Thermodynamic MPE104 (Sheet 2 Solution)

2-1 A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and 150oC. As a result of heat transfer to the
surroundings, the temperature and pressure inside the tank drop to 65oC and 400
kPa, respectively.
Determine the boundary work done during this process.

SOLUTION Air in a rigid tank is cooled, and both the pressure and temperature
drop. The boundary work done is to be determined.

Analysis A sketch of the system and the P-V diagram of the process are shown in the
2
figure below. The boundary work can be determined to be: 𝑊𝑏 = ∫1 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 =
0(𝑎𝑠𝑑𝑉 = 0)

Discussion: This is expected since a rigid tank has a constant volume and dV = 0 in
this equation. Therefore, there is no boundary work done during this process.
That is, the boundary work done during a constant volume process is always
zero. This is also evident from the P-V diagram of the process (the area under
the process curve is zero).

2-2 A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 0.4 kg of steam at 600 kPa and
300oC. Heat is now transferred to the steam until the temperature reaches 400oC.
Determine the work done by the steam during this process.

SOLUTION Steam in a piston cylinder device is heated and the temperature rises at
constant pressure. The boundary work done is to be determined.

Analysis A sketch of the system and the P-v diagram of the process are shown in
Figure below

Assumption The expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.

Analysis Even though it is not explicitly stated, the pressure of the steam within the
cylinder remains constant during this process since both the atmospheric
 pressure and the weight of the piston remain constant. Therefore, this is a
constant-pressure process, and the boundary work can be determined as : 𝑊𝑏 =
2 2
∫1 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜 ∫1 𝑑 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
or : 𝑊𝑏 = 𝑚𝑃𝑜 (𝜐2 − 𝜐1 ) since: 𝑉 = 𝑚𝜐 From the superheated vapor table
(Table A–6), the specific volumes are determined to be υ1 =0.43442 m3/kg at
state 1 (600 kPa and 300oC) and υ2 = 0.51374 m3/kg at state 2 (600 kPa and
400oC).
Substituting these values yields:
𝑊𝑏 = (0.4𝑘𝑔)𝑥(600𝑘𝑃𝑎)𝑥(0.51374 − 0.43442) 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 = 19.04𝑘𝐽

Discussion: The positive sign indicates that the work is done by the system. That is,
the steam used 19.04 kJ of its energy to do this work. The magnitude of this
work could also be determined by calculating the area under the process curve
on the P-V diagram, which is simply Po ΔV for this case.

2-3 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and 80oC. The
air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the temperature inside the
cylinder remains constant. Determine the work done during this process.

SOLUTION Air in a piston–cylinder device is compressed isothermally. The

boundary work done is to be determined.

Analysis A sketch of the system and the P-V diagram of the process are shown in the
figure below

Assumptions

1 The compression process is quasi-equilibrium.

2 At specified conditions, air can be considered to be an ideal gas since it is at a high

temperature and low pressure relative to its critical-point values.

Analysis For an ideal gas at constant temperature To

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇𝑜
 2
𝑉2
𝑊𝑏 = ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
𝑉1
1

In the above equation P1V1 can be replaced by P2V2 or mRTo .

Also, V2 /V1 can be replaced by P1 /P2 for this case since P1 V1 = P2 V2

Substituting the numerical values into the above equation yields:

0.1 1𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑏 = (100𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.4𝑚3 )(ln )( ) = −55.5𝑘𝐽
0.4 1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
Discussion The negative sign indicates that this work is done on the system (a work
input), which is always the case for compression processes.

2-4 A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of a gas initially at 200 kPa. At this
state, a linear spring that has a spring constant of 150 kN/m is touching the
piston but exerting no force on it. Now heat is transferred to the gas, causing the
piston to rise and to compress the spring until the volume inside the cylinder
doubles. If the cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.25 m2.
Determine (a) the final pressure inside the cylinder, (b) the total work done by
the gas, and (c) the fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it.

SOLUTION A gas in a piston–cylinder device equipped with a linear spring expands

as a result of heating. The final gas pressure, the total work done, and the
fraction of the work done to compress the spring are to be determined.

Assumptions

1-The expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.

2-The spring is linear in the range of interest.

Analysis A sketch of the system and the P-V diagram of the process are shown in the
figure below

(a) The enclosed volume at the final state is 𝑉2 = 2𝑉1 = (2)(0.05𝑚3 ) = 0.1𝑚3

Then the displacement of the piston (and of the spring) becomes

Δ𝑉 (0.1 − 0.05)𝑚3
𝑥= = = 0.2𝑚
𝐴 0.25𝑚2
The force applied by the linear spring at the final state is

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 = (150 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚)(0.2𝑚) = 30𝑘𝑁

The additional pressure applied by the spring on the gas at this state is

𝐹 30𝑘𝑁
𝑃= = = 120𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 0.25𝑚2
Without the spring, the pressure of the gas would remain constant at 200 kPa while
the piston is rising. But under the effect of the spring, the pressure rises linearly from
200 kPa to 200 + 120 = 320𝑘𝑃𝑎 at the final state.

(b) An easy way of finding the work done is to plot the process on a P-V diagram and
find the area under the process curve. From the figure below the area under the
process curve (a trapezoid) is determined to be

(200 + 320)𝑘𝑃𝑎 1𝑘𝐽

𝑊 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = [(0.1 − 0.05)𝑚3 ]( ) = 13𝑘𝐽
2 1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
Note that the work is done by the system.

(c) The work represented by the rectangular area (region I) is done against the piston
and the atmosphere, and the work represented by the triangular area (region II) is
done against the spring. Thus,

1 1𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = [(320 − 200)𝑘𝑃𝑎](0.05𝑚3 )( ) = 3𝑘𝐽
2 1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
Discussion This result could also be obtained from

1 1 1𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑘(𝑥22 − 𝑥12 ) = (150 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚)[(0.2𝑚)2 − 02 ]( ) = 3𝑘𝐽
2 2 1𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2-5 Nitrogen at an initial state of 300 K, 150 kPa, and 0.2 m3 is compressed slowly in
an isothermal process to a final pressure of 800 kPa. Determine the work done
during this process.

SOLUTION Nitrogen gas in a cylinder is compressed at constant temperature until

its pressure rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this
process is to be determined.

Assumptions

1 The process is quasi-equilibrium.

2 Nitrogen is an ideal gas.

Analysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be

2
𝑉2 𝑃1
𝑊𝑏 = ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
𝑉1 𝑃2
1

150𝑘𝑃𝑎 1𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑏 = (150𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.2𝑚3 )(ln )( ) = −50.2𝑘𝐽
800𝑘𝑃𝑎 1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input).
2-6 The volume of 1 kg of helium in a piston-cylinder device is initially 5 m3 . Now
helium is compressed to 2 m3 while its pressure is maintained constant at 180
kPa. Determine the initial and final temperatures of helium as well as the work
required to compress it, in kJ.

SOLUTION Helium is compressed in a piston-cylinder device. The initial and final

temperatures of helium and the work required to compress it are to be
determined.

Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Properties The gas constant of

helium is R = 2.0769 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1).
𝑉1 5𝑚3
Analysis The initial specific volume is 𝜐1 = = = 5 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔
𝑚 1𝑘𝑔

𝑃1𝜐1 (180𝑘𝑃𝑎)(5𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 )

Using the ideal gas equation, 𝑇1 = = = 433.3𝐾
𝑅 2.0769𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 .𝐾

𝑉2 2𝑚3
Since the pressure stays constant, 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = (433.3𝐾) = 173.3𝐾
𝑉1 5𝑚3

and the work integral expression gives

2
1𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑏 = ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = (180𝑘𝑃𝑎)(2 − 5)𝑚3 ( ) = −540𝑘𝐽
1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
1

2-7 Calculate the total work, in kJ, for process 1–

3 shown in the next Figure

SOLUTION

The boundary work done during the process

shown in the figure is to be determined.

Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium.

Analysis The work done is equal to the the sum of

the areas under the process lines 1-2 and 2-3:
 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
𝑊𝑏 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) + 𝑃2 (𝑉3 − 𝑉2 )
2
300 + 15
𝑊𝑏 = (3.3 − 1) + 300(2 − 3.3) = −27.75𝑘𝐽
2
The negative sign shows that the work is done on the system.

2-8 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and
120oC. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and
100oC. Determine the boundary work done during this process.

SOLUTION A piston-cylinder device contains nitrogen gas at a specified state. The

boundary work is to be determined for the polytropic expansion of nitrogen.

Properties The gas constant for nitrogen is 0.2968 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2).

Analysis The mass and volume of nitrogen at the final state are

𝑃1 𝑉1 (130𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.07𝑚3 )
𝑚= = = 0.07802𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇1 (0.2968 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(120 + 273𝐾)

𝑚𝑅𝑇2 (0.07802𝑘𝑔)(0.2968𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(100 + 273𝐾)

𝑉2 = = = 0.08637𝑚3
𝑃2 100𝑘𝑃𝑎

The polytropic index is determined from 𝑃1 𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑃2 𝑉2𝑛

(130𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.07𝑚3 )𝑛 = (100𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.08637𝑚3 )𝑛 So: n = 1.249

The boundary work is determined from

𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 (100𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.08637𝑚3 ) − (130𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.07𝑚3 )
𝑊𝑏 = = = 1.86𝑘𝐽
1−𝑛 1 − 1.249
2-9 A piston–cylinder device with a set of stops initially contains 0.6 kg of steam at
1.0 MPa and 400oC. The location of the stops corresponds to 40 percent of the
initial volume. Now the steam is cooled.
Determine the compression work if the final state is (a) 1.0 MPa and 250oC and
(b) 500 kPa. (c) Also determine the temperature at the final state in part (b).

SOLUTION A piston-cylinder device with a set of stops contains steam at a

specified state. Now, the steam is cooled. The compression work for two cases and
the final temperature are to be determined.

Analysis (a) The specific volumes for the initial and final states are (Table A-6)

𝑎𝑡𝑃1 = 1𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇1 = 400𝑜 𝐶 → 𝜐1 = 0.30661 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

𝑎𝑡𝑃2 = 1𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇2 = 250𝑜 𝐶 → 𝜐2 = 0.23275 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

Noting that pressure is constant during the process, the boundary work is determined
from

𝑊𝑏 = 𝑚𝑃(𝜐1 − 𝜐2 ) = (0.6𝑘𝑔)(1000𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.30661 − 0.23275) 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 = 44.3𝑘𝐽

(b) The volume of the cylinder at the final state is 40% of initial volume. Then, the
boundary work become

𝑊𝑏 = 𝑚𝑃(𝜐1 − 0.4𝜐1 ) = (0.6𝑘𝑔)(1000𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.30661 − 0.4𝑥0.30661) 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑏 = 110.4𝑘𝐽

The temperature at the final state is 𝑎𝑡𝑃2 = 0.5𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜐2 = (0.4𝑥0.30661) =

0.1226 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 → 𝑇2 = 151.8𝑜 𝐶(𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝐴 − 5)

2-10 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa
and 180oC. The nitrogen is now expanded to a pressure of 80 kPa polytropically
with a polytropic exponent whose value is equal to the specific heat ratio (called
isentropic expansion).
Determine the final temperature and the boundary work done during this
process.
SOLUTION A piston-cylinder device contains nitrogen gas at a specified state. The
final temperature and the boundary work are to be determined for the isentropic
expansion of nitrogen.

Properties The properties of nitrogen are R = 0.2968 kJ/kg.K , k = 1.395 (Tables A-

2a, A-2b)

Analysis The mass and the final volume of nitrogen are

𝑃1 𝑉1 (130𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.07𝑚3 )
𝑚= = = 0.06768𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇1 (0.2968 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(180 + 273𝐾)

𝑃1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2𝑘 (130𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.07𝑚3 )1.395 = (80𝑘𝑃𝑎)𝑉21.395 → 𝑉2 = 0.09914𝑚3

The final temperature and the boundary work are determined as

𝑃2 𝑉2 (80𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.09914𝑚3 )
𝑇2 = = = 395𝐾
𝑚𝑅 (0.06768𝑘𝑔)(0.2968𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)

𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 (80𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.09914𝑚3 ) − (130𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.07𝑚3 )
𝑊𝑏 = = = 2.96𝑘𝐽
1−𝑘 1 − 1.395

2-11 A mass of 5 kg of saturated water vapor at 300 kPa is heated at constant pressure
until the temperature reaches 200oC.
Calculate the work done by the steam during this process.

SOLUTION Saturated water vapor in a cylinder is heated at constant pressure until

its temperature rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this process
is to be determined.

Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium.

Properties Noting that the pressure remains constant during this process, the specific
volumes at the initial and the final states are (Table A-4 through A-6)

𝑎𝑡𝑃1 = 300𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑆𝑎𝑡. 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 → 𝜐1 = 𝜐𝑔@300𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.60582 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

𝑎𝑡𝑃2 = 300𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑇2 = 200𝑜 𝐶 → 𝜐2 = 0.71643 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

Analysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be
2

𝑊𝑏 = ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 𝑚𝑃(𝜐2 − 𝜐1 )
1

1𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑏 = (5𝑘𝑔)(300𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.71643 − 0.60582) 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 ( ) = 166𝑘𝐽
1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output).

2-12 1-m3 of saturated liquid water at 200oC is expanded isothermally in a closed

system until its quality is 80 percent. Determine the total work produced by this
expansion, in kJ.

SOLUTION Water is expanded isothermally in a closed system. The work produced

is to be determined.

Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium.

Analysis From water table

𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡@200𝑜 𝐶 = 1554.9𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝜐1 = 𝜐𝑓@200𝑜 𝐶 = 0.001157 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

𝜐2 = 𝜐𝑓 + 𝑥𝜐𝑓𝑔

𝜐2 = 0.001157 + 0.8(0.12721 − 0.001157) = 0.102 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

The definition of specific volume gives

𝜐2 3
0.102 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 = (1𝑚 ) = 88.16𝑚3
𝜐1 0.001157 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔
2
The work done during the process is determined from 𝑊𝑏 = ∫1 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
 1𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑏 = (1554.9𝑘𝑃𝑎)(88.16 − 1)𝑚3 ( 3
) = 1.355𝑥105 𝑘𝐽
1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚

2-13 A mass of 1.5 kg of air at 120 kPa and 24oC is contained in a gas-tight,
frictionless piston–cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a final pressure
of 600 kPa. During the process, heat is transferred from the air such that the
temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Calculate the work input
during this process.

SOLUTION Air in a cylinder is compressed at constant temperature until its

pressure rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this process is to
be determined.

Assumptions

1 The process is quasi-equilibrium.

2 Air is an ideal gas.

Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1).

Analysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be

2
𝑉2 𝑃1
𝑊𝑏 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln = 𝑚𝑅𝑇ln
𝑉1 𝑃2
1

120𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑊𝑏 = (1.5𝑘𝑔)(0.287 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(297𝐾)ln = −206𝑘𝐽
600𝑘𝑃𝑎
Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is
done on the system (work input).
2-14 During some actual expansion and compression processes in piston–cylinder
devices, the gases have been observed to satisfy the relationship PV n = C, where
n and C are constants. Calculate the work done when a gas expands from 350
kPa and 0.03 m3 to a final volume of 0.2 m3 for the case of n = 1.5

SOLUTION A gas in a cylinder expands polytropically to a specified volume. The

boundary work done during this process is to be determined.

Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium.

Analysis The boundary work for this polytropic process can be determined directly
𝑉 0.03𝑚3 1.5
from 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 ( 1)𝑛 = (350𝑘𝑃𝑎)( ) = 20.33𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉2 0.2𝑚3

2 𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑉1 (20.33𝑥0.2−350𝑥0.03)𝑘𝑃𝑎.𝑚3 1𝑘𝐽

𝑊𝑏 = ∫1 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑊𝑏 = ( ) = 12.9𝑘𝐽
1−𝑛 1−1.5 1𝑘𝑃𝑎.𝑚3

Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output).

2-15 A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and

250 K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation PV 1.4 =
constant until it reaches a final temperature of 360 K. Calculate the work input
during this process.

SOLUTION Nitrogen gas in a cylinder is compressed polytropically until the

temperature rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this process is
to be determined.

Assumptions

1 The process is quasi-equilibrium.

2 Nitrogen is an ideal gas.

Properties The gas constant for nitrogen is R = 0.2968 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2a)
Analysis The boundary work for this polytropic process can be determined from
 2
𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑊𝑏 = ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = =
1−𝑛 1−𝑛
1

(5𝑘𝑔)(0.2968 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(360 − 250)𝐾

𝑊𝑏 = = −408𝑘𝐽
1 − 1.4
Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input).

2-16 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.4 kg of nitrogen gas at 160 kPa and
140oC. The nitrogen is now expanded isothermally to a pressure of 100 kPa.
Determine the boundary work done during this process.
SOLUTION A piston-cylinder device contains nitrogen gas at a specified state. The
boundary work is to be determined for the isothermal expansion of nitrogen.
Properties The properties of nitrogen are R = 0.2968 kJ/kg.K , k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).
Analysis We first determine initial and final volumes from ideal gas relation, and find
the boundary work using the relation for isothermal expansion of an ideal gas

𝑚𝑅𝑇 (0.4𝑘𝑔)(0.2968 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(140 + 273𝐾)

𝑉1 = = = 0.3064𝑚3
𝑃1 160𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑅𝑇 (0.4𝑘𝑔)(0.2968 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(140 + 273𝐾)
𝑉2 = = = 0.4903𝑚3
𝑃2 100𝑘𝑃𝑎
2 𝑉2 0.4903𝑚3
𝑊𝑏 = ∫1 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln 𝑊𝑏 = (160𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.3064𝑚3 )ln( ) = 23𝑘𝐽
𝑉1 0.3064𝑚3
2-17 A piston–cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350oC.
The air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed
polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and
finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state. Determine the
boundary work for each process and the network of the cycle.

SOLUTION

A piston-cylinder device contains air gas at a specified state. The air undergoes a
cycle with three processes. The boundary work for each process and the network of
the cycle are to be determined.

Properties The properties of air are R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K , k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).

Analysis For the isothermal expansion process:

𝑚𝑅𝑇 (0.15𝑘𝑔)(0.287 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(350 + 273𝐾)

𝑉1 = = = 0.01341𝑚3
𝑃1 (2000𝑘𝑃𝑎)

𝑚𝑅𝑇 (0.15𝑘𝑔)(0.287 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)(350 + 273𝐾)

𝑉2 = = = 0.05364𝑚3
𝑃2 (500𝑘𝑃𝑎)

𝑉2 3
0.05364𝑚3
𝑊𝑏,1−2 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln( ) = (2000𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.01341𝑚 )ln( ) = 37.18𝑘𝐽
𝑉1 0.01341𝑚3

For the polytropic compression process: 𝑃2 𝑉2𝑛 = 𝑃3 𝑉3𝑛

(500𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.05364𝑚3 )1.2 = (2000𝑘𝑃𝑎)𝑉31.2

𝑉3 = 0.0169𝑚3

𝑃3 𝑉3 − 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑊𝑏,2−3 =
1−𝑛
(2000𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.0169𝑚3 ) − (500𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.05364𝑚3 )
𝑊𝑏,2−3 = = −34.86𝑘𝐽
1 − 1.2
For the constant pressure compression process:

𝑊𝑏,3−1 = 𝑃3 (𝑉1 − 𝑉3 ) = (2000𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.01341 − 0.0169)𝑚3 = −6.97𝑘𝐽

The net work for the cycle is the sum of the works for each process

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑏,1−2 + 𝑊𝑏,2−3 + 𝑊𝑏,3−1 = 37.18 + (−34.86) + (−6.97) = −4.65𝑘𝐽

2-18 1-kg of water that is initially at 90oC with a quality of 10 percent occupies a
spring-loaded piston–cylinder device, such as that in the figure below. This
device is now heated until the pressure rises to 800 kPa and the temperature is
250oC. Determine the total work produced during this process, in kJ.

SOLUTION

A saturated water mixture contained in a spring-loaded piston-cylinder device is

heated until the pressure and temperature rises to specified values. The work done
during this process is to be determined.

Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium.

Analysis The initial state is saturated mixture at 90oC. The pressure and the specific
volume at this state are (Table A-4),

𝑃1 = 70.183𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝜐1 = 𝜐𝑓 + 𝑥𝜐𝑓𝑔

𝜐1 = 0.001036 + (0.1)(2.3593 − 0.001036) = 0.23686 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

The final specific volume at 800 kPa and 250°C is (Table A-6) 𝜐2 = 0.29321 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

Since this is a linear process, the work done is equal to the area under the process line
𝑃 +𝑃
1-2: 𝑊𝑏 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1 2 𝑚(𝜐2 − 𝜐1 )
2

(70.183 + 800)𝑘𝑃𝑎 1𝑘𝐽

𝑊𝑏 = (1𝑘𝑔)(0.29321 − 0.23686)𝑚3 ( ) = 24.52𝑘𝐽
2 1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3

2-19 0.75-kg water that is initially at 0.5 MPa and 30 percent quality occupies a
spring-loaded piston–cylinder device. This device is now cooled until the water
is a saturated liquid at 100oC. Calculate the total work produced during this
process, in kJ.
SOLUTION A saturated water mixture contained in a spring-loaded piston-cylinder
device is cooled until it is saturated liquid at a specified temperature. The work
done during this process is to be determined.
Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium.
Analysis The initial state is saturated mixture at 0.5 MPa. The specific
volume at this state is (Table A-5),

𝜐1 = 𝜐𝑓 + 𝑥𝜐𝑓𝑔 𝜐1 = 0.001093 + (0.3)(0.37483 − 0.001093) = 0.11321 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

The final state is saturated liquid at 100oC (Table A-4) 𝑃2 = 101.42𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝜐2 = 𝜐𝑓 = 0.001043 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

Since this is a linear process, the work done is equal to the area under the process line
𝑃 +𝑃
1-2: 𝑊𝑏 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1 2 𝑚(𝜐2 − 𝜐1 )
2

(500 + 101.42)𝑘𝑃𝑎 1𝑘𝐽

𝑊𝑏 = (0.75𝑘𝑔)(0.001043 − 0.11321)𝑚3 ( )
2 1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
𝑊𝑏 = −25.3𝑘𝐽

The negative sign shows that the work is

done on the system in the amount of 25.3
kJ

2-20 A piston–cylinder device contains 50 kg of water at 250 kPa and 25oC. The
cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.1 m2. Heat is now transferred to the water,
causing part of it to evaporate and expand. When the volume reaches 0.2 m3, the
piston reaches a linear spring whose spring constant is 100 kN/m. More heat is
transferred to the water until the piston rises 20 cm more. Determine (a) the final
pressure and temperature and (b) the work done during this process. Also, show
the process on a P-V diagram.

SOLUTION Water in a cylinder equipped with a spring is heated and evaporated.

The vapor expands until it compresses the spring 20 cm. The final pressure and
temperature, and the boundary work done are to be determined, and the process is to
be shown on a P- V diagram.

Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium.

Analysis (a) The final pressure is determined from

𝐹𝑠 𝑘𝑥 (100𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚)(0.2𝑚) 1𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃3 = 𝑃2 + = 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = (250𝑘𝑃𝑎) + ( ) = 450𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝐴 0.1𝑚2 1𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

The specific and total volumes at the three states are

𝐴𝑡𝑇1 = 25𝑜 𝐶, 𝑃1 = 250𝑘𝑃𝑎 → 𝜐1 = 𝜐𝑓@25𝐶 = 0.001003 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

𝑉1 = 𝑚𝜐1 = (50𝑘𝑔)(0.001003 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔) = 0.05𝑚3

𝑉2 = 0.2𝑚3

𝑉3 = 𝑉2 + 𝑥23 𝐴𝑝 = (0.2𝑚3 ) + (0.2𝑚)(0.1𝑚2 ) = 0.22𝑚3

𝑉3 0.22𝑚3
𝜐3 = = = 0.0044 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔
𝑚 50𝑘𝑔

At 450 kPa, υf = 0.001088 m3/kg and υg = 0.41392 m3/kg. Noting that υf < υ3 < υg ,
the final state is a saturated mixture and thus the final temperature is
T3 = Tsat @ 450 kPa = 147.9oC

(b) The pressure remains constant during process 1-2 and changes linearly (a straight
line) during process 2-3. Then the boundary work during this process is simply the
total area under the process curve,

𝑃2 + 𝑃3
𝑊𝑏 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑃1 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) + (𝑉3 − 𝑉2 )
2
(250 + 450)𝑘𝑃𝑎 1𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑏 = ((250𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.2 − 0.05)𝑚3 + (0.22 − 0.2)𝑚3 )( )
2 1𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
𝑊𝑏 = 44.5𝑘𝐽

Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output).