CONTENTS

ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
TOPIC PAGE NO.

Preface .................................................................................................................................................. 1

1. Conductor & nonconductors ............................................................................................................ 2

1.1 Types of conductors

2. Electrolytes ........................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Types of Electrolytes

3. Electrode ............................................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 Electrode potential

4. Cell ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
4.1 Type of cells

5. Electrolysis ............................................................................................................................................ 2

6. Electrolytic Conductance .................................................................................................................. 3

7. Faraday’s Laws Of Electrolysis ....................................................................................................... 4

7.1 Faraday’s First Law
7.2 Faraday’s Second Law

8. Kohlrausch’s Law ............................................................................................................................... 5

8.1 Applications of Kohlrausch’s law

9. Electrochemical Cell .......................................................................................................................... 6

9.1 Salt Bridge

10. Electrode potential ............................................................................................................................. 6

11. Standard Electrode Potential .......................................................................................................... 7

12. Electrode and Cell Potential The Nernst Equation ................................................................... 7

13. Electrochemical series ................................................................................................................... 7

13.1Characteristics of electrochemical series
13.2Application of electro-chemical series

14. EMF of cell and free energy ........................................................................................................... 9

15. Some commercial cells ................................................................................................................. 9

16. Corrosion ............................................................................................................................................... 9

17. Solved Example ................................................................................................................................ 10

 SOLUTION & COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
TOPIC PAGE NO.

Par t - A
Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 12
1. Solution ............................................................................................................................................... 13

2. Concentration of Solutions ............................................................................................................ 13

2.1 Molarity
2.2 Molality
2.3 Mole fraction
2.4 Mass fraction
2.5 Mole percent
2.6 Parts per million
2.7 Normality
Pa r t - B
1. Colligative Properties ...................................................................................................................... 16
2. Vapour Pressure of a Liquid ......................................................................................................... 16
3. Raoult’s Law ...................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Limitations of Raoult’s law
4. Ideal Solutions .................................................................................................................................. 17

5. Non–Ideal Solutions ......................................................................................................................... 17

5.1 Types of Non–Ideal solutiuons

6. Azeotropic Mixtures ......................................................................................................................... 18

6.1 Types of azeotropic mixtures

7. Osmotic Pressure .............................................................................................................................. 18

7.1 Mathematical Expression

8. Colligative Properties of Dilute Solutions ................................................................................. 19

8.1 Expression for different colligative properties

9. Reverse Osmosis ............................................................................................................................... 20

10. Isotonic Solutions ............................................................................................................................. 20

11. Colligative Properties of Electrolytes .......................................................................................... 20

12. Van’t hoff factor ................................................................................................................................ 21

12.1 Van’t hoff factor and degree of association
12.2 Van’s hoff factor and degree of dissociation

13. Solved examples .............................................................................................................................. 23

 SOLID STATE
TOPIC PAGE NO.
Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 30
1. Solids ................................................................................................................................................... 31
1.1 Properties of Solids
1.2 Types of solids
1.3 Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solid
2. Study of Crystals ............................................................................................................................... 32
2.1 Crystal
2.2 Space Lattice
2.3 Unit Cell
2.4 Face
2.5 Edge
2.6 Interfacial angles
3. Laws of Crystallography ................................................................................................................. 32
3.1 The law of Constancy of interfacial angle
3.2 The law of Rationality of indices
3.3 The law of Constancy of symmetry
4. Elements of Symmetry .................................................................................................................... 32
5. Crystal System ................................................................................................................................... 32
6. Mathematical analysis of Cubic System (Types and Analysis) ............................................ 34
6.1 Atomic radius (r)
6.2 Number of Atoms per Unit Cell
6.3 Co-ordination number
6.4 Density of lattice matter
6.5 Packing fraction
7. Ionic Radii .......................................................................................................................................... 38
8. Classification of crystals ................................................................................................................. 38
8.1 Ionic Crystals
8.2 Covalent Crystals
8.3 Molecular Crystals
8.4 Metallic Crystals
9. Packing of Constituents in Crystals ............................................................................................. 39
9.1 Close Packing in Two dimensions
9.2 Close Packing in three dimensions
10. Imperfections in solid ...................................................................................................................... 40
10.1 Electronic imperfection
10.2 Atomic imperfection
11. Experimental method of determining crystal Structure ........................................................ 42
11.1 Bragg’s Law

12. Magnetic properties of crystals .................................................................................................... 43

13. Electrical properties of crystals .................................................................................................... 43

14. Solved examples .............................................................................................................................. 44
 SURFACE CHEMISTRY
TOPIC PAGE NO.

Preface 46

1. Adsorption ........................................................................................................................................... 47
1.1 Adsorbed
1.2 Adsorbent
1.3 Desorption
1.4 Difference between adsorption and absorption
1.5 Common adsorbents

2. Reversible and irreversible adsorption .......................................................................................... 47

2.1 Characteristics of adsorption
2.2 Types of adsorption
2.3 Adsorption of gases on solids
2.4 Application of adsorption

COLLOIDAL STATE
1. Crystalloids ......................................................................................................................................... 51

2. Colloids ................................................................................................................................................ 51
2.1 Characteristics of colloidal state
2.2 Distinction between true solution, colloidal solution and suspension
2.3 Phases of colloidal solution
2.4 Classification of colloids
2.5 Preparation of colloidal solutions
2.6 Purification of colloidal solutions
2.7 Properties of colloidal solutions

3. Solved Examples ............................................................................................................................... 59

CHEMICAL KINETICS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 60

1. Chemical Kinetics ............................................................................................................................. 61

1.1 Importance or use of chemical kinetics
2. Rate of Reaction ............................................................................................................................... 61
2.1 Instantaneous rate of reaction
2.2 Rate law
2.3 Unit of rate constant

3. Factors Affecting The Rate of Reaction ......................................................................................... 63

4. Order of Reaction ............................................................................................................................... 64

4.1 First order reaction
4.2 Second order reaction
4.3 Zero order Reaction
4.4 Third order reaction

5. Calculation or Determination of Order of Reaction ..................................................................... 67

5.1 Substitution method in integrated rate equation
5.2 Half life method
5.3 Graphical method
5.4 Vant half differential method

6. Molecularity ........................................................................................................................................ 68
6.1 Difference between molecularity and order of reaction

7. Theory of Rate of Reaction ...................................................................................................... 69

7.1 Collision theory
7.2 Activation energy theory

8. Difference Between Rate or Reaction & Rate Constant .............................................................. 70

9. Difference Between Rate Law and Law of Mass Action ............................................................. 70

10. Factors Affecting The Rate Constant .............................................................................................. 70

11. Solved Examples ............................................................................................................................... 72