Heat

Transfer
BY: ENGR. RAY H. MALONJAO
 Steady State and Unsteady State Heat Transfer

• The term steady implies no change with • If the purpose of a heat

time at any point within the medium, transfer analysis of a
while transient implies variation with house is to determine the
time or time dependence. Therefore, proper size of a heater,
the temperature or heat flux remains which is usually the case,
unchanged with time during steady heat we need to know the
transfer through a medium at any maximum rate of heat
location. loss from the house,
• Most heat transfer problems which is determined by
encountered in practice are transient in considering the heat loss
nature, but they are usually analyzed from the house under
under some presumed steady worst conditions for an
conditions since steady processes are extended period of time,
easier to analyze, and they provide the that is, during steady
answers to our questions. operation under worst
conditions.

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

 One-dimensional, Two-dimensional, or
Three-dimensional Heat Transfer
• In the most general case, heat transfer through a medium is three-dimensional. That is, the temperature
varies along all three primary directions within the medium during the heat transfer process. The
temperature distribution throughout the medium at a specified time as well as the heat transfer rate at
any location in this general case can be described by a set of three coordinates such as the
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 in the rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system; the 𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 in the cylindrical
coordinate system; and the 𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 in the spherical (or polar) coordinate system. The temperature
distribution in this case is expressed as T(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡), T(𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑧, 𝑡), and T(𝑟, 𝜙, 𝜃, 𝑡) in the respective
coordinate systems

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

 One-dimensional, Two-dimensional, or
Three-dimensional Heat Transfer
• The temperature in • A heat transfer
a medium, in some problem is said to
cases, varies be one-
mainly in two dimensional if the
primary directions, temperature in the
and the variation medium varies in
of temperature in one direction only
the third direction and thus heat is
(and thus heat transferred in one
transfer in that direction, and the
direction) is variation of
negligible. A heat temperature and
transfer problem in thus heat transfer
that case is said to in other directions
be two- are negligible or
dimensional. zero.

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

 One-dimensional, Two-dimensional, or
Three-dimensional Heat Transfer

• Most engineering materials are

isotropic in nature, and thus they
have the same properties in all
directions. For such materials we
do not need to be concerned
about the variation of properties
with direction. But in anisotropic
materials such as the fibrous or
composite materials, the
properties may change with
direction.

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

 Heat Generation

• A medium through which heat is

conducted may involve the
conversion of electrical, nuclear, or
chemical energy into heat (or
thermal) energy. In heat conduction
analysis, such conversion processes
are characterized as heat
generation. For example, the
temperature of a resistance wire
rises rapidly when electric current
passes through it as a result of the
electrical energy being converted to
heat at a rate of 𝐼2 𝑅, where I is the
current and R is the electrical
resistance of the wire.

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

 Heat Generation

• Note that heat generation is a volumetric

phenomenon. That is, it occurs throughout
the body of a medium. Therefore, the rate
of heat generation in a medium is usually
specified per unit volume and is denoted
by 𝑔ሶ , whose unit is 𝑊Τ𝑚3 or 𝐵𝑡𝑢ൗℎ·𝑓𝑡 3 The
• In the special case of uniform heat generation,
rate of heat generation in a medium may as in the case of electric resistance heating
vary with time as well as position within throughout a homogeneous material, the relation
the medium. When the variation of heat in the equation above reduces to 𝐺ሶ = 𝑔ሶ · 𝑉,
generation with position is known, the total where 𝑔ሶ is the constant rate of heat generation
rate of heat generation in a medium of per unit volume.
volume V can be determined from,

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

 Examples

• Example1: Heat Generation in a Hair Dryer • The rate of heat generation in the wire per unit
volume is determined by dividing the total rate
• The resistance wire of a 1200-W hair dryer is of heat generation by the volume of the wire,
80 𝑐𝑚 long and has a diameter of 𝐷 = 0.3 𝑐𝑚 as
shown in the figure. Determine the rate of heat
generation in the wire per unit volume, in
𝑊/𝑐𝑚3 , and the heat flux on the outer surface
of the wire as a result of this heat generation.

• Similarly, heat flux on the outer surface of the

wire as a result of this heat generation is
determined by dividing the total rate of heat
generation by the surface area of the wire,

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane walls

• There will be no heat transfer in a direction in which there is no change

in temperature. Temperature measurements at several locations on the
inner or outer wall surface will confirm that a wall surface is nearly
isothermal. That is, the temperatures at the top and bottom of a wall
surface as well as at the right or left ends are almost the same.
Therefore, there will be no heat transfer through the wall from the top to
the bottom, or from left to right, but there will be considerable
temperature difference between the inner and the outer surfaces of the
wall, and thus significant heat transfer in the direction from the inner
surface to the outer one.
• Noting that heat transfer is the only energy interaction involved in this
case and there is no heat generation, the energy balance for the wall
can be expressed as,

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane walls

• Consider a plane wall of • Separating the variables in the

thickness L and average above equation and integrating from
thermal conductivity k. 𝑥 = 0, where 𝑇 0 = 𝑇1, to 𝑥 = 𝐿,
The two surfaces of the where 𝑇 𝐿 = 𝑇2, we get
wall are maintained at
constant temperatures of
𝑇1 and 𝑇2 . For one-
dimensional steady heat
conduction through the • Performing the integrations and
wall, we have T(x). Then rearranging gives
Fourier’s law of heat
conduction for the wall
can be expressed as

• Which is identical to,

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao