TE 223-Lec 6 (Energy Analysis of Closed System)

TE 223: Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Lecture notes on Mechanical Engineering

Energy analysis of closed system
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 1
Moving boundary work
 Mechanical work associated with the expansion
or compression of a gas in a piston-cylinder
device, where the inner face of the piston moves
back and forth, is called moving boundary work or
boundary work.
 Moving boundary wok is the primary form of work

involved in automobile engines. During their
expansion, the combustion gases force the piston
to move, which in turn forces the crankshaft to
rotate.
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan (AUST) Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 2
 𝑃 is the initial pressure, the total volume is 𝑉,
and the cross-sectional area of the piston is 𝐴.
If the piston is allowed to move a distance 𝑑𝑠 in a
quasi-equilibrium manner, the work done during
the process is
𝛿𝑊𝑏 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉
• 𝑃 is always +ve.
• The volume change 𝑑𝑉 is +ve during an expansion process
(volume increase)
• -ve during a compression process (volume decreasing)
• The boundary work is +ve during an expansion process
(boundary work output) and –ve during a compression
process (boundary work input).
The total boundary work during the entire process
2
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 (𝑘𝐽)
1
To evaluate the integral, we need to know the functional relationship between 𝑃
and 𝑉 during the process (𝑃 = 𝑓(𝑉)). Note that is simply the equation of the
process path on a 𝑃 − 𝑉 diagram.
The differential area 𝑑𝐴 is equal to 𝑃 𝑑𝑉.

The total area 𝐴 under the process curve 1-2 :
2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴 = න 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑃 𝑑𝑉
1 1
The area under the curve on a P-V diagram is

equal in magnitude to the work done during a
quasi-equilibrium expansion or compression
process of a closed system.
On the 𝑃 − 𝑉 diagram it represents the boundary
work done per unit mass.
• A gas can follow several different
paths as it expands from state 1 to
state 2. In general, each path will
have a different area underneath it
and the work done will be different
for each process since work is a
path function.
• If work were not a path function, no cyclic device (car engines,

power plants) could operate as work-producing devices. The
work produced by these devices during one part of the cycle
would have to be consumed during another part, and there
would be no net work output.
The work done by the system during the
expansion process (area under path A) is
greater than the work done on the system
during the compression part of the cycle
(area under path B), and the difference
between these two is the net work done
during the cycle (the colored area).
2
The boundary work is 𝑊𝑏 = ‫׬‬1 𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑉
where 𝑃𝑖 is the pressure at the inner face of the piston

𝑊𝑏 is the amount of energy transferred from the system during
an expansion process (or to the system during a compression
process)
Boundary work for a constant-volume process
• All the supplied
heat will be stored
within the gas in
the form of internal
energy
• Known as Isometric or Isochoric process.

• When a gas is heated in a fixed enclosed chamber, the volume of
the gas will remain constant but the supplied heat will increase the
gas pressure and temperature.
• The constant volume process is represented by a vertical line in 𝑝 −
𝑣 diagram and by an inclined line on 𝑝 − 𝑇 diagram.
• Since no change in volume, no external work in done by gas.
Here, the volume is constant (𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ), according to Charles’ law,
𝑃1 𝑇1
=
𝑃2 𝑇2
Work done by the gas:
2
𝑊1−2 = න 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 0
1
Change in internal energy
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇
Integrating 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Heat transferred or heat supplied

2 2
𝛿𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝛿𝑊 ≫ 𝑄1−2 = න 𝑑𝑈 + න 𝛿𝑊
1 1
𝑄1−2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑊1−2 ≫≫ 𝑄1−2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Change in enthalpy
2 2 2
𝑑𝐻 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑(𝑝𝑉) ≫ න 𝑑𝐻 = න 𝑑𝑈 + න 𝑑(𝑃𝑉)
1 1 1
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + (𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 )
But 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ; 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 ; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇2
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝑚𝑅𝑇2 − 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 = 𝑚(𝑐𝑣 +𝑅)(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑅 ≫≫ 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Boundary work for a constant-pressure process
• Heat supplied to
the gas is utilized in
doing some
external work and
in increasing the
internal energy of
the gas.
• Known as Isobaric process.

• The supplied heat will increase the gas volume and temperature.
• The constant volume process is represented by a horizontal line in
𝑝 − 𝑣 diagram and by an inclined line on 𝑝 − 𝑇 diagram.
• Due to increase in volume, external work is done and due to
increase in temperature, internal energy of the gas increases.
Here the pressure is constant . Hence
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Work done by the gas
2 2
𝑊1−2 = න 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃 න 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
1 1
Since 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 ; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇2
𝑊1−2 = 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
2 2
න 𝑑𝑈 = න 𝑚𝑐𝑉 𝑑𝑡 ≫ 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑉 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1 1
2 2 2
න 𝛿𝑄 = න 𝑑𝑈 + න 𝛿𝑊
1 1 1
𝑄1−2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑊1−2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
But 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑉 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ); 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 ; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇2
𝑄1−2 = 𝑚𝑐𝑃 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Change in enthalpy
2 2 2
න 𝑑𝐻 = න 𝑑𝑈 + න 𝑑(𝑃𝑉)
1 1 1
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 𝑄1−2 = 𝑚𝑐𝑃 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Boundary work for a constant-temperature process
• Also know as isothermal process.

• The gas will do some external work equal to the heat
supplied.
• The P-V diagram for an isothermal process is hyperbolic
as the pressure varies inversely as the volume.
Work done by the gas

𝛿𝑊 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑉
Since the expansion of the gas is hyperbolic, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ≫ 𝑃 =
𝑉
2 2 2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑑𝑉
න 𝛿𝑊 = න 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 න
1 1 𝑉 1 𝑉
2
𝑉2
𝑊1−2 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln 𝑉 1 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
𝑉1
𝑉2
The term is termed as expansion ratio (𝑟)
𝑉1
𝑊1−2 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln 𝑟
2 2
න 𝑑𝑈 = න 𝑚 𝑐𝑉 𝑑𝑇 ≫≫ 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑉 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1 1
Since the process is a constant temperature process, 𝑇1 = 𝑇2
𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 0 ≫≫ 𝑈2 = 𝑈1
2 2 2
න 𝛿𝑄 = න 𝑑𝑈 + න 𝛿𝑊
1 1 1
𝑄1−2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑊1−2
𝑄1−2 = 𝑊1−2
The heat transferred or heat supplied to the gas is equal to the work done by
the gas.
Change in enthalpy:
2 2 2
න 𝑑𝐻 = න 𝑑𝑈 + න 𝑑(𝑃𝑉)
1 1 1
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = (𝑈2 − 𝑈1 ) + 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑈2 = 𝑈1 ; 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 ; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇2
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝐻2 = 𝐻1 ∴ 𝑇2 = 𝑇1
The gas heated at constant temperature, there is no change in internal

energy and enthalpy. During compression of gas, the work is done on
the gas and the heat is rejected from the gas.
Example problems
Nitrogen at an initial state of 300 K, 150 kPa, and 0.2 m3 is
compressed slowly in an isothermal process to a final pressure of
800 kPa. Determine the work done during this process.
𝑉2
𝑊1−2 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
𝑉1
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑃1
= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 ∴ =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑃2
𝑃1
𝑊1−2 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
𝑃2
150
𝑊1−2 = 150 × 0.2 × 𝑙𝑛 = −50.2 𝑘𝐽
800
Example problems
The volume of 1 kg of helium in a piston-cylinder device is initially 5 m3.
Now helium is compressed to 2 m3 while its pressure is maintained
constant at 180 kPa. Determine the initial and final temperatures of
helium as well as the work required to compress it, in kJ.
Example problems
A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130
kPa and 1200C. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state
of 100 kPa and 1000C. Determine the boundary work done during this
process.
Example problems
1-m3 of saturated liquid water at 2000C is expanded isothermally in a
closed system until its quality is 80 percent. Determine the total work
produced by this expansion, in kJ
http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 20

Example problems
A rigid container equipped with a stirring device contains 2.5 kg of motor oil.
Determine the rate of specific energy increase when heat is transferred to the
oil at a rate of 1 W and 1.5 W of power is supplied to the stirring device.
http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 21

Next lecture
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 22

TE 223-Lec 6 (Energy Analysis of Closed System)

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TE 223: Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Lecture notes on Mechanical Engineering

 Moving boundary wok is the primary form of work

The differential area 𝑑𝐴 is equal to 𝑃 𝑑𝑉.

The area under the curve on a P-V diagram is

• If work were not a path function, no cyclic device (car engines,

where 𝑃𝑖 is the pressure at the inner face of the piston

• Known as Isometric or Isochoric process.

Heat transferred or heat supplied

But 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ; 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 ; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇2

𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝑚𝑅𝑇2 − 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 = 𝑚(𝑐𝑣 +𝑅)(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

• Known as Isobaric process.

• Also know as isothermal process.

Work done by the gas

The gas heated at constant temperature, there is no change in internal

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 20

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 21

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