TE 223-Lec 10 (Heat Transfer) - Final

TE 223: Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Lecture notes on
Heat Transfer
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 1
Concept of Heat and Heat transfer
Heat: form of energy that can be transferred from one system to
another as a result of temperature difference.
Heat transfer: the science that deals with the determination of the
rates of such energy transfers
The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-

temperature medium to the lower-temperature one, and heat
transfer stops when the two medium reach the same temperature.
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan (AUST) Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 2
Heat transfer mechanism
Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Conduction
Conduction: as the transfer of heat occurring through intervening
matter without bulk motion of the matter.
• May be viewed as the transfer of energy from the more
energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to
interactions between particles.
• Can take place in solids, liquids, or gases.
• In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions, and
diffusions of the molecules during their random motion.
• In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the
molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free
electrons.
• The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the
geometry of the medium, its thickness and the material of the
medium, as well as the temperature difference across the
medium.
Conduction
In solids, heat conduction is due to: (i) the lattice
vibrational waves induced by the vibrational motions of
the molecules positioned at relatively fixed positions in
a periodic manner called a lattice, and (ii) the energy
transported via the free flow of electrons in the solid.
In liquid or gas, the kinetic energy of the molecules is

due to their random translational motion as well as
their vibrational and rotational motions. When two
molecule possessing different kinetic energy collide,
part of the kinetic energy is transferred to the less
energetic molecule. The higher the temperature, the
faster the molecules move and the higher the number
of such collision, the better the heat transfer.
Fourier’s law
The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is
proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and
the heat transfer area but is inversely proportional to the
thickness of the layer.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛∞
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ∆𝑇
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴 (𝑊)
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
where 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity of the material, which is
a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat.
𝑑𝑇
If ∆𝑥 → 0, then 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥
• The above equation is called Fourier’s law of heat conduction.

𝑑𝑇
• is the temperature gradient, which is the slope of the temperature curve
𝑑𝑥
on a 𝑇 − 𝑥 diagram
• The – 𝑣𝑒 sign indicates that heat is transferred in the directing of decreasing
temperature.
Assumptions: Fourier’s law
The following are the assumptions on which Fourier’s law is based:
 The conduction of heat takes place under steady state conditions
 The heat flow is unidirectional
 The temperature gradient is constant and the temperature profile is
linear
 There is no internal heat generation
 The boundary surfaces are isothermal in character
 The material is homogeneous and isotropic (i.e the value of thermal
conductivity is constant in all directions.
Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity is the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness
of the material per unit area per unit temperature difference.
• Is a measure of the ability of the material to conduct heat.
• A high value for thermal conductivity indicates that the material is a

good heat conductor, and a low value indicates that the material is a
poor heat conductor or insulator.
• Unit is 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
• Thermal conductivity depends upon the following factors:
• (i) Material structure (ii) Moisture content (iii) Density of material (iv)
pressure and temperature (operating conditions)
Range of Thermal conductivity of various materials
Example problem: 1
How does the science of heat transfer differ from the science of
thermodynamics?
Example problem: 1
The inner and outer surfaces of a 4m7m brick wall of thickness 30 cm and
thermal conductivity 0.69 W/m.K are maintained at temperatures of 200C and
50C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall in W.
Assumptions:
1. Steady state conditions
2. 1-D conduction through wall
3. Constant thermal conductivity
Analysis:
∆𝑇
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = −𝑘𝐴
∆𝑥
𝑊 20 + 273 − 5 + 273
= 0.69 × 4×7 × = 966 𝑊
𝑚𝐾 0.3
Example problem: 2
The inner and outer surfaces of a 0.5 cm thick 2m2m window glass in winter
are 100C and 30C, respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the glass is 0.78
W/m.K, determine the amount of heat loss through the glass over a period of 5
h. What would your answer be if the glass were 1 cm thick?.
Assumptions:
1. Steady state conditions
2. 1-D conduction through wall
3. Constant thermal conductivity
Analysis:
∆𝑇 𝑊 10 + 273 − 3 + 273
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = −𝑘𝐴 = 0.78 × 2×2 × = 4368 𝑊
∆𝑥 𝑚𝐾 0.005
The amount of heat transfer over a period of 5h becomes
𝑄 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑡 = 4368 × 5 = 78620 kJ
If the amount of the glass doubled to 1 cm, then th amount of heat transfer
will go down by half 39310 kJ
Example problem: 3
An aluminum pan whose thermal conductivity is 237 W/m.K has a flat bottom
with diameter 15 cm and thickness 0.4 cm. Heat is transferred steadily to
boiling water in the pan through its bottom at a rate of 800 W. if the inner
surface of the bottom of the pan is at 1050C, determine the temperature of the
outer surface of the bottom of the pan.
Example problem: 4
In a certain experiment, cylindrical sample of diameter 4 cm and length 7 cm
are used. The two thermocouples in each sample are placed 3 cm apart. After
initial transients, the electric heater is observed to draw 0.6 A at 110 V, and
both differential thermometers read a temperature difference 100C. Determine
the thermal conductivity of the sample.
Example problem: 5
Consider a 150 W incandescent lamp. The filament of the lamp is 5 cm long
and has a diameter of 0.5 mm. The diameter of the glass bulb of the lamp is 8
cm. Determine the heat flux in W/m2 (i) on the surface of the filament, (ii) on
the surface of the glass bulb, and (iii) calculate how much it will cost per year
to keep that lamp on for eight hours a day every day if the unit cost of the
electricity is $0.08/kWh
Example problem: 6
Consider two houses that are identical except the the walls are built using
bricks in one house and wood in the other. If the walls of the brick house are
twice as thick, which house do you think will be more energy efficient?
Convection
Convection is the mode of energy transfer
between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid
or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.
The faster the fluid motion, the greater the
convection heat transfer.
Forced convection: if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface

by externa means such as fan, pump, or the wind.
Natural (or free) convection: if the fluid motion is caused by

buoyancy forces that are induced by density difference due to
the variation of temperature in the fluid.
Convection heat transfer
The rate of convection heat transfer is proportional to the temperature
difference and it is conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of cooling
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
where ℎ is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2.K, 𝐴𝑠 is

the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes
place, 𝑇𝑠 is the surface temperature, and 𝑇∞ is the temperature of
the fluid sufficiently far from the surface
Radiation
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the
electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
Heat transfer by radiation does not require the presence of an

intervening medium.
Heat transfer by radiation is the fastest (it occurs at the speed of light)
and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum.
Radiation heat transfer rate
The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at a
thermodynamic temperature 𝑇𝑠 (in K or R) is given by Stefan-
Boltzmann law
𝑄ሶ 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠4 (𝑊)
where 𝜎 = 5.670 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2. 𝐾4 is the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is

called a blackbody and the radiation emitted by a blackbody is called
blackbody radiation.
The radiation emitted by all real surface is less than the radiation
emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature and is expressed as
𝑄ሶ 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠4 (𝑊)
where 𝜀 is the emissivity of the surface and value is in the range 0 ≤
𝜀 ≤ 1and is a measure of how closely a surface approximates a
blackbody for which 𝜀 = 1
Example problem: 7
Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 200C at all times.
The inner surface of the walls, floors, and ceiling of the house are
observed to be at an average temperature of 120C in winter and 230C
in summer. Determine the rates of radiation heat transfer between this
person and the surrounding surface in both summer and winter if the
exposed surface area, emissivity, and the average outer surface
temperature of the person are 1.6 m2, 0.95, and 320C, respectively
Example problem: 8
For heat transfer purposes, a standing man can be modeled as a 30
cm diameter, 170 cm long vertical cylinder with both the top and bottom
surfaces insulated and with the side surface at an average temperature
of 340C. For convection heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2.0C,
determine the rate of heat loss from this man by convection in an
environment at 180C.
Next lecture
• Heat conduction equation
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 23

TE 223-Lec 10 (Heat Transfer) - Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TE 223-Lec 10 (Heat Transfer) - Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TE 223: Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-

In liquid or gas, the kinetic energy of the molecules is

• The above equation is called Fourier’s law of heat conduction.

 The conduction of heat takes place under steady state conditions

 The heat flow is unidirectional

 The temperature gradient is constant and the temperature profile is

 There is no internal heat generation

 The boundary surfaces are isothermal in character

 The material is homogeneous and isotropic (i.e the value of thermal

conductivity is constant in all directions.

• Is a measure of the ability of the material to conduct heat.

• A high value for thermal conductivity indicates that the material is a

• Thermal conductivity depends upon the following factors:

Forced convection: if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface

Natural (or free) convection: if the fluid motion is caused by

𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

where ℎ is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2.K, 𝐴𝑠 is

Heat transfer by radiation does not require the presence of an

The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is

You might also like