SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MARGINALIZING WOMEN IN LAND

OWNERSHIP IN KIMALEL LOCATION, BARINGO COUNTY.

KIPRUTO MAUREEN JEBET B110/0184/2017

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND LAND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ,SCHOOL OF
ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, SOUTH
EASTERN KENYA UNIVERSITY.

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this proposal is my original work and that it has never been presented for an
award of any degree at South Eastern Kenya University.

Name: KIPRUTO MAUREEN JEBET.

Signature: _________________________________

Date: ______________________________________

SUPERVISOR

This work has been carried out under my supervision;

Signature: __________________________________

Date: _______________________________________

Dr. HARUN KIRUKI,

School of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South Eastern Kenya University.

1
ABSTRACT

Despite the efforts and strategies geared towards women in realizing property rights in terms of
Empowerment, participation, and decision making in the global context today many African
societies are still characterized by social economic and political inequalities between men and
women. This situation is worse in Kenya’s rural areas where women land rights are violated as
result of culture being regarded as a daily routine that provide the basis and ways in which land
is owned and distributed .This study focuses on women and land ownership rights .It has
articulated some reasons to why women land rights has not been fully realized. The main
objective of the study is to examine the barriers and socio-economic consequences experienced
by women due to their limited access and ownership to land. Whereas other specific objectives
are to identify the factor affecting access to and control of land by women in Kimalel location,
Baringo county ,to determine the socio-economic impacts on women due to their limited
ownership and access to land and to establish the awareness of women on relevant land laws
which bequeath them equal access to rights as men. The collection of data will involve
interviews and focus group discussions.

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Table of Contents

DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................................1
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................2
LIST OF ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................................4
LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background information..................................................................................................................6
1.2 Problem statement.............................................................................................................................7
1.3 OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................................8
1.3.1Main objective.............................................................................................................................8
1.3.2 Specific objectives....................................................................................................................8
1.4 Research questions............................................................................................................................9
1.5 Justification.......................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Background and General overview..................................................................................................10
2.2 Factors Affecting Access To and Control of Land by women.........................................................11
2.3 The Socio-Economic Impacts on Women Due To Their Limited Access to Land...........................12
2.4 Strategies Employed By Women to Access Land to Empower Themselves....................................14
2.5 Are Women Aware Of Their Rights Pertaining Access To Land?...................................................15
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................17
3.2Area of study......................................................................................................................................17
Figure 1.1: The location of the study area in Baringo County, Kenya...................................................18
3.3 Target Population............................................................................................................................18
3.4 Research Design..............................................................................................................................18
3.5 Selection of respondents..................................................................................................................18
3.6 Data Collection Instruments............................................................................................................18
3.6.1 Interviews.................................................................................................................................19

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 3.6.2 Focus Groups Discussion..........................................................................................................19
3.7 Data Analysis Methods....................................................................................................................19
3.8 Validity of the Instruments..............................................................................................................19
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................20
APPENDIX 1.INTERVIEW SCHEDULE................................................................................................21
APPENDIX 2: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION GUIDE..........................................................................24
APPENDIX 3. BUDGET..........................................................................................................................25
APPENDIX 4.WORK PLAN....................................................................................................................26

4
LIST OF ACRONYMS

FAO Food and agricultural organization

GDP Gross Domestic product
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programmed
FIDA International Federation Of Women Lawyers

SDG Sustainable Development Goals

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
GDI Gross Development income

5
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 the location of the study area in Baringo county,

Kenya…………………………………….18

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1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background information

Women’s access to land and property is necessary for economic empowerment. The term
‘access’ can be defined as the ability to derive benefit from material objects such as persons,
properties and institutions and their respective histories that shapes benefit flows. The term
access to land means the power of women to acquire property rights through various ways, the
right to use as well as decide how to use the land and enjoy its produce (e.g. crops, timber,
income) (FAO 2006).Access to land also includes the right to exclude persons from the land, the
right to transfer the land rights to members of the family and non-family through gift, selling or
renting. It is essential in promoting equality between men and women. It serves as a base for
food production and income generation. The main aim of this research is to examine how well
Kenya’s new Community Land Act, 2016 lay a foundation of majority rural land security. The
unequal access to land by women is a key hindrance towards economic empowerment in Baringo
County since most women are responsible for food production yet they rarely own the land to
work on. They are also not involved in making decisions and control over how to use the land.
Access to land is regulated by customary laws in Baringo which does not grant gender equality
in access to land. The operation of the country’s laws, government policies reveals that women
are marginalized, neglected, and discriminated in the distribution of economic resources.
Currently, 85% of all women live in the rural areas hence contributing to rural economy.
Women’s economic well-being depends largely on their rights in marriage, divorce and
inheritance and their rights to land ownership have increasingly been neglected.

In most African countries including Kenya, farming is the main economic activity and ownership
and access to land is necessary whereby women are able to guarantee family food requirements
so as to reduce hunger and malnutrition. Most women in Baringo county practice small scale
production and their roles in farming activities has recently increased due to migration to rural
areas and business-related activities. African communities value land as their permanent asset.

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1.2 Problem statement
The Constitution of Kenya guarantees equity in land ownership and inheritance rights to all
Kenyans (Republic of Kenya, 2010). Women are allowed to inherit, buy, and sell land as they
wish. However, ownership of land by women is restricted by customs. Whenever they ask for it,
the community reminds them that they were only brought to take care of what the family has
acquired (Harrington, A., & Chopra, T. 2010). Although most married women are the ones who
spend most of their time in the farms to derive income, they do not have full control of their
products as their husbands are the determinants on what has to be done on the land.

Since women are not allowed to access the land, they rarely access various resources for
development and even when they are able to acquire assets before the consent of their husbands.
Thus, their central position in economic production, contrasts with the systematic discrimination
they face (often reinforced by culture, customs, conventions and law) in land ownership and
control over basic assets needed (Daley et al, 2010).Most a time therefore women especially
during divorce and separation or death were left with so little and in some cases nothing at all in
that they had no right to access or own land at all or even a house. Additionally women are
obligated to take care of their children and often during the case of separation, divorce or even
death the father offered no support for the kids at all this drove them to total poverty rendering
the mother helpless to an extent she cannot provide food or support their education.

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1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1Main objective
This research aims at investigating women’s access to land in Kimalel location, where
customary customary land systems strongly exists. The main objective of this study is to
examine the barriers and socio-economic consequences experienced by women due to their
limited access and ownership to land.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

1. To identify the factor affecting access to and control of land by women in Kimalel location,
Baringo county.

2. To determine the socio-economic impacts on women due to their limited ownership and
access to land.

3. To establish the awareness of women on relevant land laws which bequeath them equal access
to rights as men.

4. To identify the coping strategies employed by women to access land to empower themselves.

9
1.4 Research questions
1. What are the factors affecting access and control of land by women in Kimalel location in
Baringo county?

2. What are the socio-economic impacts on women due to their limited access to land?

3. Are women aware of their rights to land ownership?

4. What are the coping strategies in increasing women’s access to land under the current land
tenure?

1.5 Justification

The study seeks to ensure that women’s property rights are improved by ensuring that both men
and women have equal rights to access and inherit land in Kimalel location .This will also ensure
that women carry out their roles and income earning in a better way since women play a major
role in agriculture, food processing and collection of water and firewood .It will also help in
solving domestic violence.

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2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Background and General overview

Globally, women make up the majority of the poor and lack access to resources and
opportunities for the support of their livelihood. The major reason for this is the worldwide
discrimination against women in terms of social opportunities. Women are often denied access
and control over land.

In Africa, there are still inadequate provisions for women to own land independently of their
husbands and male relatives. There is increasing interest in several African countries in
documenting customary laws (Land Act, 1998). Statutory law do not provide for women’s right
to ownership of land. In traditional societies, women’s direct access to land through purchase or
inheritance is limited yet they are mostly the ones who manage the land since they are the major
household food producers, customary provisions for indirect access to land in terms of use is
acquired through kinship relationships and their status as wives, mothers, sisters and daughters.

As the world celebrates International women’s day, women in Kenya still face obstacles in
owning and using land and property .In Baringo County, women are not allowed to own and
access land. Since most of the land in Kimalel location is communally owned, women do not
have any right to access the land since they are considered as children and only men have the
right to own and make decisions on the use of land

According to hierarchical theory Amartya Sen (1999), freedom is equal to development, in

which case Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is not an ultimate goal, but rather the freedoms
associated with it. On the basis of this context therefore, restrictions on owning property, saving
or borrowing, or making labor contracts would qualify as disincentives to growth, while freedom
to exercise these activities would be associated with economic growth. Thus gender inequality,
considered as a hierarchical view of gender relations, with men above women, and women
regarded as inferior and less valuable by virtue of their sex, is growth retarding (Mikkola 2005).

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Mikkola (2005) further argues that Gender hierarchy shows in family, inheritance laws and
customs, valuations of women’s work as opposed to men’s work, and the power to make
decisions in society, family, church, and social networks. It shows in the opportunities available
for development, education, health, and nutrition.

2.2 Factors Affecting Access To and Control of Land by women

Property rights are only a first step towards greater autonomy for rural women (Jacobs, 2004).
For example, property rights for women are worth having despite many problems related to their
provision and enforcement. Women farmers control the majority of smallholder agriculture,
which employs about 70% of the labor force. Women do 80% of the agricultural work and yet
the majority of them have no legal rights to the same land Njuguna & Baya, (1999). While the
written laws do not discriminate against women in matters dealing with rights in land, a number
of customary laws and traditions discriminate against women when it comes to inheritance rights
to land. Under customary land law for instance, women generally have inferior land rights
relative to men, and their access to land is indirect and insecure. Traditional provisions which
used to protect women's land use rights have been eroded over time. Women are usually given
only the rights of use over landed property. In the land adjudication process, for example, the
land adjudication committee (male dominated), have greatly continued to discriminate against
women by allocating land to heads of households who are usually male.

Rights of such rural women tend to be very insecure as they are repeatedly not clearly defined or
documented and also tend to be subject to change, are of uncertain duration and are often subject
to the maintenance of good relations between the parties involved (Hilhorst 2000) Gender
inequalities are worrying across many dimensions of societal life including social, economic and
political institutions. The UN recognized that gender inequality resulting from women’s low
status persist in all societies although the extent of the gap varies across countries, cultures and
time. “Women, who comprise half the world's population, do two thirds of the world's work,
earn one tenth of the world's income and own one hundredth of the world's property” (UN,

12
1980). A study conducted by the World Bank on regional patterns of gender inequalities in basic
rights and in access to and control of resources reflect that inequalities exist all over the world
and no woman in the developing regions has equal rights with man (World Bank, 2001.) These
differences are reflected in marriage, inheritance, property ownership, and management, in
household and community activities and even in decision-making. Denial of women’s land right
through customary practices regarding land inheritance and property distribution after divorce is
becoming a norm in the society.

Men remain central heirs and holders of land rights in African communities. Women’s direct
access to land is often limited by a number of factors. Thus Women have indirect access to land
in terms of the rights to use the land acquired through kinship relationships (Davison, 1988).
However, these use rights or the rights to use land may not grant enough security for women
when family structures break. A study conducted UNDP in developing countries revealed that
poverty has a gendered face and that women are poorer than men (UNDP, 2000). Further the
study revealed that GDP per capita figures for women were less than that of men. Gaps exists
between international human rights provisions and national legal provisions because national
laws of property rights are to some extent influenced by customs, attitudes and perceptions
(Benschop, 2002). The interaction of statuary laws and community customs and traditions will
determine how women’s legal rights on land are actually realized in practice. Women’s equal
access to and control over land is an issue of equity, poverty reduction, food security, sustainable
development and most important a human rights issue.

2.3 The Socio-Economic Impacts on Women Due To Their Limited Access to Land
Women’s right to land is a critical factor in social status, economic well-being, and
empowerment. (FIDA Policy Brief, 2008). Land is also a social asset, crucial for cultural
identity, political power, and participation in local decision – making process. Women’s access
to other natural resources, such as water, firewood, and forest products is also crucial for food
security and income, particularly as land becomes increasingly scarce and access becomes a
rising problem (FIDA, 2007). Limited access to land by women comes with the consequences.
They can weaken the national economy in that: agriculture is the number economic activity in
Kenya, therefore land is an extremely important asset for the occupants of the country. Women

13
being the major workforce of up to 75%, tiling and cultivating agricultural land both for
economic and domestic purposes, they ensure food security. However, only 1% of women in
Kenya own the land on which they work. (Oduol, 2002.) Without land ownership, women are
unable to take advantage of the wide range of benefits associated with ownership and control of
property (Steinzor, 2003). Land and other forms of property (such as livestock, tea, and coffee
plantations) not only provide necessities, but it also can be the source for income generation.

Title to land is a condition in Kenya for securing loans and credit facilities for other activities. In
addition, women’s subsistence and small-scale farming is usually unpaid labor and not
considered in terms of monitory value. These factors greatly perpetuate poverty among women
and their dependents, thus hindering Kenya’s economy. It has been recognized internationally
that gender inequality in land laws is crippling the nation’s Economy (The African
Competitiveness Report 2007).

Another consequence incurred for not allowing women to access land is the spread of HIV
pandemic. Gender inequality, power dynamics in sexual relations, and women’s lack of
economic empowerments relate directly to patterns of poverty and are key factors in the spread
of HIV/AIDS (Rao Gupta 2000 and 2002; World Bank 2003). At the same time, the pandemic
leads to new social and economic burdens that are mainly bore by women in households affected
and infected by the virus. A woman especially in most uncivilized communities is still viewed as
the most common transmitter of the virus and thus bares the highest humiliation after the death
of the husband. Many women find themselves being kicked out of their matrimonial home with
claims of infecting and killing the husband. Furthermore, the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS and
assumptions about causes of infection frequently undermine women’s status and their ability to
claim their rights at both household and community levels (Nyblade, 2003).

Access to, ownership of, and control over such property are basic determinants of secure
livelihoods: they provide a secure place to live, a site for economic and social activity, and

14
collateral for credit and other resources and services. All are essential to household efforts to
prevent and mitigate HIV/AIDS (Strickland, 2004) widespread exclusion of women in
developing countries like Kenya from owning or controlling Land means that they are often
stripped of many other resources that would allow them to improve their chances of preventing
infection or enhance their capacity to mitigate the consequences of HIV/AIDS. In connection to
this, women often lose control over assets upon the dissolution of a marriage or death of a spouse
(COHRE 2003).

2.4 Strategies Employed By Women to Access Land to Empower Themselves

Promoting women’s economic participation requires action in a range of areas, including the
revision, adoption and enforcement of legislation that dictates equality of rights and
opportunities for women and men; the implementation of measures that encourage balance
between working life and family life, for women and men; gender-based budgeting to improve
allocation of resources for women’s economic empowerment programs and policies; enhancing
women’s access to productive assets like, including property, land and financial and digital
assets; and attacking discriminatory social norms. By ensuring equality of rights and
opportunities for women and men, eliminating discriminatory laws and ensuring equality of
rights and opportunities the government would have advanced women’s economic
empowerment. Through guarantee of equal rights and protections for women and removing
discriminatory provisions, Governments would have taken a step towards signaling their
obligation to gender equality.

To strike a balance therefore the government should improve access to basic infrastructure to
reduce time burdens related to accessing fundamental resources precisely land for them to meet
their household daily needs. Improving allocation of resources using gender-responsive
budgeting help cover for women’s additional needs that have always been overlooked. Kenya’s
Vision 2030 proposes that Gender-responsive budgeting can be used as a catalyst for achieving
not only SDG 5, but also the 2030 Agenda as a whole. The importance of having access to

15
productive assets for instance has been recognized in SDG 5, in which Member States committed
to undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to
ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, and inheritance
rights. Women often encounter legal and regulatory social barriers that restrict their ability to
own assets, enter into contracts, and obtain credit. The implementation of reforms granting equal
access to assets for women and men is not equal in women as compared to men. Regulations
however still limit asset or land acquisitions to heads of households and requirements that
husbands or male family members.

Women incur additional cost and burdens and very lengthy and complex application procedures.
To reduce these burdens therefore, the state should consider reducing discriminatory laws and
practices and selecting into innovative approaches that help reduce barriers for women. India for
example, has had its many State governments provide concessions in stamp duty for women-
owned properties; this has help increase ownership in women’s asset. Developing tax incentives
for financial institutions that provide credit to women entrepreneurs is another example of policy
initiatives to reduce the financial barriers women face. Other strategies include supporting role
models in different fields, such as in public life and in business. These strategies may include
establishment of quotas, both in government representation and in corporate structures to
encourage more women to join and rise to leadership positions.

2.5 Are Women Aware Of Their Rights Pertaining Access To Land?

Ignorance and low literacy levels are powerful machines that slowdown efforts geared towards
uprooting deteriorating cultural practices. This can be a justification why certain cultural
practices are deep rooted in rural areas where illiteracy levels are relatively high. Women are
thus susceptible to cultural practices and believe. Eviction of widows from their matrimonial
home is against the Constitution of Kenya yet many widows in across the country precisely
Kimalel are left homeless after in-laws forcefully evicted them. Due to ignorance, they have no
idea of existing structure where they can seek redress within the law. In addition to ignorance

16
many women lack the confidence and resources to obtain what they are legally entitled to
because they feel that they are inferior and let them be treated badly and lack the courage to
stand up and fight for their rights.

17
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS.

3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the methodology that will be used in conducting the research. It describes
the area of the study, the target population, research design, data collection instruments and the
Sample and the sampling techniques.

3.2Area of study.
Kimalel location is located within a longitude of 35.911589 0 E and latitude of 0.47244 0 N. it has
a total of 3 sub locations these are; Sabor sub-location, Koriema sub-location and
Kimalel sub-location. it has a total population of 7064(census 2019).

18
 Figure 1.1: The location of the study area in Baringo County, Kenya

3.3 Target Population.

In research, target population is the entire set of units for which the survey data is to be used to
make inferences. With a total population of 7064, women, account for up to 3509 of the whole
population. Therefore the study targeted 50% of the entire population .The total number of
households is 1872(Kenya National Bureau of statistics, 2019).

3.4 Research Design

This study will use a descriptive survey design. This research design will enable the researcher to
obtain in-depth comprehension of the topic. Descriptive research depicts a correct profile of
persons, events, or situations. Surveys allow the collection of large amount of data from a sizable
population and in an economical manner. It allows one to collect quantitative data
At which can be analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics (Saunders et
al, 2009). Therefore, the descriptive survey will be the best strategy to fulfill the objectives of
this study.

3.5 Selection of respondents.

Since the population of Kimalel location is homogeneous, I will use saturation thesis. I will
Standing at the western end of the location and l walk eastwards and sample every third
household and interview one female member who is over 18 years. This procedure will be
repeated until a saturation point is reached whereby no new themes emerge. The saturation
point is between 30-40 households .If saturation point is not reached, I will stand at the southern
end of the location and walk northwards .This is because it makes no sense to sample a big
number when I am aware that it adds no value.

3.6 Data Collection Instruments

Primary data will be collected using questionnaires. Structured interview schedules to collect
data and use of focus group discussion.

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3.6.1 Interviews
Interviews will be used to collect first-hand information from respondents who can be easily
accessed.

3.6.2 Focus Groups Discussion

It will help capture on group dynamics and allows a small group of respondents to be guided by a
skilled moderator into increasing level of focus and depth of the key issues of the research topic.

3.7 Data Analysis Methods

Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics using frequency distributions to measure and
compare results. Information will be presented using percentages, tables, and charts. MS Excel
will be used to conduct statistical analysis of the data.

3.8 Validity of the Instruments

Interviews and use of focus groups are the instruments that will be used to collect data since they
provide relevant information in line with the topic this is because it measures what it is intended
to be measured(Combo, 2006).

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REFERENCES.

Arun, S. (1999). Does land ownership make a difference? Women’s roles in agriculture in
Kerala, India. Gender & Development, 7(3), 19-27.
Cherryl, W. (2009). Elusive equality: Women, property rights and land reform in South
Africa. South African Journal on Human Rights, 25(3), 467-490.
Chowdhry, P. (Ed.). (2009). Gender discrimination in land ownership. SAGE Publications India.
Fombe, L. F., Sama-Lang, I. F., Fonjong, L., & Mbah-Fongkimeh, A. (2013). Securing tenure for
sustainable livelihoods: A case of women land ownership in Anglophone Cameroon.
Grabe, S., Grose, R. G., & Dutt, A. (2015). Women’s land ownership and relationship power: A
mixed methods approach to understanding structural inequities and violence against
women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(1), 7-19.
Harrington, A., & Chopra, T. (2010). Arguing traditions: Denying Kenya's women access to land
rights. World Bank.
Karanja, P. W. (1991). Women's land ownership rights in Kenya. Third World Legal Stud., 109.
Whitehead, A., & Tsikata, D. (2003). Policy discourses on women's land rights in Sub–Saharan
Africa: The implications of the re–turn to the Customary. Journal of Agrarian
Change, 3(1‐2), 67-112.

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APPENDIX 1.INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

PART A
[Please tick the appropriate answer]
1. Kindly indicate your age (a). [18-30] [ ]
(b). [31-40] [ ]
(c) [41-50] [ ]
(d). [above 50] [ ]
2. Marital status a. single [ ]
b. Married [ ]
c. Separated [ ]
d. Divorced [ ]
e. Widowed [ ]
3. Religion
a. Christianity [ ]
b. Islam [ ]
c. Others [ ]
4. Your highest level of education
a. Primary [ ]
b. Secondary [ ]
c. College or university [ ]
d. Others [ ]

PART B
Factors Affecting access and control
5 .Do you think women are discriminated in access to land?
a .Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
Kindly explain your view

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Do you think the legal process for acquisition of land is favorable for women?
a. Yes [ ]
b .No [ ]
Kindly explain your view
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

PART D.
Women’s awareness
11. Are you aware of any land laws in Kenya?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
If yes, please state the laws you know
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………....
12. Where do you get information on land rights
a .Training from stakeholders [ ]
b .Local chief [ ]
c. Land office [ ]
How effective are the strategies
13. Do you think improving on access to basic structure has helped women in accessing land?
a. yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
Kindly explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

23
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Do you think women rising and joining leadership helps in increasing land access for
women?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
Please explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

24
APPENDIX 2: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION GUIDE.

1. What is your understanding on women’s land rights?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Do you think women land rights are important? Explain.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 .Are you aware of the constitutional provisions women land rights?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 .Are there any awareness creation forums or training on women’s land rights? Indicate by
which organizations and the impacts of trainings or forums.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

25
APPENDIX 3. BUDGET

ITEM COST(KSH)

MEALS 500

STATIONARY 400

TRANSPORT 2500

INTERNET 2000

PRINTING COSTS 2000

OTHER COSTS(MISCELLANEOUS) 1000

TOTAL COST 8400

26
APPENDIX 4.WORK PLAN
ACTIVITY FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY
PROPOSAL
WRITING
PROPOSAL
PRESENTATION
DATA
COLLECTION
DATA
ANALYSIS
PROJECT
PRESENTATION

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