TE 223-Lec 11 (Heat Conduction) - Final

TE 223: Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Lecture notes on
Heat conduction equation
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 1
Steady versus Transient heat transfer
 The driving force for any form of heat transfer is the temperature difference;
the larger the temperature difference, the larger the rate of heat transfer.
 Some engineering problems require the determination of the temperature

distribution (the variation of temperature) throughout the medium in order to
calculate some quantities of interests such as local heat transfer ate,
thermal expansion, thermal stress at some critical locations at specified
times.
 The specification of the temperature at a point in a medium first requires the

specification of the location of that point. This can be done by choosing a
suitable coordinate system such as the rectangular, cylindrical or spherical
coordinates, depending on the geometry involved and a convenient
reference point (the origin)
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan (AUST) Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 2
 The location of a point is specified as 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in rectangular coordinates as

𝑟, 𝜑, 𝑧 in cylindrical coordinates and as 𝑟, 𝜑, 𝜃 in spherical coordinates.
 The temperature at a point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 at time 𝑡 in rectangular coordinates is
expressed as 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
 The best coordinate system for a given geometry is the one that describes
the surface of the geometry best.
 A parallelepiped is best described in rectangular coordinates since each
surface can be described by a constant value of the
𝑥−, 𝑦−, or 𝑧 −coordinates.
 A cylindrical is best suited for cylindrical coordinate since its lateral surface
can be described by a constant value of the radius.
 A spherical body can be best described by a spherical coordinate.
 For an arbitrary shaped body, we normally use rectangular coordinates

since it is easier to deal with distance than with angles.
Steady: implies no change with time at any point within medium
Transient: implies variation with time or time dependent.
Multidimensional Heat Transfer
Heat transfer problems are also classified as:
1. One-dimensional
2. Two-dimensional
3. Three-dimensional
Consider a cold canned drink left on a dinner table. Would you model
the heat transfer to the drinks as one, two or three dimensional? Would
the heat transfer be steady or transient? Also, which coordinate system
would you use to solve this problem and where would you place the
origin? Explain.
Heat transfer to a canned drink can be
modeled as two-dimensional since
temperature difference will exist in the radial
and axial directions.
This would be a transient heat transfer
process since the temperature at any point
within the drink will change with time.
We would use cylindrical coordinate system to solve this problem
since cylinder is best described by cylindrical coordinates.
We would place the origin somewhere on the center line, possibly at
the center of the bottom surface.
Consider a round potato being baked in an oven. Would you model the heat
transfer to the potato as one, two or three dimensional? Would the heat
transfer be steady or transient? Also, which coordinate system would you use
to solve this problem and where would you place the origin? Explain.
Can be modeled as one-dimensional since
temperature differences will exist in the radial
direction only because of symmetry about the
center point.
Transient heat transfer process since the
temperature at any point within the potato will
change with time during cooking.
Use the spherical coordinate system to solve this problem since the entire
outer surface of a spherical body can be described by a constant value of the
radius in spherical coordinates.
We would place the origin at the center of the potato.
Consider an egg being cooked in boiling water in a pan. Would you model the
heat transfer to the egg as one, two or three dimensional? Would the heat
transfer be steady or transient? Also, which coordinate system would you use
to solve this problem and where would you place the origin? Explain.
Can be modeled as one-dimensional since
temperature differences will exist in the radial
direction only because of symmetry about the
center point.
Transient heat transfer process since the
temperature at any point within the potato will
change with time during cooking.
Use the spherical coordinate system to solve this problem since the entire
outer surface of a spherical body can be described by a constant value of the
radius in spherical coordinates.
We would place the origin at the center of the egg.
Heat generation
• A medium through which heat is conducted may involve the conversion of
mechanical, electrical, nuclear or chemical energy into heat (thermal
energy). In heat conduction analysis, such conversion processes are
characterized as heat (or thermal energy) generation
• Heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon. It occurs throughout the body
of a medium. Therefore, the rate of heat generation in a medium is specified
per unit volume and is denoted by 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛ሶ , whose unit is W/m3
• The rate of heat generation in a medium may vary with time as well as
position within the medium. When the variation of heat generation with
position is known, the total rate of heat generation in a medium of volume V
can be determined from
𝐸ሶ𝑔𝑒𝑛 = න 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 𝑑𝑉 (𝑊)
𝑉
• In the special case of uniform heat generation, as the case of electric
resistance heating throughout a homogeneous material, the above relation
reduces to 𝐸ሶ𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 𝑉, where 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ is the constant rate of heat generation
per unit volume.
Example problem-1
In a nuclear reactor, heat is generated uniformly in the 5-cm diameter
cylindrical uranium rods at a rate of 7107 W/m3. if the length of the rods is 1
m, determine the rate of heat generation in each rod.
Solution:
0.05 2
𝐸ሶ𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 𝜋𝐷 2 /4 𝐿 = 7 × 107 × 𝜋 × × 1 = 137 𝐾𝑊
4
Example problem-2
In a solar pond, the absorption of solar energy can be modeled as heat
generation and can be approximated by 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛 ሶ = 𝑒ሶ𝑜 𝑒 −𝑏𝑥 where 𝑒ሶ𝑜 is the
rate of heat absorption at the top surface per unit volume and 𝑏 is a
constant. Obtain a relation for the total rate of heat generation in a
water layer of surface area 𝐴 and thickness 𝐿 at the top of the pond.
𝑥=𝐿 −𝑏𝑥 𝐿
𝑒 𝐴𝑒ሶ0 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝐿 )
𝐸ሶ𝑔𝑒𝑛 = න 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝑒ሶ0 𝑒 −𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒ሶ0 =
𝑉 𝑥=0 −𝑏 0
𝑏
Example problem-3
Consider a large 3-cm thick stainless steel plate in which heat is
generated uniformly at a rate of 5 × 106 W/m3. Assuming the plate is
losing heat from both sides, determine the heat flux on the surface of
the plate during steady operation.
Solution:
𝐸ሶ𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 𝐴 × 𝐿 = 5 × 106 × 1 × 0.03 = 1.5 × 105 W
Note that this heat will dissipated from both sides of the plate.
Therefore, the heat flux on either surface of the plate is
𝐸ሶ𝑔𝑒𝑛 1.5 × 105 𝑊 𝑘𝑊
𝑞ሶ = = = 75000 2 = 75 2
𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 2×1 𝑚 𝑚
One dimensional heat conduction equation
Assumptions:
• Heat conduction through a large plane wall such as wall of a house
• The glass of a single pane window
• The metal plate at the bottom of a pressing iron
• A cast iron stem pipe
• A cylindrical nuclear fuel element
• An electrical resistance wire
• The wall of a spherical container or a spherical metal ball that is being
quenched or tempered.
• Heat conduction in these and many other geometries can be approximated
as being one-dimensional since heat conduction through these geometries
is dominant in one direction and negligible in other directions.
Thermal efficiency
Consider a thin element of thickness ∆𝑥 in a
large plane wall.
Assuming that
𝜌 is the density of the wall
𝑐 is the specific heat
𝐴 is the area of the wall normal to the direction
of heat transfer.
An energy balance of this thin element during a small time interval ∆𝑡 can be
expressed as
Thermal efficiency
But the change in the energy content of the element and the rate of heat
generation within the element can be expressed as:
Substituting yields:
Dividing by 𝐴∆𝑥 gives:
Taking the limit as ∆𝑥 → 0 and ∆𝑡 → 0 yields
Thermal conductivity of most practical applications can be assumed to remain
constant at some average value. Hence, the heat conduction equation reduces
to:
where the property 𝑘/𝜌𝑐 is the thermal diffusivity of the material and represents
how fast heat propagates through a material. Under specified conditions:
Heat conduction equation in a long cylinder
Consider a thin cylinder shell element of
thickness ∆𝑟 in a long cylinder. Assume that:
𝜌 is the density of the cylinder
𝑐 is the specific heat
𝐿 is the length
𝑟 is the radius of the cylinder
The area of the cylinder normal to the direction
of heat transfer at any location is 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
The heat transfer area 𝐴 depends on 𝑟 in this
case and thus it varies with location
An energy balance of this thin cylindrical element during a small time interval
∆𝑡 can be expressed as
The change in the energy content of the element and the rate of heat
generation within the element can be expressed as
Substituting yields:
Dividing by 𝐴∆𝑟 gives:
Taking the limit as ∆𝑟 → 0 and ∆𝑡 → 0 yields
For the case of constant thermal conductivity:
Heat conduction equation in a sphere
Example problem-4
Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its
simplest form as
𝜕 2 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
2
=
𝜕𝑥 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
(i) Is heat transfer steady or transient?
(ii) Is heat transfer one, two or three dimensional?
(iii) Is there heat generation in the medium?
(iv) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable?
Solution:
𝜕
(i) Heat transfer is transient ( since ≠ 0)
𝜕𝑡
(ii) It is one dimensional
(iii) No heat generation since 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛ሶ =0
(iv) The thermal conductivity is constant
Example problem-5
Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its
simplest form as
1𝑑 𝑑𝑇
𝑟𝑘 + 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
(i) Is heat transfer steady or transient?
(ii) Is heat transfer one, two or three dimensional?
(iii) Is there heat generation in the medium?
(iv) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable?
Solution:
𝜕
(i) Heat transfer is steady ( since = 0)
𝜕𝑡
(ii) It is one dimensional
(iii) There is heat generation since 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ ≠0
(iv) The thermal conductivity is variable
Example problem-6
Consider a solid cylindrical rod of length 0.15 m and diameter 0.05 m. The
top and bottom surfaces of the rod are maintained at constant temperatures
of 200C and 950C, respectively, while the side surface is perfectly insulated.
Determine the rate of heat transfer through the rod if it is made of (i) copper
k=380 W/m0C, (ii) steel, k=18 W/m0C, and (iii) granite, k=1.2 W/m0C
Steady heat conduction
• The wall surface is isothermal, that is, the
temperature at the top and bottom of a wall
surface as well as the right and left ends are
almost the same.
• No heat transfer through the wall from the top to
the bottom or from left to right
• Significant heat transfer in the direction from the
inner surface to the outer surface due to
considerable temperature difference between the
two.
• The small thickness of the wall causes the
temperature gradient in that direction to be
larger.
• If the air temperature inside and outside the
house remain constant, then the heat transfer
can be modeled as steady and one dimensional.
• The temperature of the wall depends on one
direction only (say 𝑥 direction) and can be
expressed as 𝑇(𝑥)
The energy balance for the wall:
𝑑𝐸
For steady operation, 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0. the rate of heat transfer into the wall must be
𝑑𝑡
equal to the rate of heat transfer out of it. In other word, the rate of heat
transfer through the wall must be constant, 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
Consider a plane wall of thickness 𝐿 and average
thermal conductivity 𝑘. The two surfaces of the wall
are maintained at constant temperature of 𝑇1 and 𝑇2.
The Fourier's law of heat conduction for the wall can
be expressed as
𝑑𝑇
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇
=constant, indicating that the temperature through
𝑑𝑥
the wall varies linearly with x. Under steady state
conditions, the temperature distribution is a straight
line.
Integrating the above equation from 𝑥 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 0 = 𝑇1 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 =

𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 𝐿 = 𝑇2
𝐿 𝑇2
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
ሶ ሶ
න 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑇 ≫≫ 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝐴 (𝑊)
𝑥=0 𝑇=𝑇 𝐿
1
The rate of heat conduction through a plane wall is proportional to the

average thermal conductivity, the wall area, and the temperature
difference but is inversely proportional to the wall thickness.
Thermal Resistance concept
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝐴 = =
𝐿 𝐿ൗ𝑘𝐴 𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐿
where 𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (𝐾/𝑊) is the thermal resistance of the wall against heat
𝑘𝐴
conduction or simply conduction resistance of the wall.
• Thermal resistance of a medium depends on the geometry and the thermal
properties of the medium.
∆𝑇
• Thermal resistance can also be expressed as 𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = , which is
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
the ratio of the driving potential ∆𝑇 to the corresponding transfer rate
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
Thermal Resistance concept
Electric current flow I can be expressed as
𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝐼=
𝑅𝑒
where 𝑅𝑒 = 𝐿ൗ𝜎𝑒 𝐴 is the electrical resistance,
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 is the voltage difference across the
resistance and 𝜎𝑒 is the electrical
conductivity
Thus the rate of heat transfer through a layer corresponds to the electric
current, the thermal resistance corresponds to electrical resistance, and the
temperature difference corresponds to voltage difference across the layer.
Thermal Resistance concept-convection
The rate of convection heat transfer
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
ሶ
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = = (𝑊)
1 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
ℎ𝐴𝑠
where 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 1ൗℎ𝐴𝑠 is the convection resistance of the surface
Thermal Resistance concept-radiation
When the wall is surrounded by a gas, the radiation effects need to be
considered.
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
4 = ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑠 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ) = (𝑊)
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑
where 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1ൗℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐴𝑠 is the radiation resistance of the surface and hrad is the
radiation heat transfer coefficient.
Thermal resistance network
Thermal resistance network-Multilayer Plane Walls
Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks
The thermal resistance concept or the electrical analogy can also be used to
solve steady heat transfer problems that involve parallel layers or combined
series-parallel arrangements.
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 1 1 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄ሶ = 𝑄ሶ 1 +𝑄ሶ 2 = + = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 + =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks
𝑇1 − 𝑇∞
𝑄ሶ =
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
1 1
where 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅12 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = + + 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 1
𝑅1 = ;𝑅 = ;𝑅 = ;𝑅 =
𝑘1 𝐴1 2 𝑘2 𝐴2 3 𝑘3 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ℎ𝐴3
Example problem-7
• What does the thermal resistance of a medium represent?
• How does the thermal resistance network associated with a single-layer

plane wall differ from the one associated with a five-layer composite wall?
Example problem-8
Consider a 3 m high , 6 m wide and 0.3 m thick brick wall whose thermal
conductivity is k=0.8 W/m.0C. On a certain day, the temperatures of the inner
and the outer surfaces of the wall are measured to be 140C and 20C,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss through the wall on that day?
Example problem-9
A 1m×1.5 m double pane window consists of two 4 mm thick layers of glass
(k=0.78 W/m.0K) that are the separated by a 5 mm air gap (kair=0.025 W/m.K).
The heat flow through the air gap is assumed to be by conduction. The inside
and outside air temperatures are 200C and -200C, respectively, and the inside
and outside heat transfer coefficients are 40 and 20 W/m2.K Determine (i) the
daily rate of heat loss through the window in steady operation and (ii) the
temperature difference across the largest thermal resistance
Example problem-10
Consider a 1.2 m high and 2 m wide glass window whose thickness is 6 mm
and thermal conductivity is k=0.78 W/m.0C. Determine the steady rate of heat
transfer through this glass window and the temperature of tis inner surface for
a day during which the room is maintained at 240C while the temperature of
the outdoors is -50C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner
and outer surfaces of the window to be h1=10 W/m2.0C, and h2=25 W/m2.0C,
and disregard any heat transfer by radiation
Example problem-11
Consider a 1.2 m high and 2 m wide double pane glass window consisting of
two 3 mm thick layers of glass (k=0.78 W/m.0C) separated by a 12 mm wide
stagnant air space. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this
double pane window and the temperature of tis inner surface for a day during
which the room is maintained at 240C while the temperature of the outdoors is
-50C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer
surfaces of the window to be h1=10 W/m2.0C, and h2=25 W/m2.0C, and
disregard any heat transfer by radiation
Next lecture
• Fluid Mechanics
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 44

TE 223-Lec 11 (Heat Conduction) - Final

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TE 223: Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

 Some engineering problems require the determination of the temperature

 The specification of the temperature at a point in a medium first requires the

 The location of a point is specified as 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in rectangular coordinates as

 A spherical body can be best described by a spherical coordinate.

 For an arbitrary shaped body, we normally use rectangular coordinates

Transient: implies variation with time or time dependent.

Dividing by 𝐴∆𝑥 gives:

Dividing by 𝐴∆𝑟 gives:

For the case of constant thermal conductivity:

Integrating the above equation from 𝑥 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 0 = 𝑇1 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 =

The rate of heat conduction through a plane wall is proportional to the

• How does the thermal resistance network associated with a single-layer

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