GASEOUS STATE

Total number of questions in Gaseous State are :

(i) In chapter Examples .......................... 18
(ii) Solved Examples .......................... 20
Total no. of questions .......................... 38
1. GASEOUS STATE (ii) It is denoted by 'P' and specified in pascal
(Pa).
When the molecular forces of attraction between (iii) Other units of pressure are atm, cm hg,
the particles of a matter are minimum, the mmHg, N/m2, bar, torr.
particles exist in a state known as gaseous state (iv) 1 atm = 76 cm Hg = 760 mm
or a state of matter in which molecules are far Hg = 1.013 × 105 N/m2 = 1.013 × 105
away from each other and free to move in available Pa = 1.013 bar = 760 torr.
space is called gaseous state. b g
F Force
1.1 Properties of Gases
(v) P (Pressure) = A Area
b g
(a) They do not have definite shape and volume. Mass  Accelaration
=
(b) They can occupy whole space open to then. Area
(vi) Pressure exerted by a gas is due to kinetic
(c) Gases have unlimited dispensability and high energy (K.E. = ½ mv 2 ) of the gases
compressibility. molecules.
(d) They have very low densities because of (vii) K.E. of the gas molecules increases, as the
temperature is increased so, pressure of a
negligible intermolecular forces. gas is directly proportional to temperature.
(e) Gases exerts pressure on the wall of the P  T
container with perfectly elastic collisions. (d) Temperature (T)-
(i) The temperature of a gas is denoted by 'T'
(f) They diffuse rapidly through each other to
and it is measured in the unit of kelvin (K).
form homogeneous mixture against the
(ii) Other units of temperature are , ºC, ºF, ºR.
electric, magnetic and gravitational field.
(iii) K = ºC + 273.15
1.2 Parameters of Gases
The characteristics of gases are described in (iv)
x0 C
=
ey f  32j
0

terms of four measurable parameters and it is 5 9

also called as measurable properties of gases
which are 2. Gas Laws
(a) Mass (b) Volume
(c) Pressure and (d) Temperature The certain laws which relate the four parameters
are called gas laws.
(a) Mass (m)- The mass of a gas is denoted by
'm' which is related to the no of moles 'n'. 2.1 Boyle's Law
Therefore, (a) It states that at constant temperature, the
volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely
b g
m mass in grams proportional to the pressure.
n (no of moles) = Mb
Molar massg (b) Mathematically -
1
so, m = n × M P (at constant temperature)
V
(b) Volume V- or PV = K or P1V1 = P2V2
(i) Gases occupy whole space available to then. (c) Graphical representations
The volume occupy by a gas is simply the 1
volume of container in which it is filled. (i) P vs V (ii) P vs
V
(ii) The volume of a gas is denoted by 'V' and it
is measured in units of litre or cubic metre
(m3) or cm3 or dm3.
(iii) 1 litre = 1 dm 3 = 1000 cm3 = 1000 ml
(c) Pressure (P)-
(i) It is force acting per unit area. A confined
gas exerts uniform pressure on the walls of
its container in all the direction.
 (iii) log P vs, log V (iv) PV vs P
1 1
(ii) V vs or T vs
T V

log P 
PV

log V P V

2.2 Charle's law

(a) This law states that at constant pressure, 1/T
the volume of a given mass of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature.
(Absolute temperature = ºC + 273.15)
(b) Mathematically - V  T (at constant
(iii) log V vs log T, log V
pressure)
V = volume of gas
T = Absolute temperature log T
V = KT or
V
= K
T V
Hence, if the volume of a gas of mass is V1 (iv) vs T
T
at temperature T 1 changes to V2 at T 2,
pressure remaining constant,

V1 V2
then T1 = T2 = constant 2.3 Gay-Lussac's Law or Amonton's Law
or log V – log T = constant (a) It states that at constant volume, the
pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly
(c) For each degree change of temperature the proportional to its absolute temperature.
volume of sample of a gas changes by the
(b) Mathematically - P  T (at constant
fraction of 1
273.15 of its volume at 0 ºC volume)
where P = pressure of gas
L
273.15  t O
M
so Vt = V 0
N273.15 P Q T = Absolute temperature
P = KT
This equation is called Charles-gay-lussac P
equation. or = K
T
where Hence , if the pressure of a gas is P1 at
Vt = volume of gas at temperature t ºC temperature T1 changes to P2 at T2, volume
V0 = volume of gas at 0 ºC temperature remaining constant.
t = temperature in ºC.
P1 P2
(d) Graphical representations - then T1 = T2 = constant

log P – log T = constant.

(i) V vs T A t F IJ
V G
(c) Pt = Po 1  273.15
H K
where Pt = Pressure of gas at t ºC
Po = Pressure of gas at 0 ºC
t = Temperature in ºC.
 (d) Graphical representation -
V1 580
(i) P vs T (ii) P vs 1 or T vs 1  V2 = T2 × T = 373 × = 746 ml.
T P 1 290
Ex.3 A gas occupies 3 litres at 32 ºC and one
atmospheric pressure. What volume will it
occupy if the temperature is changed to 18
P P ºC, the pressure remaining constant -
(A) 2.91 litres (B) 2.86 litres
(C) 2.30 litres (D) None of these
T 1/T (Ans. B)
Sol. According to Charle's law,
(iii) log P vs log T (iv) P
T Vs T
V1 V VT
= 2 or V2 = 1 1
T1 T2 T2

A P/T
3L V2
log P
T
b g b
273  32 K
=
g
273  18 K

3  291
log T — or V2 = = 2.86 litres.
305
Examples
based on Gas Laws
2.4 Ideal gas equation
Ex.1 A gas occupies a volume of 2.4 litres at a
(a) It correlate all the four parameters of a gas.
pressure of 740 mm of mercury. Keeping the
temperature constant, calculate its volume (b) It is the combination of Boyle's and charle's
at standard pressure - law.
(c) PV = nRT
(A) 2.4 litres (B) 2.34 litres
m
(C) 2.5 litres (D) None of these PV = RT
M
(Ans. B)
The equation is called as ideal gas equation.
Sol. Initial volume (V1) = 2.4L, Initial pressure (P1)
Where n = no of moles of the gas
= 740 mm. Final volume (V2) = ?
m = mass of the gas
Final pressure (P2) = 760 mm.
M = Mol. wt. of the gas
740  2.4 R = Molar gas constant.
P1V1 = P2V2 ;  V2 =
760 (d) For 1 mole of the gas n = 1
= 2.34 litres. PV = RT
P1V1 P2 V2 P1V1 P2 V2
Ex.2 A gas occupies a volume of 580 ml at 17 ºC. So =
It is heated to 100 ºC at constant pressure. T1 T2 = R or T1 = T2
Calculate the volume of the gas - Where P1, V1, T 1 are the initial pressure,
(A) 746 ml. (B) 760 ml. volume and temperature and P2, V2 T 2 are
(C) 773 ml. (D) 780 ml. final.
(Ans.A) The above equation is called as ideal gas
equation.
Sol. Initial volume (V1) = 580 ml, (e) The unit of R is the unit of work or energy per
T1 = 17 + 273 = 290 K degree per mole as -
Final Volume (V2) = ? PV Pr essure  volume
T2 = 100 + 273 = 373 K R = =
nT mole  Temperature
V1 V2 force

T1 T2 ; Area
 volume force  length
R= =
mole  Temperaute mole  temperature
 by the gaseous mixture is equal to the sum
R=
b
work energy g of the partial pressures of individual gases -
mole  temperature i.e.-
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ..... + Pn
(f) Numerical values of R in different units -
(b) Let n1 & n2 be the no. of moles of two inert
(i) R = 0.0821 litre atm. deg.–1 mole–1
gases A and B which is filled in a container of
(ii) R =62.4 litres mm. deg.–1 mole–1 volume 'V' at temperature T. So the total pressure
(iii) R = 8.314 × 107 ergs deg. –1 mole–1 of container 'P' may be calculated as -
(iv) R = 82.05 C.C.atm. deg.–1 mole– PV = (n1 + n2) RT ...... (i)
(v) R = 2 cals. deg.–1 mole– Partial pressure of individual gas calculates
(vi) R = 8.314 J K–1 mole–1 at -
PA V = n1 RT .... (ii)
Examples
based on The Ideal gas equation PB V = n2 RT .... (iii)

Ex.4 How many litres would 5 moles of H2 occupy On the addition of eq. (ii) & (iii) we get -
at 25 ºC and 2 atm pressure - (PA + PB ) V = (n1 + n2) RT .... (iv)
(A) 61.20 litres (B) 61.09 litres
On the comparison of eq. (i) & (iv)
(C) 30.50 litres (D) 30.60 litres
(Ans.B) P = PA + P B
Sol. PV = nRT Dividing by equation (ii) by (i), we get
(5)(0.082)(298 ) PA n1
= = n  n = xA
2 P 1 2
= 61. 09 litres. PA = xA × P

Ex.5 What is the pressure of a mixture of 1 g of where xA = mole fraction of 'A'

hydrogen and 1.4 g of nitrogen stored in a 5 Similarly dividing (iii) by (i), we get
litre vessel at 127 ºC - PB = x B × P
(A) 5.50 atm. (B) 3.61 atm.
so
(C) 4.40 atm. (D) 4.50 atm.
Partial pressure of a component = mole
(Ans.B)
fraction × total pressure
1
Sol. moles of H2= = 0.5 3.1 Applications of Dalton's Law of Partial
2
pressure
14
.
moles of N2= = 0.05 (a) mole fraction of a gas in a mixture of gas
28
 Total number of moles of gas (n) = 0.55 partial pressure of gas
Using PV = nRT =
Total pressure of the mixture of gas
nRT (b) % of a gas in a mixture
P =
V
0.55  0.0821  400 partial pressure of gas
= = × 100
5 Total pressure
= 3.61 atm. (c) Pressure of dry gas which is collected over
the water is-
3. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
PTotal = Pmoist air = Pdry gas + Pwater vapour
(a) According to this law, when two or more than (Note : Pwater is called aqueous tension)
vapour
two chemically inert gases are kept in a
closed container, the total pressure exerted so Pdry gas = PTotal – PWater vapour
(Note: Aqueous tension is directly proportional to
absolute temperature)
3.2 Limitations of Dalton's law of partial pressure Sol. Let the wt. of ethane and H2 = w gm
(a) It is applicable only inert gases like N2 and w
 No. of moles of C2H6 =
O2, N2 and Cl2 etc. 30
(b) It is not applicable for chemically reactive w
No. of moles of H2 =
gases like H2 and Cl2, CO and Cl2 etc. 2

Examples
w w 16 w
Dalton's law of partial pressure Total no. of moles =  =
based on 30 2 30
Ex.6 0.333 grams of alcohol displaced in a Victor w 30 15
Meyer apparatus 171 c.c. of air measured Mole fraction of H2 = × =
2 16w 16
over water at 15 ºC. The barometric pressure
was 773 torr. Calculate the molecular weight Ex.9 2.8 g of N2, 2.8 g CO, 4.4 g CO2 are found
of alcohol-(Aqueous tension at 15 ºC = 13 to exert a pressure of 700 Torr. Find partial
torr.) pressure of N2 gas in the mixture -
(A) 33.34 g/ mol. (B) 28.80 g/ mol. (A) 280.8 Torr (B) 233.3 Torr
(C) 46.0 g/ mol (D) 13.0 g/mol. (C) 300 Torr (D) None of these
(Ans. C) (Ans. B)
Sol. Pdry gas = 773 – 13 = 760 torr Sol. pN2 = its mole-fraction × Ptotal
760 2.8 / 28
= = 1 atm =  700
760 2.8 2.8 4.4
 
 PV = nRT 28 44 44
0.1
171 0.333 =  700
1× = M. wt. × 0.0821 × 288 0.3
1000
= 233.3 Torr.
M = 46 g. per mol.
4. Avagadro's Law
Ex.7 Atmospheric air contains 20% O2 and 80%
N2 by volume and exerts a pressure of 760 (a) According to this law under the same
mm. Calculate the partial pressure of each condition of temperature and pressure, equal
gas - volumes of all gas contains equal no. of
(A) 152 mm, 608 mm molecules.
(B) 608 mm, 152 mm V  n (At constant temperature & pressure)
(C) 760 mm both Where V = volume
(D) None of these (Ans. A) n = no of molecules
Sol. Partial Pressure (b) Molar Volume or gram molecular volume -
22.4 litres or 22400 ml of every gas at NTP
= Mole fraction × Total pressure
is the volume occupied by its one gram mole
= Vol. fraction × Total pressure and it is called molar volume or gram
 PO2 = 0.2 × 760 = 152 mm molecular volume.
(c) The mole Concept - Mole is defined as the
 PN2 = 0.8 × 760 = 608 mm total amount of substance that contains as
many basic units as there are atoms in 12 g
Ex.8 Equal weights of ethane and hydrogen are of the isotopes of carbon -12. Thus a mole
mixed in an empty container at 25ºC. will be defined as the Avogadro no of particles
Determine the fraction of the total pressure which is equal to 6.023 × 1023.
exerted by hydrogen - (d) Loschmidt number - It the no of molecules
(A) 16/30 (B) 15/16 present in the volume of a gas at S.T.P. Its
(C) 30/16 (D) 16/15 value is 2.617 × 1019 per c.c.
(Ans. B)
 235
Sol. Mol. mass UF 6 = 235 + 6 × 19 = 349
5.Graham's Law of Diffusion or Effusion
238
Mol. mass UF 6 = 238 + 6 × 19 = 352
Diffusion: It is the ability of a gas to mix
spontaneously and to form a homogenous mixture r1 M2 352
is known as diffusion. r2 = M1 = 349
= 1.0043
Effusion: It is a process in which a gas is
allowed to escape under pressure through a fine r1 : r2 : : 1.0043 : 1.0000
orifice from closed container.
LAW Ex.11 The densities of CH4 and O 2 are in the ratio
(a) This law was proposed by Thomas Graham. 1 : 2. Calculate the ratio of rates of diffusion
(b) According to this law, at constant of oxygen and methane.
temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion (A) 1.414 : 1 (B) 1: 1.414
or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional
to the square root of its density. Thus and (C) 1.614 : 1 (D) 1.614: 1
directly proportional to its pressure. (Ans.B)

Rate of diffusion (r) 

P
rO 2 Fd I F8 I F1I
Hd JK= G
G H16 JK= G
H2 JK
CH4
d Sol. =
rCH4 O2

r1 p1 d2
r2 = P2 d1 = 1 : 1.414

It pressure is constant Ex.12 Calculate the molecular weight of a gas which

r1 d2 diffuses through a porous plug at 1/6th of the
r2 = d1 speed of hydrogen under same conditions.
(A) 36 (B) 76
where r1 & r2 are rates of diffusion of two
gases and d1 & d2 are densities. (C) 72 (D) 63
 2 × vapour density = Molecular mass (Ans.C)

r1 M2 FM I Rate of diffusion of H2
 r2 = M1 Sol. G
HM JK =
gas

H2 Rate of diffusion of gas

where M1 & M2 are the molecular masses of
two gases.
Volume of gas diffused FM I F 1 I
H2 K H1 / 6 JK
G J G
gas
(c) Rate of diffusion = = =
Time taken for diffusion
5.1 Applications of graham's law of diffusion
or Mgas = 2 × 36 = 72
(a) To the Detection of marsh gas in mines.
(b) Separation of isotopes Ex.13 The vapour density of gas A is thrice that of
(c) Determination of density and molecular mass the gas B. If the molecular weight of B is M,
of gases. then calculate the molecular weight of A.
(1) M (2) 3 M
Examples
based on Graham's Law of diffusion (3) M/3 (4) None of these
Ex.10 Calculate the relative rates of diffusion of (Ans. B)
235
UF 6 and 238UF 6 in the gaseous state (At.
mass F = 19). VD A MA 3 MA
Sol. VDB = MB  = M , So Mol. wt
(A) 1.0043 : 1.0000 (B) 1.0000 : 1.0043 1 B

(C) 1.349 : 1.352 (D) 1.352 : 1.349 of A (MA) = 3 M.

(Ans. A)
 PV = RT and n = N
6. Kinetic Theory of Gases
1
(a) It was a commonly given for ideal gases. mNv 2 = RT
3
(b) This theory was proposed by Bernoulli and 2 1
next to developed by Clausius, Maxwell, or . mNv 2 = RT
3 2
Kroning and Boltzman.
1
6.1 Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of gases ( mNv 2 = K.E. per mole)
2
(a) All the gases are made up of molecules
moving randomly in all the directions. 2
 K.E. = RT
(b) The volume of the individual molecule is 3
negligible as compared to the total volume of
3RT
the gas. K.E. =  K.E. per mole / Avg. K.E. per mole.
(c) Pressure exerted by gas is due to collision 2
of gas molecules with the wall of the container
so.  Boltzmann constant K = R N
Pressure  No of collisions per unit time per
unit area by the molecules on the wall of the = 1.38 × 10–16 ergs K–1 molecules–1
container
(d) All collisions between two molecules or 3KT
between a molecule and a wall are perfectly K.E. =  K.E. per molecule / Avg.
elastic. 2
(e) All the molecules obey Newton's laws of K.E. per molecule
motion.
(f) Gas molecules neither attract nor repel each
other. 6.3 Velocities related to gaseous state
(g) Kinetic energy of gas molecules depend upon
the absolute temperature so. (A) Root mean square velocity (RMS velocity) -
Kinetic energy  absolute temperature Square root of the mean of the squares of the
(h) The force of gravity has no effect on the speed speed of all the molecules present in the given
of gas molecules. sample of the gas is called root mean square
6.2 Calculation of Kinetic energy speed.
According to postulates of kinetic gas
equation-
3PV 3RT 3P
1 u = = =
PV = mnv 2 M M d
3
where P = pressure of the gas (b) Average Speed -
V = volume of the gas It is the arithmetic mean of the various speeds of
n = no of molecules present in the the molecules
given amount of gas
v = Root mean square speed. 8RT
Average speed ( v ) =
l cm m
Z Average speed = .9213 × RMS speed
RMS speed = 1.085 × Average speed
V
Uz Uy (c) Most Probable Speed-
Before
collision Ux Ux Speed possessed by maximum number of
B A
After –Ux molecules of a gas at a given temperature.
collision
2RT
Most probable speed  =
M
X
MPS = .816 × RMS ; RMS = 1.224 MPS
Y MPS : A.V. speed : RMS = 1 : 1 . 128 : 1.224
for one mole of the gas -
 Ex.17 Calculate the RMS velocity of a gas with
Examples KTG., K.E. & Different velocities average velocity 45475 cm/sec -
based on
of gaseous molecules (A) 45.475 cm/sec. (B) 92.131 cm/sec.
(C) 49.330 cm/sec (D) 20.259 cm/sec.
Ex.14 3 moles of a gas are present in a vessel at (Ans. C)
a temperature of 27 ºC. Calculate the value Sol. Average velocity (v) = 0.9213 × RMS velocity
of gas constant (R) in terms of kinetic energy (u)
of the molecules of gas. C
(A) 7.4 × 10–4 KE per degree kelvin. RMS velocity (u) =
0.9213
(B) 9.4 × 10–5 KE per degree kelvin. 45475
(C) 4.5 × 10–6 KE per degree kelvin. = = 49.330 cm/sec.
0.9213
(D) None of these (Ans. A)
Ex.18 Calculate average velocity and RMS velocity
Sol. K.E. for 1 mole = 3/2 RT for a group of six particles having speeds
9 11.2, 9.0, 8.3, 6.5, 3.7 and 1.8 m sec–1 -
K.E. for 3 moles = 9/2 RT. or R = (A) 6.75 ms–1,7.47 ms–1
9T
(B) 7.47 ms–1,6.75 ms–1
2 (C) 7.65 ms–1,8.47 ms–1
KE = 9 300 b gKE = 7.4 × 10 –4 KE per
(D) None of these (Ans.A)
degree kelvin.
Sol. Average velocity (v)
Ex.15 Calculate average kinetic energy, in joules, 112
.  9.0  8.3  6.5  3.7  18
.
=
of the molecules in 8.0 g of methane at 27 6
40.5
ºC - = = 6.75 ms–1
6
(A) 8169.75 Joules (B) 1869.75 Joules 6.75
RMS velocity = = 7.47 ms–1
(C) 6189.57 Joules (D) 9186.57 Joules 0.9213
(Ans.B)
3 3 8 7. Difference between real gas & ideal gas
Sol. K = n RT = × × 8.314 × 300
2 2 16
= 1869.75 Joules S.N. Ideal gas Real gas
1. Obeys gas law Obeys only at
Ex.16 A gaseous mixture contains 4 molecules with
under all conditions low P and high T.
a velocity of 6 cm sec–1, 5 molecules with a
of P and T.
velocity of 2 cm sec–1 and 10 molecules with
a velocity of 3 cm sec –1. What is the RMS 2. Obeys ideal gas Does not
velocity of the gas - equation obeys ideal gas
(A) 2.5 cm sec–1 (B) 1.9 cm sec–1 equation.
(C) 3.6 cm sec–1 (D) 4.6 cm sec–1 3. Intermolecular Intermolecular
(Ans.C) interaction between interaction
Sol. RMS velocity u gaseous molecules between gaseous
are negligible. molecules not
Fn v  n v  n v .......I
2 2 2 negligible.
= G JK
1 1 2 2 3 3
H n 4. Volume of a particle Volume of a
is negligible as particle is not
F4  bg
6  5  bg
2
2  10bg
2
3 I
2 compared negligible as
= G
G JJ to total volume of compared to
H 19 K the gas. total volume
of the gas.
F
4  36  5  4  10  9 I
G JK = F G254 I 5. Exists only at high Exists only at
= H 19 H19 JK temperature and low
pressure
low temperature
and high
= 3.6 cm sec–1 pressure.
7.1 Explanation of deviation  Molar heat capacity at constant volume (CV)
Kinetic theory of gases do not hold good at 3RT
all condition mostly these two assumptions = K.E. =
2
(a) The force of attraction between gaseous at 1 ºC  K.E = 3/2 R
molecules are negligible
3
(b) The volume occupied by the gaseous K.E. = × 2 = 3.
2
molecules is negligible compared to total
volume of gas at high pressure. Both the Therefore  CV = 3 calories.
assumptions do not hold good hence F
G3 I
deviating from ideal gas. & CP = Increase in K.E. H2 RJK+ work done
3 5
8. SPECIFIC HEAT OF GASES = R + R = R (Since R = 2)
2 2
(a) Specific Heat - It is the amount of heat
5
required to raise the temperature of one gm CP = × 2 = 5 calories.
of the substance through one degree 2
centigrade. It is usually expressed in CP 5x
"Calories". (ii) For diatomic gases C =
V 3x
(b) Calorie - A calorie is defined as the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of In case of diatomic gases x in many
one gm of water through 1ºC (more cases is 2.
accurately from 15.5 ºC to 16.5 ºC.).
CP 7
The heat so supplied is used up in increasing
C V = 5 = 1.40
the internal energy of the molecule, i.e. in
raising the temperature or in raising the
CP 53
average K.E. of the molecules. (iii) For triatomic gases C =
(c) Specific Heat of a gas at constant volume V 33
(Cv) -
8
The amount of heat required to raise the = = 1.33
6
temperature of one gm of the gas by 1 ºC
when the volume is kept constant and 9. VANDER WAAL'S EQUATION- A MODIFICATION
pressure is allowed to increase. IN GAS EQUATION
(d) Specific Heat of a gas at constant Pressure
(Cp) - According to Vander Waal Maxwell has made
The amount of heat required to raise the two wrong assumptions in his kinetic theory
temperature of one gm of the gas by 1 ºC of gases which lead to wrong results.
when the pressure is kept constant and (a) The forces of attractions between gaseous
volume is allowed to increase. molecules are negligible under all conditions.
CV = cV × M and CP = cP × M (b) The volume occupied by the gaseous
molecules is negligible as compared to total
Where CV and CP are molar specific heat or
volume of gas.
heat capacity per mole at constant volume
(c) Volume Correction - The observed volume is
and at constant pressure.
greater than ideal volume & correction term
(e) Ratio for Molar Heats - 'nb' has to be subtracted from observed
CP volume in order to get ideal volume.
(i) For monoatomic gases C = g Videal = V – nb
V
Where 'n' is no. of moles of real gas & 'b' is
5.0 constant which depends on nature of real
= = 1.66 gas.
3.0
10. CRITICAL CONSTANTS 12. BOYLE'S TEMPERATURE

(a) Critical temperature (T C) - The temperature The temperature at which a real gas behaves
above which gas connect be liquified whatever like an ideal gas over an appreciable pressure
pressure is applied is called critical range.
temperature.
a
8a TB 
TC = Rb
27bR
(b) Critical pressure (P C) - The minimum
pressure required to liquefy a gas at its
13. INVERSION TEMPERATURE
critical temperature is called critical pressure.
a It is the temperature at which any real gas is
PC = 2 expanded adiabatically and no effect of cooling
27b
or heating is observed.
(c) Critical volume (VC) - The volume occupied
by one mole of a gas at the critical 2a
Ti 
temperature and critical pressure is called Rb
critical volume.
VC = 3 b

11. LIQUIFICATION OF GASES

(a) On increasing the pressure gas can be easily

liquified because intermolecular attraction
between gaseous molecule increases.
(b) On decreasing the temperature K.E. of
gaseous molecules decrease That's why gas
can be easily liquified.
(c) Temperature of gas must be lower than critical
temperature (TC).
 SOLVED EXAMPLE
Ex.1 A gas occupies 300 ml at 27ºC and 730 mm Sol. (D)
pressure. What would be its volume at STP- PV = nRT
(A) 162.2 ml (B) 262.2 ml
780
(C) 362.2 ml (D) 462.2 ml x 1 = n x .082 x (273 - 23)
760
Sol. (B)
Given at T 1 = 300 K, T 2 = 273 K (STP) 780
n =
 300   730  760  0.082  250
V1 = 300 ml =  1000  litre, P1 =  760 
n = 0.0501 moles.
 .0501 moles of the gas weigh = 1.40 gm.
atm. P2 = 1 atm., V2 = ?
140
.
P1V1 P2 V2  1 mole of gas weigh = = 28 gram.
 = .0501
T1 T2 ,
So gas is N2.
730 x 300 1x V2
= Ex. 4 Calculate the weight of CH4 in a 9 litre
760 x1000 x 300 273
cylinder at 16 atm and 27ºC (R = 0.08 lit.
 V2 = 0.2622 litre = 262.2 ml. atm/K) -
Ex.2 A truck carrying oxygen cylinders is filled (A) 96 gm (B) 86 gm
with oxygen at -23ºC and at a pressure of 3 (C) 80 gm (D) 90 gm
atmosphere in Srinagar, Kashmir. Determine Sol. (A)
the internal pressure when the truck drives Given P = 16 atm, V = 9 litre.
through Madras. Tamilnadu. W here the T = 300 K, mCH4 = 16, R = 0.08 litre atm/k.
temperature is 30ºC - PV = w/m × R × T
(A) 2.64 atm. (B) 1.64 atm. w
16 x 9 = × 0.08 x 300
(C) 1 atm. (D) 3.64 atm. 16
Sol. (D) w = 96 gm.
P1 = 3 atm., P2 = ?
T1 = – 23 + 273 = 250 K Ex. 5 What is the density of sulphur dioxide (SO2)
T2 = 273 + 30 = 303 K. at STP -
(A) 2.86 gm/lit. (B) 1.76 gm/lit
P1 P2
= (C) 1.86 gm/lit (D) None of these.
T1 T2 ,
Sol. (A)
The gram molecular weight of SO2 = 64 gm/
3 P2
= mole.
250 303
Since 1 mole of SO 2 occupies a volume of
3 x 303 22.4 litres at S.T.P.
P2 = = 3.64 atm.
250 64
Density of SO 2 = = 2.86 gm/lit.
22.4
Ex.3 The density of a gas at -23ºC and 780 torr
is 1.40 gram per litre. Which one of the Ex.6 5gm of XeF4 gas was introduced into a vessel
following gases is it - of 6 litre capacity at 80ºC. What is the
(A) CO 2 (B) SO 2 pressure of the gas in atmosphere -
(C) Cl 2 (D) N2 (A) .21 atm (B) .31 atm
(C) .11 atm (D) .41 atm.
Sol. (C) Sol. (A)
Given V = 6 litre, T = 353 K, R= 0.082, W w1 0.45
= 5gm. m= 207.3 No. of moles of gas 1 = n1 = m =
1 60
W = 0.0075
PV = × R × T
m
w2 0.22
No. of moles of gas 2 = n2 = m =
5 2 44
P × 6 = × 0.082 × (273 + 80)
207.3 = 0.0050
Total no. of moles = n1 + n2
5 x .082 x 353
P = = .11 atm. = 0.0075 + 0.0050 = 0.0125
6 x 207.3
0.0050
P2 partial pressure of gas 2 = x 75
Ex.7 Calculate the temperature at which 28 gm 0.0125
N2 occupies a volume of 10 litre at 2.46 atm- = 30 cm of Hg.
(A) 300 K (B) 320 K Ex. 10 The total pressure of a sample of methane
(C) 340 K (D) 280 K collected over water is 735 torr at 29ºC. The
Sol. (A) aqueous tension at 29ºC is 30 torr. What is
Given wN2 = 28gm , P = 2.46 atm, V = 10 the pressure exerted by dry methane -
litre. m N2 = 28, (A) 605 torr (B) 205 torr
(C) 405 torr (D) 705 torr
 w Sol. (D)
 PV =   RT
m Ptotal = Pdry methane + Pwater
735 = Pdry methane + 30
 28   Pdry methane = 735 - 30 = 705 torr.
2.46 x 10 =   x 0.0821 x T
28

T = 300 K. Ex.11 The odour from a gas A takes six seconds

to reach a wall from a given point. If the
Ex.8 A mixture of gases at 760 mm pressure molecular weight of gas A is 46 grams per
contains 65% nitrogen, 15% oxygen and 20% mole and the molecular weight of gas B is
Carbondioxide by volume. What is the partial 64 grams per mole. How long will it take for
pressure of each in mm - the odour from gas B to reach the same wall
(A) 494, 114, 252 (B) 494, 224, 152 from the same point. Approximately -
(C) 494, 114, 152 (D) None of these. (A) 6 Sec (B) 7 Sec
(C) 8 Sec (D) 9 Sec
Sol. (C)
Sol. (B)
65
P'N2 = 760 × = 494 mm rA MB
100
rB = MA
15
P'O2 = 760 × = 114 mm
100 rA 64
rB = 46
= 1.18
20
P'CO2 = 760 × = 152 mm.
100 Time taken for the odour of B to reach the
wall = 1.18 x 6 = 7.08 sec  7 sec.
Ex.9 0.45 gm of a gas 1 of molecular weight 60
Ex.12 1 litre of oxygen effuses through a small
and 0.22 gm of a gas 2 of molecular weight
hole in 60 min. and a litre of helium at the
44 exert a total pressure of 75cm of mercury.
same temperature and pressure effuses
Calculate the partial pressure of the gas 2 - through the same hole in 21.2 min. What is
(A) 30 cm of Hg (B) 20 cm of Hg the atomic weight of Helium -
(C) 10 cm of Hg (D) 40 cm of Hg. (A) 2.99 (B) 3.99
(C) 2.08 (D) 1.99
Sol. (B) Ex.15 Calculate the root mean square velocity of
SO2 at S.T.P. -
rO2 1000 / 60 212
. MHe
= = = (A) 3.26 × 104 cm/sec
rHe 1000 / 21. 2 60 MO 2
(B) 1.26 × 102 cm/sec
MHe (C) 1.26 × 10 4 cm/sec
= (D) 3.26 × 102 cm/sec
32
Sol. (A)
. )2
(212 MHe
Squaring both of sides =
(60 )2 32 3RT
 v rms of SO 2 =
M
. ) 2 x 32
(212
MHe = = 3.99
(60)2
Since Helium is monoatomic so 3 x 8.314 x10 7 x 273
= = 3.26 x 104 cm/sec.
Atomic weight = Molecular weight = 3.99 64
Ex.13 What is the temperature at which oxygen
molecules have the same r.m.s. velocity as Ex.16 Calculate the number of atoms in 1 g of
the hydrogen molecules at 27ºC - helium -
(A) 3527ºC (B) 4227ºC (A) 1.506 × 1023 atoms
(C) 4527ºC (D) 4000ºC
(B) 1.605 × 1032 atoms
Sol. (C)
(C) 1.056 × 1025 atoms
3RT (D) None of these
r.m.s. velocity C =
M Sol. (A)
3RT Atomic mass of He = 4
For oxygen Co2 =
32 4 g of He contain = 6.023 x 1023 atoms
3 xR x 300  1 g of He contains =
For CH2 at 27ºC =
2 6.023 x 10 23
When Co2 = CH2 = 1.506 x 1023 atoms.
4
3RT 3 xR x 300
=
32 2 Ex.17 7.00 g. of a gas occupies a volume of 4.1
litres at 300 K and 1 atmosphere pressure.
3RT 3R x 300
= Calculate the molecular mass of the gas -
32 2
(A) 40 g mol –1 (B) 42 g mol –1
300 x 32 (C) 48 g mol –1 (D) 45 g mol –1
T = = 4800 K.
2 Sol. (B)
Then in ºC T = 4800 - 273 = 4527ºC
PV = nRT  n = PV/RT
Ex.14 Calculate the total kinetic energy in joules,
of the molecules in 8 gm of methane at 27ºC- (1 atm.) (4.1 L)
1
(A) 1770.5 Joule
(C) 1970.5 joule
(B) 1870.5 joule
(D) 1670.5 joule
n =
e jb g
0.082 L atm K 1 mol 1 300K = 6 mol

Sol. (B)
Mass of gas 1
3 now n = =
EK (For 1 mole) = RT = 3741 Joule. Mol. mass of gas 6
2
Total energy of 8 gm of methane
7
1 =
= mole of methane Mol. mass of gas
2
3741 Thus, molecular mass of gas = 7 x 6
= = 1870.5 Joule.
2 = 42 g mol –1
Ex.18 Calculate density of ammonia at 30ºC and 5 Ex.20 In the following diagram, container of NH 3
atm. pressure - gas and container of HCl gas, connected
(A) 3.03 g/litres. (B) 3.82 g/litres through a long tube, are opened
simultaneously at both ends; the white NH4Cl
(C) 3.42 g/litres. (D) 4.42 g/litres.
ring first formed will be at Q point. If
Sol. (C) OP = 40cm, then find OQ -
m m RT White fumes
PV = nRT, or PV = RT or P = x
M V M
NH3 HCl
RT Gas
or P = d x Q P Gas
M O

17 x 5 (A) 35 cm (B) 23.74cm

d = MP/RT ; d = = 3.42 g/litres. (C) 30 cm (D) 31.25 cm
0.082 x 303
Sol. [B]
Let OQ = x cm so QP = (40 – x) cm
Ex.19 3 moles of a gas are present in a vessel at Diffused volume of NH3 gas = Area of T.S. of
a temperature of 27ºC . Calculate the value tube × Distance travelled by NH3 gas
of gas constant (R) in terms of kinetic energy
VNH3 = A × OQ = Ax
of the molecules of gas -
{Where A is area of T.S. of tube}
(A) 7.4 x 10–4 KE per degree kelvin.
Similarly in the same time,
(B) 4.5 x 10–4 KE per degree kelvin.
Diffused volume of HCl gas = Area of T.S. of
(C) 7.4 x 10–5 KE per degree kelvin. tube × Distance travelled by HCl gas
(D) None of these VHCl = A × QP = A (40 – x)
Sol. [A] K.E. for 1 mole = 3/2 RT From Graham’s Law of diffusion
2 rNH3
K.E. for 3 moles = 9/2 RT. or R = KE MHCl
9T  r 
HCl MNH3
2
= KE VNH3 / t
9 (300) 36.5
 = = 1.46
VHCl / t 17
= 7.4 x 10–4 KE per degree kelvin.
x
 = 1.46
(40  x )
 x = 23.74 cm
OQ = 23.74 cm