can
increase the risk of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy can
have severe health, social, and economic consequences for both
the mother and child, perpetuating the cycle of poverty and
educational disadvantage. Therefore, addressing the risk
factors associated with teenage pregnancy and providing
support for teenage mothers and their children can help reduce
the prevalence of teenage pregnancy and improve their overall
well-being.

15
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the sample, instrument, design,

methods and procedures, and data treatments analysis

RESEARCH SAMPLE:

The research sample for investigating the consequences of

teenage pregnancy among grade 11 students at Pamukid National
High School could consist of students from the school who have
experienced teenage pregnancy: a teenage mother and their
partner. A total of five students could be selected for the
study.

Inclusion criteria for the study could be female and male

students aged 15–19 years old who are currently enrolled in
grade 11 at Pamukid National High School and who are willing
to share their experiences openly and honestly.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:

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 The research instrument for investigating the
consequences of teenage pregnancy among grade 11 students at
Pamukid National High School could be a semi-structured
interview guide. The interview guide could consist of open-
ended questions that allow participants to share their
experiences, perceptions, and opinions regarding teenage
pregnancy.

The interview guide could include questions such as:

1. What are your thoughts about Teenage Pregnancy?

2. What factors, in your opinion, lead to teenage
pregnancy?/ What do you believe to be the reason of
teenage pregnancy?
3. Why do you think teenage pregnancy occurs?
4. In your own experience, how would you characterize/sum up
being a parent at such a young age?
5. What impact does teenage pregnancy have on your academic
performance?
6. What do you consider to be the risk factors you have
personally encountered for teenage pregnancy?
7. What negative effects of Teenage Pregnancy you have
encountered?
8. What suggestions do you have to prevent teenage
pregnancy?

The interview guide could be piloted with a small group

of students to ensure that the questions are clear, relevant,
and appropriate for the research topic. The interviews could
be conducted in a private location at the school, and in their
houses, each interview could take approximately 30-45 minutes
to complete. The interviews could be audio-recorded and
transcribed for analysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN

17
 This study aims to investigate the consequences of
teenage pregnancy among grade 11 students, and to understand
the lived experiences and perspectives of teenage mothers and
their peers. This study adopted a phenomenological research
design, which is concerned with the lived experiences of
individuals and aims to understand the essence of their
experiences (Creswell, 2013). The design was appropriate for
this study because it focused on understanding the experiences
and perspectives of teenage mothers and their peers regarding
teenage pregnancy. Examining the lived experiences of young
women in grade 11 who had been pregnant as teenagers was the
goal of this study. The research seeks to obtain outcome data
about teenage mothers, such as whether they stopped pregnancy,
continued their education, or found work after experiencing an
early pregnancy. The researcher’s function is to build a
complex picture, analyze words, report the detailed views of
subjects and conduct the study in a natural setting (Creswell,
2007). Qualitative research occurs in a natural setting where
the researcher is an instrument of data collection who gathers
words or pictures, analyzes them individually, focuses on the
meaning of the participants, and describes a process (Babbie,
2003).

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Before collecting data, we first obtain informed consent

from the participants and their parents or guardians. We
explain the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, and
the potential risks and benefits. Second, we use open-ended
questions to elicit participants' experiences, attitudes, and
perceptions about teenage pregnancy. We also use prompts to
encourage participants to share their stories and personal
experiences. Third, we use audio or video recording equipment
to capture the interviews. Then, transcribe the data to ensure

18
accuracy. Fourth, use qualitative data analysis techniques to
identify patterns, themes, and categories that emerge from the
data. This can involve coding, categorizing, and grouping
similar responses. Fifth, interpret the data by discussing the
themes and categories that emerged. Identify the consequences
of teenage pregnancy and discuss the implications of the
findings for interventions and policies. Lastly, we ensured
that the participants' confidentiality and privacy were
protected throughout the study.

RESEARCH LOCALE

This study will be conducted in San Fernando, Camarines

Sur, this place was selected for knowing the consequences of
Teenage Pregnancy. This study was implemented on the students
of Pamukid National High School from Grade 11. The respondents
will be interviewed in their houses or any comfortable place
where they choose to. This study was conducted in the second
semester of academic year 2022-2023.

DATA TREATMENT ANALYSIS

Teenage pregnancy is a complex phenomenon with

significant risks and consequences for both the pregnant
teenager and her child. This analysis aims to identify the
consequences of teenage pregnancy among Grade 11 students in
Pamukid National High School.

To conduct a data treatment analysis about the

consequences of teenage pregnancy among grade 11 students in
Pamukid National High School, we will need to gather relevant
data through credible sources. This can include in-depth
interviews, health reports and focus group discussions with
Grade 11 students who had experienced teenage pregnancy or had

19
knowledge of the phenomenon. Once we have collected the data,
we can analyze it to identify the consequences of teenage
pregnancy among grade 11 students in Pamukid National High
School. Potential risk factors may include lack of
comprehensive sex education and access to contraceptives,
sociocultural norms that encourage early marriage and
motherhood, particularly within certain communities, poor
parental or familial support and drug or alcohol abuse,
exposure to sexual violence or exploitation. The consequences
can include impacts on mental health and emotional wellbeing,
including depression, anxiety, and social stigma, physical
health complications, including premature birth and low birth
weight babies, educational and career disruptions, leading to
reduced opportunities and financial stability, increased risk
of intergenerational cycles of poverty and teen pregnancy.

The results suggest that addressing the complex risk

factors underlying teenage pregnancy requires comprehensive,
multifaceted responses, including access to confidential and
comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services,
targeted interventions that address sociocultural norms and
gender inequities, improved support for young parents, and
effective educational programs that promote informed decision-
making and positive sexual health outcomes.

The analysis highlights the need for a holistic,

collaborative approach to addressing the consequences of
teenage pregnancy among Grade 11 students in Pamukid National
High School, emphasizing prevention, support, and education to
promote healthy and positive outcomes for both teenagers and
their families.

20
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of

this study's findings.

The intention of this case study is to investigate the

consequences associated with teenage pregnancy among Grade 11
students of Pamukid National High School. Questionnaires were
distributed to the potential respondents of the study, wherein
a total of 5 students were selected. After obtaining their
consent indicating their willingness to participate in the
study, these students completed the questionnaires.

21
4.2 INTERPRETIVE PARADIGM

In this qualitative research study titled "Investigating

the Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy Among Grade 11 Students
of Pamukid National High School," an interpretive paradigm was
employed to analyze and interpret the data. The interpretive
paradigm allowed the researcher to examine the narratives of
the participants within the context in which they were
situated and through their subjective viewpoints. This approach
aimed to uncover the participants' local theories of
interpretation, the conceptual structures that informed their
actions and narratives, and the meanings they attributed to
their experiences.

The research process involved conducting formal

interviews with Grade 11 students at Pamukid National High
School to gather qualitative data on the consequences of
teenage pregnancy. The aim was to understand the lived
experiences, perspectives, and participants' insights of the
participants regarding the identified consequences.

The theoretical framework of the study encompasses three

key perspectives: Life Course Theory, Social Ecological Model,
and Symbolic Interactionism. Life Course Theory recognizes the
impact of various factors on an individual's health over their
lifespan, including biological, behavioral, psychological,
social, and environmental elements. The Social Ecological
Model expands the understanding of health by considering
multiple variables that may influence well-being at different
levels, such as individual, interpersonal, community, and
societal factors. Symbolic Interactionism, focuses on how
individuals interpret and give meaning to social interactions
and symbols, providing insights into the perception,

22
interpretation, and social stigma associated with teenage
pregnancy.

4.3 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TEENAGE PREGANANCY

The participants in the study emphasized key sources of

knowledge regarding teenage mothers, with many respondents
acknowledging the significant roles of government, schools,
social media, and parents or guardians in providing
information about teenage pregnancy. Government organizations
play a vital role in offering educational programs and
healthcare services, while schools provide sex education and
counseling to promote responsible behavior. Social media
platforms serve as accessible resources, although caution is
advised to endure accuracy. Additionally, parents or guardians
play a crucial role in imparting knowledge and guidance to
teenagers. These sources contribute to a comprehensive
understanding of teenage pregnancy and empower individuals to
make informed decisions.

4.4 FACTORS AND CONCEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH TEENAGE PREGNANCY

4.4.1 Factors identified by the respondents

The respondents were asked to identify the factors they

believe contribute to teenage pregnancy. The factors
identified are listed below:

1. Financial burden and expenses of child-rearing.

2. Time management challenges and academic stress.
3. Lack of comprehensive sex education and access to
contraceptives.
4. Emotional and physical challenges.
5. Language and confidence.

23
 6. Social pressure and stigma.
7. Perception of no negative effect or lack of influence.
8. Lack of rest.
9. Need for help in childcare.
10. Limited access to healthcare.
11. Support System.
12. Personal growth and responsibility.

These factors were consistently mentioned by the

respondents as contributing to teenage pregnancy.

4.4.2 Consequences identified by the respondents

Teenage pregnancy carries various consequences that can

impact the lives of the young mothers, their families, and
society as a whole. Firstly, for the teenagers themselves,
early parenthood can hinder their educational and career
prospects. The responsibilities of raising a child often
require significant time and attention, making it challenging
for teenage mothers to continue their studies or pursue higher
education. Consequently, they may face limited job
opportunities and lower earning potential, perpetuating a
cycle of poverty.

Teenage pregnancy can have adverse effects on the

physical and mental health of both the young mothers and their
infants. Teenagers are generally not fully developed
physically, and pregnancy at such a young age poses increased
health risks for both the mother and the baby. Furthermore,
children born to teenage mothers often face long-term
disadvantages. They are more likely to grow up in poverty,
experience developmental delays, and have limited access to
quality healthcare and education. The cycle of teenage
pregnancy can persist across generations, as these children
may be more prone to repeat the same patterns due to the lack
of positive role models and support systems.

24
 The consequences of teenage pregnancy require a
comprehensive approach that encompasses education on sexual
health, access to contraception and reproductive healthcare,
and support systems for young parents. By empowering teenagers
with knowledge and resources, we can mitigate the negative
consequences of early parenthood and promote healthier
outcomes for both young parents and their children.

4.5 PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS TENAGE PREGNANCY

4.5.1 Attitude of the respondents towards teenage pregnancy

The respondents expressed a diverse range of attitudes

towards teenage pregnancy when asked to share their opinions.
Some respondents showed acceptance and resilience,
acknowledging the reality of their situation and finding the
strength to face the challenges of being a young parent. They
displayed determination to provide a better future for their
child, understanding the importance of nurturing and
supporting their offspring despite the difficulties they may
encounter. Seeking support and guidance was another attitude
expressed by the respondents, recognizing the need for
assistance from family, friends, or community resources to
navigate the complexities of teenage parenthood successfully.
However, amidst their journey, some respondents expressed
feelings of isolation and stigma, possibly due to societal
judgment and the challenges they faced as young parents. On
the other hand, there was also gratitude for the support they
received, indicating that acts of kindness and understanding
made a significant impact on their lives. Ambivalence about
the future was another sentiment shared by some respondents,
as they grappled with uncertainties and conflicting emotions
regarding their own aspirations and the responsibilities of
parenthood. Lastly, advocacy and raising awareness emerged as
an attitude expressed by respondents who aimed to share their

25
experiences and educate others about the realities of teenage
pregnancy, potentially fostering empathy and understanding.

4.5.2 Perception of the respondents regarding the consequences

of teenage pregnancy

When asked about their perceptions regarding the

consequences of teenage pregnancy, the respondents shared
valuable insights based on their personal experiences. One
prominent perception was the presence of educational
challenges, as becoming a parent at a young age often
disrupted their academic pursuits and required them to juggle
the responsibilities of parenthood with their educational
goals. The emotional and psychological impact was also a
widely acknowledged consequence, as the respondents recognized
the immense emotional strain and stress that accompanied
teenage pregnancy. Financial struggles were another perception
expressed by the respondents, acknowledging the increased
financial burden and the difficulties they faced in providing
for themselves and their children. However, amidst their
journey, some respondents expressed feelings of isolation and
stigma, possibly due to societal judgment and the challenges
they faced as young parents. On the other hand, there was also
gratitude for the support they received, indicating that acts
of kindness and understanding made a significant impact on
their lives. Ambivalence about the future was another
sentiment shared by some respondents, as they grappled with
uncertainties and conflicting emotions regarding their own
aspirations and the responsibilities of parenthood. Lastly,
advocacy and raising awareness emerged as an attitude
expressed by respondents who aimed to share their experiences
and educate others about the realities of teenage pregnancy,
potentially fostering empathy and understanding.

4.6 IMPACT ON EDUCATION

26
4.6.1 Academic performance of teenage mothers and fathers

The teenage father had to work and missed school for a

few days because they needed money for their pregnant wife's
checkup and other necessities, as well as for the baby. They
continued their studies even though their wife was pregnant
because they believed that graduating would help them to
improve their social status. Even though they continued their
studies, they also had a part-time job because it helped their
parents with their financial difficulties.

The participant teenage mother felt guilty and under

pressure from what others would think because their neighbors
judged them for becoming pregnant so soon, and they
experienced anxiety and depression. The participant teenage
mother dropped out because they were ashamed of their
situation and because they needed to take care of themselves
for the baby's sake. The other teenage mother participant
needed to have a job because their finances were insufficient
to cover the costs of their necessities, including food,
vitamins, and other necessities.

The teenage mother/father faced the different problems

like where they get their foods, money for checkup and other
necessities because know that they both young for that
situation. The teenage father can still continue study while
the teenage mother can still continue study but they choose to
take care their baby. Even though they have own family, they
are supported by their parents and teach the proper way to
take care and raise their child.

4.6.2 School attendance and dropout rates among teenage

mothers and fathers

The interviews with the respondents provided information

about the rates of school attendance and dropout among teenage
parents. One responder said they found it difficult to

27
consistently attend school because of their motherly
responsibilities. They mentioned how they needed to balance
their parenting duties with their education, often resulting
in irregular attendance. Another respondent highlighted that
financial constraints played a significant role in their
decision to drop out of school. The inability to afford
childcare and support their child's needs forced them to
prioritize work over education. The interviews found that
important influences on teenage parents school attendance and
dropout rates include parenting responsibilities, financial
constraints, and the lack of appropriate support systems.

4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCEQUENCES

4.7.1 Financial challenges faced by teenage mothers and

fathers

Teenage mothers face daily struggles to meet their and

their child's financial needs. Essential expenses like food,
clothing, diapers, and supplies become difficult to afford.
Their limited or no income leaves them dependent on their
parents or family members, eroding their financial
independence and causing embarrassment. Their future financial
prospects are hindered by interrupted education and limited
work experience, making it hard to secure stable employment
and achieve financial stability for themselves and their
child. Poverty worsens their hardships as the double expenses
of raising a child create further financial strain.

4.7.2 Employment career opportunities for teenage mothers and

fathers

Teenage mothers encounter numerous challenges regarding

employment and career opportunities. Financial constraints and

28
health issues make it difficult for them to continue their
education, and reliance on their parents for financial support
becomes essential. Teenage pregnancy incurs additional
expenses, but the support of family members, particularly the
young mother's mother, helps alleviate some of the financial
strain. Despite facing stigma and judgment, teenage mothers
are dedicated to their children and overcome obstacles with
determination. Access to sex education, contraceptives, and
supportive parental guidance can prevent teenage pregnancies
and empower young women. Balancing parenting and education is
overwhelming, but seeking support and prioritizing studies are
important for future employment prospects.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains a research summary of the research,

findings, recommendations, and conclusions of the study
entitled "Investigating the Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy
among Grade 11 Students of Pamukid National High School".

29
5.2 SUMMARY

The purpose of this research is to examine the

consequences of teenage pregnancy among grade 11 students.
Teenage pregnancy is a significant public health issue with
various social, economic, and health implications.

By understanding its consequences, we aim to contribute

to the existing knowledge base and inform policies and
practices aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy and supporting
affected individuals.

The empirical research was limited to the Grade 11

Students of Pamukid National High School. To collect
qualitative data, focus group interviews with: two teen
fathers and three teen mothers, we're conducted.

The primary focus of chapter one was on the research

study's objectives. It introduced the planned study by
outlining the issue that needed to be investigated and
explaining various concepts that would be relevant to the
study. The research design and methodology were explained.

Chapter two focused on literature review on consequences

of teenage pregnancy. In this chapter it was discovered that
teenage pregnancy can have severe consequences on the health
and well-being of the mother and child, as well as their
social and economic status.

Chapter three described the methodology and design of the

research project. It further described the respondents and
research locale. The focus group interviews were used to
collect data.

The data analysis in Chapter 4 used the results

interpretation to create the conclusions and suggestions.
After looking over the aforementioned material, the following

30
section will concentrate on the crucial findings from the
research study.

5.3 FINDINGS

Research findings, including those from the literature

and responses from focus group interviews, will be presented
in eight categories and subcategories.

5.3.1 Findings from Literature Review

The following are findings obtained from the literature

review:

5.3.1.1 Risk Factors of Teenage Pregnancy

Teenage pregnancy can be very risky and have a big impact

on young people's lives. One reason is that they may not know
enough about how to stay healthy and prevent pregnancies. They
might also have a hard time getting the information and tools
they need to prevent pregnancy. Another thing that can make it
more likely for teenagers to get pregnant is if they don't
have a lot of money or haven't finished school. Being a teen
mom can make it difficult to finish school, find a good job,
and be financially stable. It can also be bad for the health
of both the mom and the baby, with higher chances of problems
like giving birth early or having a small baby. Teenage
pregnancy can also bring emotional and mental health issues,
like feeling more stressed, sad, and alone. To help reduce
these risks, it's important to provide teens with good sex
education, easy access to contraception, and support systems
that help them make smart choices about their sexual health.

5.3.1.2 Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy

31
 The participants provided valuable insights into the
consequences of teenage pregnancy. The findings revealed
several significant outcomes experienced by the participants.
Teenage mothers faced physical health risks during pregnancy
and childbirth, along with financial challenges in meeting the
expenses associated with raising a child. Mental health
implications were also evident, highlighting the need for
support and intervention. Limited access to resources and
support systems further complicated the situation. Cultural
and societal attitudes played a role in shaping experiences,
with varying degrees of acceptance or disgrace. Educational
implications were apparent, as teenage parents faced
difficulties in continuing their education. Understanding and
addressing these consequences are essential to provide
effective support and guidance for teenage parents, enabling
them to overcome challenges and lead fulfilling lives for
themselves and their children.

5.3.2 Individual

It has been found out that teenage mothers often struggle

to meet their own and their child's financial needs, as they
face limited or no income. This leads to dependence on parents
or family members, eroding their financial independence. The
interruption of education and limited work experience further
hinders their future financial prospects, making it
challenging to secure stable employment and achieve financial
stability. Teenage mothers encounter obstacles in terms of
employment and career opportunities. Financial constraints and
health issues make it difficult for them to continue their
education, and they often rely on their parents for support.
Although teenage pregnancy incurs additional expenses, the
support of family members, particularly the young mother's
mother, can alleviate some of the financial strain. Despite

32
facing stigma and judgment, teenage mothers remain dedicated
to their children and strive to overcome these obstacles.

5.3.3 Family

It has been discovered that teenage pregnancy Family

support, parental involvement, positive parent-child
relationships, and socioeconomic status are all important
factors in influencing teenage pregnancy outcomes. Family
support helps reduce stress levels and create a supportive
environment, while parental involvement helps shape teenagers'
attitudes and behaviors toward sexual health. Positive parent-
child relationships create a foundation of trust and open
communication, and socioeconomic status can contribute to
higher rates of teenage pregnancy.

The experience of teenage pregnancy not only affects the

young mothers themselves but also places significant
responsibilities on their families. When a teenager becomes
pregnant, it often requires the involvement and support of
family members to navigate the challenges that arise. Family
dynamics can undergo significant changes as parents, siblings,
and extended family members rally together to provide care and
guidance. Family members may need to adapt their routines and
lifestyles to accommodate the needs of the pregnant teenager,
including emotional support, financial assistance, and
practical help in addressing childcare responsibilities. The
role of the family becomes crucial in providing a stable and
nurturing environment for the young mother and her child.
Through open communication, understanding, and unconditional
love, families can help alleviate the stigma and judgment
associated with teenage pregnancy, creating an atmosphere of
acceptance and encouragement. By actively involving the family
in the journey of teenage motherhood, we can foster

33
resilience, empower young mothers, and contribute to their
overall well-being and that of their children.

5.3.3 Health

It has been discovered that teenage mothers face

significant health challenges as a result of their pregnancy.
The study findings reveal that these young mothers are at
higher risk of experiencing physical health complications
during pregnancy and childbirth, including preterm labor, low
birth weight babies, and pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Moreover, the study highlights the detrimental effects of
teenage pregnancy on the mental health of young mothers.
Teenage mothers often experience heightened levels of stress,
anxiety, and depression due to the overwhelming
responsibilities and societal pressures they face. The
emotional toll of navigating parenthood at a young age without
adequate support systems can have long-lasting impacts on
their well-being.

5.3.4 Education

Among other things, this research study revealed that

teenage pregnancy poses challenges for the education of young
mothers, as they struggle to balance parenting
responsibilities with their academic pursuits. Irregular
school attendance, difficulty finding childcare, and financial
constraints contribute to disruptions in their education.
Stigma and judgment from peers can further hinder their
educational experience. Some teenage mothers may choose to
drop out of school to focus on parenting, impacting their
future career prospects. However, with comprehensive support
systems and flexible educational options, some young mothers
are able to continue their education and pursue their goals.

34
Addressing the educational needs of teenage mothers requires a
multifaceted approach that includes childcare support,
financial assistance, and access to sex education and
contraception. By providing these resources, we can improve
educational outcomes for teenage mothers and empower them for
the future.

5.3.5 Socio-Economic

It has been discovered that teenage mothers face

significant socio-economic challenges on a daily basis,
struggling to meet their own financial needs as well as those
of their child. Essential expenses like food, clothing,
diapers, and supplies become increasingly difficult to afford
due to their limited or nonexistent income. This financial
constraint leaves them dependent on their parents or family
members, eroding their financial independence and causing
feelings of embarrassment. Furthermore, their future financial
prospects are hindered by interrupted education and limited
work experience, making it hard for them to secure stable
employment and achieve financial stability for themselves and
their child. The burden of poverty exacerbates their
hardships, as the double expenses of raising a child create
further financial strain.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendation 1

It has been discovered that teenage mothers face

significant health challenges as a result of their pregnancy.

35
The study findings reveal that these young mothers are at
higher risk of experiencing physical health complications
during pregnancy and childbirth, including preterm labor, low
birth weight babies, and pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Moreover, the study highlights the detrimental effects of
teenage pregnancy on the mental health of young mothers.
Teenage mothers often experience heightened levels of stress,
anxiety, and depression due to the overwhelming
responsibilities and societal pressures they face. The
emotional toll of navigating parenthood at a young age without
adequate support systems can have long-lasting impacts on
their well-being.

Recommendation 2

To reduce the incidence of teenage pregnancy, it is

essential to focus on comprehensive sex education, access to
contraception, and supportive environments for adolescents.
Firstly, comprehensive sex education should be implemented in
schools and community settings, providing accurate information
about reproductive health, contraception methods, and the
consequences of early parenthood. Secondly, ensuring easy
access to affordable and confidential contraceptive methods,
such as condoms and contraceptives, is crucial in empowering
teenagers to make informed decisions about their sexual
health. Additionally, promoting open communication between
parents, guardians, and teenagers, creating a safe space for
discussions about relationships, sexuality, and responsible
behavior can help adolescents navigate these topics more
effectively. Engaging communities, including healthcare
providers, educators, and youth organizations, can play a
pivotal role in raising awareness, offering guidance, and
fostering a supportive environment that encourages responsible
sexual behavior among teenagers.

36
Recommendation 3

Recommendation to prevent teenage pregnancy involves a

combination of education, communication, access to
contraceptives, and support systems. To implement
comprehensive sex education programs in schools that provide
accurate information about sexual health, contraception, and
the consequences of teenage pregnancy. Ensure that teenagers
have access to a wide range of contraceptive methods, such as
condoms, birth control pills, and long-acting reversible
contraceptives (LARCs) like intrauterine devices (IUDs) and
implants. Teach teenagers about healthy relationships,
respect, and consent.

5.5 CONCLUSION

This qualitative research study aimed to investigate the

consequences of teenage pregnancy among Grade 11 students of
Pamukid National High School. Through the use of an
interpretive paradigm, the research examined the narratives
and perspectives of the participants to gain a deeper
understanding of the experiences and impacts associated with
teenage pregnancy.

The findings of this study revealed a range of factors

that contribute to teenage pregnancy among Grade 11 students.
Financial burden, time management challenges, lack of
comprehensive sex education and access to contraceptives,
emotional and physical challenges, social pressure and stigma,
and perception of no negative effect were identified as key
factors. These factors reflect the complex interplay of
individual, interpersonal, and societal influences that
contribute to the occurrence of teenage pregnancy.

37
 The consequences of teenage pregnancy identified in this
study were diverse and far-reaching. Teenage mothers faced
significant challenges in pursuing their education and career
goals, often resulting in limited job opportunities and lower
earning potential. The physical and mental health of both the
young mothers and their infants were at risk, and children
born to teenage mothers often faced long-term disadvantages in
terms of poverty, developmental delays, and limited access to
healthcare and education. Furthermore, teenage pregnancy
perpetuated a cycle across generations, as these children were
more prone to repeat the same patterns without positive role
models and support systems.

The attitudes and perceptions of the participants towards

teenage pregnancy were varied. Some displayed acceptance and
resilience, while others faced feelings of isolation, stigma,
and uncertainty about the future. However, the participants
recognized the importance of support systems and expressed a
desire to raise awareness and advocate for better
understanding of the realities of teenage pregnancy.

The findings of this study emphasize the need for a

comprehensive approach to address the consequences of teenage
pregnancy among Grade 11 students. Efforts should focus on
providing comprehensive sex education, improving access to
contraceptives and reproductive healthcare, and establishing
strong support systems for young parents. By empowering
teenagers with knowledge and resources, it is possible to
mitigate the negative consequences of early parenthood and
promote healthier outcomes for both the young parents and
their children.

To sum it all up, this qualitative research study sheds

light on the consequences of teenage pregnancy among Grade 11
students of Pamukid National High School. The findings
highlight the complex factors contributing to teenage

38
pregnancy, the wide-ranging consequences for the young mothers
and their children, and the need for comprehensive support and
intervention strategies. It is hoped that these insights will
inform policymakers, educators, and healthcare providers in
developing effective programs and policies to prevent teenage
pregnancy and support young parents in their journey towards a
brighter future.

Definition of Terms

39
Adolescent – refers to a young person who is in the stage of
development between childhood and adulthood.

Consequences - is defined as the potential impacts of teenage

pregnancy on the lives of the individuals involved,
including physical health, education, social, and
economic consequences.

Contraceptives - are substances, devices, or methods used to

prevent pregnancy by interfering with the process of
conception or fertilization.

Factors – refers to the variables or elements that contribute

to or influence an outcome of teenage pregnancy.

Implications - refer to the consequences, impacts, and effects

that arise as a result of a teenager becoming pregnant.

Perception – refers to the way individuals interpret and

understand sensory information from their environment.

Prevalence - refers to the frequency or extent of something,

typically a condition, trait, or phenomenon, within a
specific population or group, indicating how widespread
or common it is.

Prevention - refers to the efforts, strategies, and

interventions aimed at reducing the occurrence of
unplanned or early pregnancies among teenagers.

Reproductive rights – refers to the rights of individuals to

make decisions regarding their sexual and reproductive
health, including the right to access contraception and
choose whether or when to have children.

Risks - refers to the potential negative outcomes, challenges,

or adverse consequences that pregnant teenagers may face
due to their age and circumstances.

40
Sex education – refers to the process of providing knowledge,
information, and guidance about human sexuality, sexual
development, reproductive health, and relationships.

Socio-economic Status - refers to an individual's or a group's

position in society based on a combination of factors,
including their income, education level, occupation, and
social standing.

Social support – refers to the assistance, encouragement, and

emotional or practical help provided by individuals,
families, communities, or social networks.

Stigma – refers to negative societal judgment and

discrimination based on certain traits or circumstances.

Support - refers to the assistance, guidance, resources, and

emotional backing provided to pregnant teenagers to help
them navigate the challenges and implications associated
with their pregnancy and transition to parenthood.

Teenage pregnancy - refers to the occurrence of pregnancy in

adolescents, typically between the ages of 15 and 19,
before they reach adulthood or are fully prepared for the
responsibilities and challenges associated with
parenthood.

NOTES

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