TEENAGE PREGNANCY ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE

RESIDENTS IN SELECTED AREAS IN TINAMBACAN I DISTRICT OF CALBAYOG

CITY

By:

Juliana Clare M. Combes

Krysziah Delos Santos
Aaron M. Aniban
Jasper Daniel B. Dean
Carl Jan Baragenio
Medalyn Rose Ygrubay
John Andrew P. Lumawag
Dianne Lobiano

In Partial Requirement of the subject

Practical Research 2

Christ the King College of Calbayog City, INC.

December, 2022

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 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction of the research study and its problem. It

includes the dependent and independent variable that are used in the study as well as the

significance and limitations.

INTRODUCTION
Teenage pregnancy has emerged as a global issue that has prompted numerous

initiatives and increased public awareness of the problem. Teenage pregnancy, commonly known

as adolescent pregnancy, refers to women who are pregnant but have not attained the age of

majority, typically between 15 and 19 years old. (UNICEF, 2008).

One of the most devastating teen pregnancy epidemics in the Western Pacific

Region is recognized as occurring in the Philippines. (WHO, 2015) Teenage pregnancy places

young people at a greater disadvantage, including having lower educational attainment.

(UNICEF, 2011),

Family background is one of the man risk factors of teenage pregnancy. Some

concluded that teenage pregnancy was more likely to occur in adolescent women raised in a

single-parent family than two-parent family (Habitu et. al., 2017) others reported that living with

neither parent may lead to a high likelihood of teenage pregnancy. (Santos & Rosario, 2011).

The high number of a adolescent pregnancies has become societal and educational

given that it appears to propagate low levels of education. (Panday, 2009).

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 Experts claim that adolescent moms are more likely to have unfavorable

pregnancies and face barriers to pursuing their educational goals.

With this occurrence, its effect piqued the interest of the researcher to conduct a

study that aims to know the opinions of the residents in areas at Tinambacan I District of

Calbayog City on the teenage pregnancy. The gathered information of this study will also

determine if the proposed issue will have a more positive or more negative effects to people.

Hence, the researchers will make sure that this proposal will meet the expected results will help

the researchers know which course of action to take next. Thus, successful contribute not just in

the said dilemma, but to the persons involved and other beneficiaries.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The study is anchored on the theory of Maternal Role Attainment which was

developed by Ramona Mercer. The primary concept of this theory is the developmental and

interaction process, which occurs over a period of time. In the process, the mother bonds with the

infant, acquire competence in general caretaking tasks in her role as mother.        

The process in the Maternal Role Attainment Theory follows stages of

acquisition: anticipatory, formal, informal and personal. The anticipatory stage is the social and

psychological adaptation to the maternal role. This includes learning expectations and can

involve fantasizing about the role. The formal stage is the assumption of the maternal rate at

birth. In this stage, behavior is guided by others in mother's social system relying on the advice

of others in making decisions. The informal stage is when the mother develops her own method

of gathering which are not conveyed by others advices. The personal stage is the joy of

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motherhood. In this stage, the mother finds confidence and competence in the maternal role

(Meighan, 2017).         

Relating this theory to the study, teenagers becoming pregnant definitely have

adverse effect on their academic engagement. Since they develop strong bond and accept the role

as a mother, they are likely to pay attention less to their education.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Age

Academic
Teenage Pregnancy Performance of
the Residents
Socioeconomic
Status

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

This study utilizes the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable Model. The

independent variable consists of teenage pregnancy. It acts as potentials predicators of the

outcome under dependent variable.

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 The dependent variable consists of academic performance of the residents

specifically in Brgy. Tinambacan Sur & Norte, Bante, Malopalo, Malajog, Danao, and

Manguinoo. This outcome variable is dependent on the teenage pregnancies of the respondents.

A possible relation of the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable are explored.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It has been observed that teenage pregnancy has remained persistent in our local

communities due to various contributing factors and has negative impacts on the life of teenage.

With regard to this, the researchers and assess the causes and impacts of teenage pregnancy on

the academic performance of the respondents.

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of?

1.1 Age;

1.2 Socioeconomic Status;

2. What are the possible outcomes of teenage pregnancy on academic performance?

3. What are the negative and positive effects of teenage pregnancy to the respondents?

4. What are the educational developments of the respondents after pregnancy?

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RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Is there a significant relationship between teenage pregnancy and the academic

performance of the residents in selected areas in the first district of Tinambacan?

Null Hypothesis:

The following null hypothesis was tested in this study:

HO: There is no significant relationship between teenage pregnancy and the

academic performance of the residents in selected area in the first district of Tinambacan.

Alternative Hypothesis:

The following alternative hypothesis was tested in this study:

H1: There is a significant relationship between teenage pregnancy and the

academic performance of the residents in selected area in the first district of Tinambacan.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study will cover the determination of the effects of teenage pregnancy on

academic performance. The study considers the respondents’ viewpoints in teenage pregnancy

and its various contributing factors.

The primary subjects of this research will consist of the teenagers who conceived

in the year 2019-2022. The researchers limited the respondents to thirty (30) residents from

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Tinambacan Sur, Tinambacan Norte, Bante, Malopalo, Malajog, and Maguinoo of Calbayog

City.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of this study will be great benefit to the following:

Teenagers. The informative content of this study may use as reference for teenagers about the

possible effects if teenage pregnancy and how will it change their life. They will also get a

broader knowledge about teenage pregnancy.

Community Members. This study could lessen the percentage of single parenthood among the

community. It could orient family members on how teenage pregnancy can affect the family

most especially teens.

Future Researchers. Future researchers will be able to use this as a reference. The results in

this proposal will serve as an honor to the researchers as they contributed practical information to

their community.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Academic Performance - refers to the measurement of student achievements across various

academic subjects.

Rate - refers to quantity from a recent quantity.

Teenagers - a person aged between 13 - 19 years old.

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Teenage Pregnancy - refers to any pregnancy on women that took place between the ages 13 -

19 years old.

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 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter shows a retrospective presentation of previously written material:

research literature and conceptual that has relevance and significance to the research under

considered.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood. The

burden of coping with changes with this transition and at the same time preparing for childbirth

puts pregnant adolescent girls on edge (Sedgh, et. al., 2015). Pregnancy during the teenage years

is a bombastic situation, one that comes unexpected. For a student facing unintended pregnancy,

the physical, emotional and spiritual issues can seem overwhelming. Teenage pregnancy may

have been the result of the lack of supervision from parents (Philippines Today, 2008).

Teenage Pregnancy had been a worldwide issue, and has raised large numbers of

campaigns and awareness to lessen its occurrence. The total number of this phenomenon is

increasing each year (Salvador et. al.,2016). In the Philippines, teenage pregnancy is one of the

leading crises. The said issue is being prioritized by the government through The Responsible

Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 or Republic Act No. 10354 (Alcover et. al,

2017). Early pregnancy is one of the pressing issues Filipino youths are facing today. The

Philippines has one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates among the ASEAN member states

despite the decrease of total live births of teenage mothers (aged 10-19) in 2016 (203,085) to

183,000 in 2019 (National Nutrition Council, 2021). Unintended teenage pregnancy is an ever-

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present issue in developing countries such as the Philippines. The impact of teenage pregnancy

affects the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being of the adolescents. Teen

pregnancies carry extra health risks to both the mother and the baby (Parungao et. Al, 2014).

While studies have already investigated unintended pregnancy among Filipino women, their

focus has been to describe the phenomenon's prevalence, level, and consequences (Palomo-

nacionales, 2008). The Philippines has recorded a 7% increase in births among girls aged 15 and

below in 2019 (CNN, 2021). Results from cumulative years of the National Demographic and

Health Survey and the latest result of the 2011 Family Health Survey, shows that teenage

pregnancy in the Philippines, measured as the proportion of women who have begun

childbearing in their teen years, has been steadily rising over a 35-year period. These teenage

mothers are predominantly poor, reside in rural areas and have low educational attainment

(Natividad, 2013). POPCOM (2019) described the still alarmingly high teenage pregnancy rate

in the country as a “national emergency”.

Studies consistently indicate that girls with a familial history of teenage

childbearing are at much higher risk of teenage pregnancy and childbearing themselves, but

methodological complexities have resulted in inconsistent findings around “parent/child sexual

communication and adolescent pregnancy risk” (Miller et. al., 2001).

Teen childbearing can have negative health, economic, and social consequences

for mothers and their children (Romero et. al.,2016). Effects of teenage pregnancy included

broken relationship with family members, physical abuse, planned abortion, delay and added

sacrifice to proceed with schooling, mother and child relationship is not being nourished, and

loss of freedom to hang-out with friends (Brillantes et. al.,2017). Extreme poverty and being the

son or daughter of an adolescent mother are risk factors of repeating the early pregnancy model

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(Cartes & Gonzales-Araya, 2012). Teenage births result in health consequences; children are

more likely to be born pre-term, have lower birth weight, and higher neonatal mortality, while

mothers experience greater rates of post-partum depression and are less likely to initiate

breastfeeding (Chen et. al., 2007).

Globally teenage pregnancy has been a major interference to the educational

achievement of female learners (Nkosi et. al.,2019). Teenage pregnancy rates are falling in many

high-resource settings, but for those who do conceive, the socioeconomic and educational

disadvantage (Mann et. al.,2020). Education has been widely recognized as both a cause and a

consequence of adolescent motherhood (Suri, 1994). Adolescent single mothers are likely to be

poor and to sacrifice education (Black & DeBlassie, n.d). Dropping out of school, low income,

ignorance of child rearing and child development, and stress that comes with adolescence and

with early fatherhood also contribute to parenting failure (Barret & Robinson, n.d).

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 Teenage pregnancy has a profound effect on school performance in that a higher

percentage of teen mothers fail to complete school than teenagers who do not have children

(McManis & Sorensen, 2000). According to (Brigdes & Alford, 2010). Teenage pregnancy is

part of the "cycle of poverty" in which very young mothers stay poor and their children go on

experience teenage pregnancy, poverty and lower academic outcomes.        

Recent studies have investigated the degree to which pregnancy related school

dropout with a major cause of a gender differences in educational attainment (Eloudou-Enyegue,

2004). Falling pregnant while still at school or at an educational institution generates a set of

problems for which the teenager has to find a solution (Bezuudenhout, 2004) and poor academic

performance leads to financial prospects that may have detrimental effects on all the other

aspects of the life of the mother we and baby (Enderbs, 2006). When pregnancy interrupts an

adolescent's education, a history of poor academic performance usually exist (Jonathan et al.,

2005). According to Mpaza (2006) educators believe that when pregnant school girls absent

themselves from school, the occasional disruptions may lead, in the long run, to

underachievement, which will lower the school's pass rate.       

In the Daily News (2009) Allen quotes a statement that "Teenage pregnancy is

associates with poor high school performance and decreased earnings later on life." Most

teenagers face years of regrets for their decisions to have sex, their potential as young adults is

never realized, and they became burden on their families (Gallop, 2004).

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 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the method to be used in this study. The chapter included

research design, locale, and time of the study, the respondents, the research instrument, and data

gathering procedure.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study entitled “Teenage Pregnancy on the Academic Performance of the

Residents in Selected Areas of Tinambacan I District of Calbayog City” used descriptive

research design, using survey and questionnaire as the main tool in gathering data. These were

quantitative data which seeks to answer like “how many” or “how much”, such as epidemiologic

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studies and clinical trials. This is in contrast to qualitative research which seeks to answer

questions regarding the “what, how, and why” occurrences. (Green & Thorogood, 2014).

RESPONDENTS AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The respondents of this study are the residents from selected areas in Tinambacan

I District of Calbayog City. A number of 30 respondents were selected to answer the survey of

question. The method that used in choosing the respondents was purposive sampling, picking all

the cases that meet the criterion. The researcher chose purposive sampling, considering that the

population of respondents was small and there were lots to consider on securing the respondents

participations.

RESEARCH LOCALE

This study was conducted at selected areas of Tinambacan District I of Calbayog

City. The researchers distribute online questionnaires to the respondents, namely; Brgy.

Tinambacan, Brgy. Bante, Brgy. Malopao, Brgy. Malajog, Brgy. Danao I and Brgy. Manguinoo.

The researches choose Tinambacan I as the research setting/locale because the researchers

noticed the high rate of teenage pregnancy in its selected areas.

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RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researchers were able to conduct a face-to-face survey with the 30

respondents of the study. The researchers used the questionnaire in gathering data to determine

the correlation between the factors associated with teenage pregnancy and its effects to the

residents in selected areas of Tinambacan I District of Calbayog City. The questionnaire as

designed by the researchers consisted of two parts. Part I – aimed to gather the demographic data

of the respondent. Part II – aimed to assess the educational development of the respondent after

pregnancy.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

For this study, a survey will be conducted due to many reasons. In this case, the

variety of questions tests different aspects. Apart from this, the questions have no particular right

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or wrong answer. Furthermore, the survey is not used for determining the ability that in this case

is true. This research seeks to gather respondent’s views with regards to teenage pregnancy.

Also, a survey has good reliability and validity. It is also easy to develop.

Moreover, this will help determine whether the questions will measure the effects

of teenage pregnancy on the academic performance of the respondents. Sensitivity will be

determined by giving a variety of questions on the same aspects to get the true opinion of the

participants. Once the researchers complete the field survey, and the questionnaires are

completed, the data must undergo analyzing the results of the study.

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