BASELINE SURVEY & SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE FOOD

SECURITY & PEACE IN THE CROSS BORDER REGION PROJECT

Inception Report

Submitted to:

Whycliffe Ijackaa Imoite (Director)

Seeds of Peace Africa International (SOPA) International /Seeds of Peace Foundation
P O Box 53958-00200 - Nairobi.
4th Floor North Star Building, Lenana Road Near Yaya Centre
Mobile: +254-722258094; +254735261940; +254-700122222
Skype: ijackaa; Twitter: ijackaa
E-mail: ijackaa@sopa.or.ke; ijackaa@yahoo.com; ijackaaimoite@gmail.com
website: www.sopa.or.ke

By:

Beneah Mutsotso, PhD (Team Leader)

Centre for Human Rights and Peace (CHRP)
University of Nairobi
P.O. Box 30197-00100 • Nairobi
Tel: (+254)722833012
Email: bmutsotso@yahoo.com, mutsotso@uonbi.ac.ke
NAIROBI- KENYA

Date: Submitted on 8th January, 2016

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 STUDY INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Overview of Turkana County and Project Site Area .................................................................... 3

1.2 Objectives of the Baseline Survey ................................................................................................ 8

1.3 Deliverables and Timelines ................................................................................................... 11

1.4 Team’ Comments on the Terms of Reference (TORs) ............................................................... 11

2.0 STUDY METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Overview of the Study Approach.......................................................................................... 11

2.2 The Participatory Processes .................................................................................................. 11

2.2.1 Document Review ......................................................................................................... 11

2.2.2 Focus Group Discussions ............................................................................................ 12

2.2.3 Key Informant Interviews ............................................................................................. 13

2.2.4 Household Survey (HHs) ............................................................................................. 14

2.3 The Household Survey Execution Process .......................................................................... 15

2.4 Sampling Plan ...................................................................................................................... 15

2.5 Data Analysis Plan ............................................................................................................... 16

2.6 Detailed Tasks and Activities ............................................................................................... 16

3.0 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ASSIGNMENT ................................... 17

3.1 Team Mobilization ...................................................................................................................... 17

3.2 Seeds of Peace Africa (SOPA) International Brief ..................................................................... 17

3.3 Revised Work Plan ............................................................................................................... 17

4.0 INITIAL FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................. 18

4.1 Administrative Boundaries and Populations ......................................................................... 18

4.2 Selected Socio-Economic Aspects ........................................................................................ 18

4.2.1 Livelihood Analysis of the targeted Beneficiaries ......................................................... 18

4.2.2 Water Supply Systems ................................................................................................... 18

4.2.3 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 18

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 4.2.4 Land Ownership ............................................................................................................ 18

4.2.5 Agriculture and Livestock Development ....................................................................... 18

4.3 Peace and Conflict Transformation in the Project Area.............................................................. 18

4.4 Food Security .............................................................................................................................. 18

5.0 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 18

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 19

ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................ 20

Annex 1: Terms of Reference ........................................................................................................... 20

Annex 2: Household Survey Questionnaire ...................................................................................... 20

Annex 3: FGD Guide ........................................................................................................................ 20

Annex 4: KII Guide .......................................................................................................................... 20

Annex 5: Observation Guide ............................................................................................................ 20

Annex 6: Map of Project Area .......................................................................................................... 20

ACRONYMS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 STUDY INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview of Turkana County and Project Site Area

Turkana West Sub-County within Turkana County is located in the arid and semi-arid belt of
the extreme north rift region in Kenya. The project area is characterized by mountains
extending towards the international borders of Uganda (in the West) and South Sudan (to the
North). It is predominantly occupied by the Turkana community who are largely nomadic
pastoralists. They border the Samburu, West Pokot and Elgeyo-Marakwet Counties in Kenya,
as well as Uganda, South Sudan and Ethiopia (the latter two in the Elemi triangle). Livestock
keeping is the main source of living and prestige. Despite this, some of the communities
(Turkana, Pokot and Samburu) practice small-scale irrigation along rivers. Reduced access to
resources, in particular, land and water, as a result of political, socio-economic and ecological
factors, has increasingly exposed pastoralists in the project area to resource-based conflicts.
Insecurity and poverty have become widespread and increasingly severe among the

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pastoralists in the project area. The region has been hit by persistent drought, poor or no
harvests, high malnutrition rates, water scarcity and high food prices.

1.2 Status of Livelihoods, Food Security and Conflict in Turkana County

This project focuses on the food security situation in Turkana West sub-county, the prevailing
external interventions and the Turkana peoples’ responses to livelihood risks. Food security
in Kenya is closely tied to domestic agricultural production, the impact of poverty on access
to food and basic services, population dynamics, shifting climate patterns, and changing
demographics (FEWS NET, 2013). The term food security is used to describe not only the
availability of food, but also the ability to purchase and have access to food. Being food
secure for a nation or a family is to have a reliable source of food and sufficient resources to
purchase it (Muia, 2012). In Kenya most of the crop growing areas and livestock rearing
areas are predominantly rainfall dependent. Food security can be defined as a situation where
all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious
food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
(PRAGYA, 2013).

There are “four pillars” of food security: availability, access, utilization, and stability.
Chronic food insecurity is typically due to a complex combination of some or all of the four
pillars, resulting in long-term lack of sufficient food in quantity or quality (FEWS NET,
2013). The food insecure population in Kenya increased from 1.5 million in August 2014 to
1.6 million people in February 2015, due to poor rainfall performance (UNICEF, 2015;
KFSSG report, 2015). The counties with the highest number of people in need of food
assistance between March and August 2015 were Wajir (179,900), Garissa (158,900),
Mandera (157,600) and Turkana (136,500). To mitigate against the food insecure conditions,
both the national and county governments together with development partners are
implementing an array of activities which include activation of drought contingency funds for
all the affected ASAL counties, Hunger Safety Net Programme which manages cash transfer
programmes in Turkana, Mandera, Marsabit and Wajir with about 100,000 beneficiary
households (KFSSG report 2015).

The main challenges facing the food sector in Turkana are low or no food productivity
occasioned by recurrent drought (inadequate feeds and water), insecurity, land tenure system,
poor breeds and breeding practices, endemic livestock diseases and poor livestock husbandry
(Muia, 2012). The Turkana County is endemically food insecure, and large numbers of the
population depend on relief food provided by relief agencies. Malnutrition levels are very
high and starvation chronic with considerable fatalities. The famine early warning network
system report (FEWS NET, 2014) declared Turkana at a Crisis level in terms of food
security. Women & children are worst affected and 53% of child deaths are due to
malnutrition.

Nutritional statuses of children within the county are extremely low. Turkana has been
registering the highest levels of Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) rates in the country. For

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instance, in early 2012, Global Acute Malnutrition rates were 26 percent in Kalokol, 32
percent in Lokitaung and 30 percent in Lokichar. This is mainly caused by inadequate or
unbalanced diet and poor eating habits. People tend to over-rely on maize as a source of
carbohydrates and beans for proteins thereby ignoring fruits and vegetables, which are
vitamin rich nutrients (Turkana County Development Plan).

People living in the Lake Turkana Region of Kenya are some of the most marginalized
people on the continent. Many are uneducated and few have access to jobs. Over reliance in
one major source of livelihood has also made many inhabitants of the district vulnerable to
the negative effects of climatic change. On a day to day basis, most women and their families
in Turkana County face odd realities to access basic amenities. They have to walk miles on
end to access water and other amenities like a clinic which perhaps explains the low
vaccination rate and poor health statistics in the vast county (UN report, 2014).

The county suffers high unemployment levels of approximately 70 per cent compared to a
national rate of 42 per cent. An explanation for the high rates of unemployment stems from
structural unemployment where there is a mismatch between the skills of the workforce and
the requirements of the new job opportunities. Regional unemployment as a result of
marginalization has contributed greatly to unemployment levels in the county (Turkana
County Development Plan).
Access to education is low as can be seen from the low literacy levels in the county now
estimated to be 46 percent. This has increased due to more effort being put by the
government and non-state actors to bring the illiteracy levels down through increasing
enrolments in Adult Education Programme and increasing access to basic primary education
as well (Turkana Development Plan).

It is estimated that 68% of Turkana people are traditionally pastoralists and are constantly on
the move. There are generally high incidences of conflict within various Turkana clans
themselves over livestock and natural resources (FEWS NET, 2013; PRAGYA, 2013).
Turkana is one of the conflict hotspots of the larger Karamoja region which suffers from a
climate-migration-conflict-nexus. Recurring severe drought cycles leads to increasingly
frequent out-migrations of pastoralists within Kenya and across the border, in search of water
and pasture for livestock. This in turn leads to rising levels of violent inter-ethnic conflict
through the region (UN Human Security report, 2014). Livelihoods are frequently disrupted,
and unemployment among young pastorals, is turning them into key participants in
perpetuating conflicts. Welfare facilities are limited, and the few that exist are destroyed,
leaving children with no access to education and health services. The perpetual conflict
makes it difficult to carry out effective development action and infrastructure building. There
is frequent loss of life/property, and displacement of people (115,182 Internally Displaced
People), rendered landless and without access to livelihoods (Kenya Food Security Steering
Group Report, 2015).

Clan-based raiding of livestock has been traditionally practiced among the pastoral
communities, and culturally approved including among the Turkana people. Traditionally,

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such raids had limited damage, barred killing of women and children, and contained inbuilt
peace measures via control by clan elders. Such conflicts are even classified as sustainable
and redistributive in nature, in that retaliatory raids occur between the clans, whereby cattle
ownership keeps changing and an overall balance is maintained (PRAGYA, 2013).
Competition over scarce grazing fields, water resources and pasture has however with time
escalated inter-ethnic animosity, often resulting in armed conflicts, which are predatory in
nature and much more destructive. Recently, intra-communal conflict, such as between two
Turkana communities, have also begun emerging, as people have begun to perceive raids as a
method to compensate for their lack of resources and livestock assets (UN Human Security
report, 2015).

Turkana County, like other parts of Northern Kenya, suffers from problems of climate change
migration conflicts between the different inhabiting groups. Conflicts involving pastoralist
groups are widespread in Turkana. Frequent spells of drought force the pastoralists to migrate
constantly in search of water and pasture across the district, sometimes even across the
national borders, thus often leading to wars and conflicts over the scarce resources. Though
most of the conflicts are local in nature, inter-ethnic conflicts arising from persistent
droughts, food scarcity and changes in lifestyles can also be seen amongst the different
nomadic groups. The lack of basic services lie education health facilities, limited
infrastructure, lack of market, trading opportunities and limited socio-economic activities is
further contributing toward the increasing human insecurity. The districts’ propinquity to
Sudan, Uganda and Ethiopia and other hostile districts also leads to violence arising out of
insecurities (FEWS NET, 2014; UN Human Security Report, 2014).

Scrambling of livestock for prestige and marriage is an age-old tradition for the youth. For a
young Turkana man (Moran) to get married, he requires about 100 cattle, 200 goats and
several camels to pay for dowry. Those who do not have such high number of livestock end
up raiding neighboring communities and even fellow tribesmen - a major cause of internal
conflict (FEWS NET, 2014).

The conflicts result in loss of life and property, mass displacement, gross violation of human
rights. Food security, education, water/sanitation are at a deplorable state, and there is no
effective addressing of issues by the State. Children, women and young people are affected
the most: children have no access to education and suffer severe malnutrition, violence
against women is rampant, and young people are conscripted early into armed conflict
(PRAGYA, 2014; FEWS NET, 2014). Poverty and lack of government effort to provide an
alternative to livelihoods to the pastoralist communities and lack of recognition to
pastoralism as a mode of conflict also gives rise to conflicts. Easy availability of small arms
and light weapons acquired through collapsed Ugandan governments in the late 1970s and
Sudan’s civil war encourages the conflicts (FEWS NET, 2014).

In summary, despite the ongoing and past efforts, Turkana County has a poverty index of 94
per cent with a contribution of 1.3 per cent to the overall national poverty (Turkana
Development Plan).

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It is within the foregoing context that SOPA initiated the Food Security and Peace Project
which intends to deploy interventions in specific sub-locations within 4 of the 7 wards that
constitute Turkana West Sub-County, as presented in the table 1 below:

Table 1: Project Area & Population in Turkana West Sub-County

No. County Assembly Population(2009 Area (Sq. Specific Project Area
Wards National Census) Km) (Sub-Locations)
1. Kakuma 33,539 1,577.00 Town centre, Tarach, Namorungole
2. Letea 37,512 2,909.40 Tulabalany, Loreng,
Namorkirionok, Lokipoto
3. Kalobeyei 16,378 1,599.70 Kalobeyei, Natiira, Nalapatui,
Oropoi
4. Lokichoggio 38,699 1,481.60 Lokichoggio

1.3 The Implementing Agency - Seeds of Peace Africa (SOPA)

Seeds of Peace Africa (SOPA) International is a not-for-profit peace organization established

in 2002, working for peace and non-violence, sustainable development and a friendly world.
SOPA International strives to empower children and young people, in communities,
organizations and learning institutions to support their members in their endeavors to rebuild
relationships; clarify personal and organizational visions; see reality more clearly; develop,
maintain and resolve conflicts in a non-violent manner – hence, act with empathy, patience,
integrity, and courage in the process of disengaging from the violence that surrounds them
and becoming agents of peace and social transformation.

By investing in provision of peace education and non-violent values and skills to children and
young persons, SOPA International helps to build families, communities, institutions and a
world where justice, peace, harmony, respect for God, humanity, life and personal dignity are
the foundation for peace and sustainable development in the world. SOPA International uses
sports, cultural activities, creative arts, life skills and other forms of education to engage the
youth on issues that affect and impact their lives.

Since inception, SOPA International has made significant strides in diverse areas of human
life. Staring from humble beginnings of rehabilitating and re-integrating street children,
SOPA International has significantly grown to undertake peace-building and development
activities in the greater horn of Africa in partnership with funding partners and local
community-based organizations.

1.4 Overview of the Project (Food Security & Peace in the Cross Border Region Project)

The Food Security and Peace in the Cross Border Region is a three (3) year project planned
to be implemented between 2016 and 2018 in the Turkana West Sub-County, Turkana
County of Kenya. The project will be implemented by SOPA International through funding
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from Bread for the World. The Food Security and Peace Project has two main components:
(i). Improving living Conditions and (ii). Peace Building and Conflict Transformation.

1.4.1 The Developmental Goal of the Project

The project’s overall objective is to contribute to improved living conditions, enhanced
nutrition security and peace of the Turkana community living in Turkana West Sub-County
in North Western Kenya and the cross border areas of Ethiopia, South Sudan and Uganda. To
contribute to this development goal, the project will focus on two objectives namely:
i. Enhancing nutrition and income security for the population in Turkana West Sub-
County;
ii. Strengthening peaceful co-existence among communities and ethnic groups in
Turkana West Sub-County and the neighbouring countries.

1.4.2 Target Group and Project Interventions

Primary targets are reformed youth warriors, women and children. The Direct target group
includes:
i. 8,000 women, men 2,000
ii. 5,000 youth (male 3,000, female 2000).
iii. 30,000 children in schools will be reached. Of these children, 15,000 are boys while
15,000 are girls.

The Indirect target group includes:

iv. 60,000 adults and youths
v. The 30,000 children will indirectly reach 120,000 children aged 6-14 years

The Project will directly address members of Government (county/national), community

leaders, kraals and organizations. The foregoing will be the main target in the peace and
conflict transformation objective. The Project will also target individual households to
improve living conditions. Interventions will be launched in five locations with existing
regularized water supply in order to improve the same to a consistent level throughout the
year through provision of solar power panels, pumping units and piping. The locations
targeted for agricultural and livestock initiatives are: Kakuma, Kalobeyei, Nawountos,
Loreng and Oropoi. In these locations, the project plans to initiate or upscale 5 demonstration
centers for agriculture, poultry and improved goats through groups of 50 households each.

The Peace accords and annual peace and sports activities will bring together partners from
South Sudan, Uganda and Ethiopia. The project also intends to initiate peace accords in
Nadapal and Kibich areas to reach out to the counterparts in South Sudan and Ethiopia
respectively.

1.2 Objectives of the Baseline Survey

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The overall objective of the Baseline Study is to conduct a participatory-action-oriented
survey to determine food security, livelihoods and conflict levels among the communities in
Turkana West Sub-County. The study results will be used to (i) set baseline values and
formulate the performance targets against which project progress can be tracked and
eventually evaluated, (ii) to appropriately design/refine the critical areas of interventions to
ensure local/indigenous adaption, (iii) to inform development of the project monitoring and
evaluation plan and (iv) avail key information in the final report to partners and key
stakeholders.

2.1 Specific Objectives and Scope of the Baseline Survey

The specific objectives and scope of the baseline study include the following:
i. To provide benchmark data against which achievements can be monitored/evaluated
especially with respect to the set indicators identified in the project proposal;
ii. To establish key socio-economic aspects in the project area including:
 Household incomes and Sources of incomes in households that have
diversified their income;
 Income levels for women and men;
 Level of food security for women, men and children measured by relevant
indicators;
 Enterprise income and expenditure for women and men;
 Resources and resource distribution;
 Levels of savings for women and men;
 Level and type of assets owned by women and men;
 The number of food-secure days, in terms of food availability
 The number of Meals per day
 Types of meals eaten/available
 Their nutritive components/lack of
 Sources of food for women, children, youth, men
 Global nutrition/income indicators domesticated for the target group
 Socio-economic and cultural factors that negatively affect women, men and
young people (both girls and boys) and limit their participation in and/or
benefit from education, entrepreneurship opportunities and community
development;
 Household education levels;
 Gender relations and participation in economic activities;
Produce marketing - commodity chains of livestock and crop enterprises.
iii. To collect and analyse relevant information regarding livelihoods in the project area
including:
 Identify different activities that households in the project area use to support their
livelihoods;
 To conduct a gender-based analysis on the level of involvement in livelihood
activities (by men/women, youth/old, and their social economic groups);
 To outline the seasonal calendar of livelihood activities;

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  To establish top livelihood opportunities/options as perceived by different sections of
the community (leaders, men, women, youth);
 To establish membership and participation in community groups and institutions;
 To establish the effect of age, gender and assets on livelihood options in the project
area;
 To identify the main shocks affecting livelihoods in the project area and,
 To establish the major coping strategies engaged by the community in various
livelihoods.
iv. To collect and analyse relevant livelihood information on the prevailing situation of
the project’s target beneficiaries and stakeholders. This will involve: mapping
stakeholders/key actors that are present in the target areas and that engage with the
same target group; and the description of stakeholders’ activities and geographic
coverage, in order to identify potential for partnerships, synergies and value addition
and also risk of duplication in the target areas
v. To conduct a detailed survey of school enrolment/Educational conditions in the
project target area. The areas of study shall include the following:
 Schools & enrolment levels,
 Attendance and drop-out rates as well as reasons for school drop-out
 Absenteeism and reasons for the same.
 Numbers of children in school against population
 Level of sports in schools and its use
 Existing types of clubs/associations in schools
 Safety of playgrounds and the child protection policies
vi. To establish the status of key agriculture and livestock production conditions
including:
 Level of access to agriculture and livestock inputs and facilities;
 Level of access to markets for crop and livestock producers;
 Level of community knowledge of good agricultural practices;
 Crop yield and milk production among target beneficiaries;
 The availability of extension services in target locations;
 The number/availability of strategic water facilities in target locations;
 The average seasonal yield for food crops cultivated per hectare;
 Community capacity in livestock production and animal health management.
 The availability of, access to, and usage of, water pans, boreholes, shallow wells,
irrigation schemes and their acreage, crop types/yields;
 The availability of fodder banks, holding grounds and livestock markets,
demonstration plots, livestock sales, livestock mortality rates;
 Access to livestock markets and the usefulness of marketing networks operating in
the project area.
vii. To establish the status of conflict and conflict resolution in the project area including:
 Level of conflicts;
 Prevalent causes of conflicts;

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  Community members trained in conflict and conflict resolution;
 The existing community institutions dedicated to conflict resolution;
 Existing mechanisms of inter and intra-community conflict resolution;
 Community perceptions on best ways to deal with conflict in the project area;
 Peace building initiatives in the project area.

1.3 Deliverables and Timelines

The Assignment deliverables include:
i. Understanding and interpretation of TORs
ii. A work-plan including methodology for the Baseline Survey
iii. Data collection tools
iv. Inception report
v. Draft Baseline Survey Report
vi. Presentation of Baseline Survey Findings to Stakeholders
vii. Final Baseline Survey Report (2 hardcopies and one softcopy on a CD)

1.4 Team’ Comments on the Terms of Reference (TORs)

The Centre for Human Rights and Peace has reviewed the TORs for the Baseline Survey of
The Food Security and Peace Project and we are satisfied that we can successfully carry out
the assignment to fruition. We concur with the TORs that the Baseline Survey should focus
on two main components of the project, namely:
(i) Strategies for enhancing nutrition and income security for the population in Turkana Wet
Sub-County and (ii) Initiatives for strengthening peaceful co-existence among communities
and ethnic groups in Turkana West Sub-County and the neighbouring countries.

2.0 STUDY METHODOLOGY

2.1 Overview of the Study Approach

2.2 The Participatory Processes

2.2.1 Document Review

The research team from the Centre for Human Rights and Peace will collect both primary and
secondary data on Food Security, Livelihoods and Peace in the wider Turkana County, from
which the relevant data will be extrapolated to apply to the project site – Turkana West Sub-
County. This ssecondary data will be sourced from a detailed literature review of existing
library sources and project reports. The documents to be reviewed shall, among others,
include:

 Turkana County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) 2013/14-2017/2018.

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  NDMA Drought Early Warning Bulletins for Turkana County (2015)
 Previous (fmr.) Turkana district development plans
 Food Security and Peace Project proposal and work plan
 Reports from other relief, humanitarian and development agencies operating in
Turkana County
 Relevant project documents from SOPA
 Relevant Literature from line ministries in Kenya (from both County and Central
governments)
 Relevant reports from research agencies such as universities, livestock and agriculture
and policy research institutes, as well as other research organisations.

2.2.2 Focus Group Discussions

The research team will collect primary data from the target beneficiaries of the Food Security
and Peace Project in Turkana West Sub-County in the field. Focus Group Discussions
(FGDs) will be conducted using an FGD guide. According to the TORs, all the FGD sites
will be geo-referenced using GPS equipment. A total of 10 FGDs will be carried out with
Women, Men, Youth and Children covering all the four sampled sites.
For each FGD, a maximum of 15 participants knowledgeable on water resources and
management; fodder management; livestock production, health and marketing; rural
infrastructure and social institutions; and irrigation and management and peace and conflict
transformation issues will be required. The selection of the participating community
stakeholders will take into account gender inclusivity whereby for each category one third of
participants will be adult males, adult females and youth respectively. This is necessary
because gender divides tend to view and value resources, social institutions and stakeholders
differently. This will ensure that issues, social institutions, resources and stakeholders of
concern to all gender groups are captured and mapped with all their attendant issues of
concern during the exercise. For the FGDs, the study team will require tools including the
FGD guide, Digital Camera, and GPS devices. To facilitate the FGDs, the team will recruit
and train during pre-testing meeting a local facilitator as part of the study team, to assist in
the process in all the 4 target Wards.
Participant
No. of Total No. of selection by
No. of Location participants participants issues and FGD
Ward FGDs of FGDs per FGD per Ward gender Requirements
Letea 2 Loreng 15 30 FGD Venue, FGD
and participants Facilitator,
Lokipoto will be FGD Guide
Note taker,
selected with
flip chart,
gender marker pens,
consideration Handheld
in mind. The GPS, Digital
participants cameras,
Back Pack

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 will include for carrying
adult male, materials
female,
youth, and
elders.

2.2.3 Key Informant Interviews

Key Informant Interview (KII) guides will be used to collect primary data from the following
set of respondents purposively sampled on account of the vital information they possess on
the project, project site and the beneficiary community. These informants include:
 The SOPA project management team;
 Key respondents from line ministries (from both county and national governments).
These include – Agriculture and Livestock, Gender and Children, Trade, Education
and Health;
 Ward and Sub-County Administrators (County Government);
 Sub-County Commissioner (Ministry of Interior, Central Government);
 Teachers in selected schools
 Market regulators (County Government);
 Chiefs;
 The Kakuma Refugee Camp administrator;
 Project managers from sister organisations working on food security and health in the
county. (These include: World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations Children‘s
Fund (UNICEF), World Vision, Oxfam-GB, Medical Relief International (MERLIN),
International Rescue Committee (IRC), Lutheran World Federation (LWF), United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO), Vétérinaires Sans Frontières- Belgium, Child Fund, Nyanza
Reproductive Health Services and Practical Action, among others1.
 Community leaders.
Number to be Requirements
KII source interviewed
SOPA Management Team 1 Appointments with
Livestock department 1 key informants, KII
Agriculture and irrigation department 1 interviewer, note
Veterinary department 1 books, pens
Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) 1
Health department 1
Head Teachers 1
County Trade department 1
Livestock marketing Association 1

1
Turkana County Development Plan

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 Number to be Requirements
KII source interviewed
Agro-inputs supplier 1
Kakuma Refugee Camp Administrator 1
Project Managers from sister organisations working on
food security and health in the county. 1
A lead farmer in the area 1
Market regulators 1
A Community Health Worker 1
Members of Agricultural Cooperatives or SACCOs 1
Administration (Chief) 1
Elder/Diviner 1
Ward Administrator 1
CBOs on peace building 1
TOTAL 20

2.2.4 Household Survey (HHs)

We shall collect vital primary data from the beneficiaries using a standardized semi-
structured questionnaire (conducted through a household survey questionnaire). The
Household Survey questionnaire will comprise the following sections: personal
characteristics of the household respondents, level of education; sources of family
livelihood/income; alternative sources of livelihood/income; levels of nutrition; sources of
nutrition; sources of conflict; existing conflict resolution mechanisms; community capacity
for resources management and conflict prevention; and recommendations for project
sustainability; the role of women, youth and marginalised segments such as People Living
With Disabilities, among others.

The HHs survey instrument will also have items seeking the respondents’ knowledge, attitude
and participation in the income generating activities and peace building efforts.

An observation guide/checklist will also be used to take account of key observable features
on the ground.

The purpose of combining all these sets of information sources (both primary and secondary
data) is for triangulation, verification or comparison. This integrated methodology is designed
to keep abreast of the TORs which acknowledge an active-community participatory approach
to data collection. The TORs also point to the need for gender sensitivity in planning and
execution of the assignment. In the process of carrying out data collection under this
assignment, the CHRP team will be keen not to offend cultural sensibilities regarding the
gender roles of women, men, boys and girls in the beneficiary community.

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2.3 The Household Survey Execution Process
 Recruitment of Enumerators: The CHRP will expect SOPA to recruit suitably
qualified enumerators to assist with data collection. A total of 7 enumerators will be
recruited for this task. This team of enumerators will be drawn from the local
community, competent speakers of the local language, well-versed in the local
cultural nuances and in possession of requisite interviewing skills.
 Training of Enumerators: The enumerators will undergo a one-day training that
consists of the Baseline Objectives, How to conduct successful interviews of
respondents, Research ethics, how to record, self-introduction etc. The purpose of the
training will be to get the enumerators ask similar questions the same way. In order to
get the enumerators familiar with the tools role play will be used.
 Pretesting of the data collection tools: A one-day pretest will be done at the end of
the training of enumerators (in Turkana County). The pretest is meant to gauge the
efficacy of the data collection tools.
 Selection of Enumerator Supervisors: The enumerators will be clustered into smaller
teams and each team shall be headed by a supervisor, who will assist the research
team with close monitoring of the data collectors. Assuming that each enumerator
will administer a minimum of 6 questionnaires per day, the number of enumerators
for each Ward, based on the number of sample households is presented in table below.
All these enumerators will be trained on the first day of the exercise (pre-test) before
being dispatched for the field work the following day.

2.4 Sampling Plan

This Baseline Survey will be conducted in 4 of the 7 wards that constitute Turkana West Sub-
County. These are: Lokichoggio, Kakuma, Letea and Kalobeyei. (The population distribution
within the four wards is illustrated in Table 1 ). We shall derive the actual sample size for this
Baseline study based on the population of wards. We shall be guided by Krejcie and Morgan
(1970) table to calculate the sample size, with a 5.0% margin of error and 95% confidence
level. The total household sample will be 300 household heads respondents for the Household
Survey.

No. WARD POPULATION SAMPLING SAMPLE Number of

FRAME(Locations) SIZE Enumerators
1. Kakuma
2. Letea
3. Kalobeyei
4. Lokichoggio
TOTAL

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Purposive sampling will be used to select the kraals and settlements to be sampled.
Thereafter, in each kraal/settlement, we shall use systematic sampling to identify the
households to be interviewed. We shall identify geographical features/landmarks within each
ward. Around each landmark, households will be earmarked and reached. At every landmark,
we shall distribute sampled households in four directions: North, South, East and West. For
instance, at every landmark identified, a pre-determined number of households will be
sampled towards the North, the South, the East, and the Western directions respectively.
Sampling of individual households in each direction selected will be done systematically. For
every household interviewed, the researchers will skip a certain number of households toward
the determined direction. At every household, the researchers will interview the head of the
household.

2.5 Data Analysis Plan

A mixed method approach will be used in data analysis. This approach allows for the
concurrent analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. The following sections outline
the detailed steps used to conduct the analysis.

Step 1: Research Ethics

We shall observe the following ethical standards to ensure the research is professionally and
successfully executed: We shall respect the gender and cultural sensitivities of the
community; observe confidentiality of the information and privacy of the respondents;
respect the right of the respondents to voluntarily participate in the survey; refrain from any
acts that may infringe on the rights of children; seek prior permission before interviewing the
respondents and commit to strictly use the collected data for the purposes of the SOPA
project on promoting peace through food security and sustainable livelihoods.

Step 2: Qualitative Data

Qualitative data will be analysed based on themes that will in turn be used to support the
quantitative values.

Step 3: Quantitative Data Entry

Data will be entered into a data base and subjected to relevant statistical analysis.
Questionnaires will be examined for completeness; those that may have high elements of
non-responses will be rejected before coding and entry into the SPSS software. The objective
will be to check each question from each instrument to ensure responses are “reasonable” and
within a specified “normal” range.

Step 4: Data Analysis

2.6 Detailed Tasks and Activities

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3.0 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ASSIGNMENT

3.1 Study Team Mobilization

3.2 Seeds of Peace Africa (SOPA) International Brief

3.3 Revised Work Plan

RESPONSIBILITIES WORKPLAN

Having reviewed the TORs, we are providing the indicative work plan below:
Activity Days Responsibility
Preparation of Inception Report 2 CHRP-UON
Development of data collection tools 3 CHRP-UON
Approval of the tools ? SOPA
Pretesting of tools 1 CHRP-UON/SOPA
Recruitment of enumerators ? SOPA
Training of enumerators 1 CHRP-UON/SOPA
Mobilisation of respondents ? SOPA
Data collection 7 CHRP-UON/SOPA

Data cleaning and coding SOPA

Development of the data base SOPA
Data entry SOPA
Data analysis 2 SOPA
Report writing 7 CHRP-UON
Mobilisation of stakeholders ? SOPA
Stakeholders’ Workshop 1 SOPA/CHRP-UON
Final report 2 CHRP-UON
Total days

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4.0 INITIAL FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Administrative Boundaries and Populations

4.2 Selected Socio-Economic Aspects

4.2.1 Livelihood Analysis of the targeted Beneficiaries

4.2.2 Water Supply Systems

4.2.3 Infrastructure

4.2.4 Land Ownership

4.2.5 Agriculture and Livestock Development

4.3 Peace and Conflict Transformation in the Project Area

4.4 Food Security

NB:
 SOPA would take charge of all logistical and financial arrangements in support of this
baseline study.
 2 staff from CHRP and an identical number from SOPA will travel from Nairobi to
conduct the baseline in Turkana West Sub-County
 SOPA will conduct the data cleaning, coding and analysis.

5.0 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

6.0 SUMMARY OF BASELINES AND EVALUATIONS DONE

i. “A Baseline Survey on the Status of Human Rights and Human Rights

Studies in Kenya, with the generous support of UNDP/Royal Norwegian Embassy,
2013”
ii. “Audit of the progress on Implementation of Police Reforms by KNCHR
and the Institute of Human Rights, University of Nairobi” September 2015 –
January 2016.

No. Referee Address

1. Ms. Kagwiria Mbogori
Chair
Kenya National Commission on Human Rights
(KNCHR)
CVS Plaza 1st Floor,Kasuku Lane ,Off Lenana Road
P.O. Box: 74359-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
Landline: +254-020-2717908/00/28
Mobile: 00733 78 00 00 / 0736 78 00 00
Mobile: 0724 256 448 / 0726 610 159
Fax:+254-020-2716160
General Enquiries: haki@knchr.org
Complaints: complaint@knchr.org

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2. Dr. Juma Ndovhu Coordinator
Centre for Human Rights and Peace
University of Nairobi
P.O Box 30197 -00100 -Nairobi
Tel. +254 (20)318262 Ext. Ext. 28137
Telegraphic Address: Varsity, Nairobi
Telex Number: 254-020-22095
Fax: 254-020-245566
Mobile: +254 721638000
Email: jbndohvu@yahoo.com;
jbndohvu@hotmail.com;
jbndohvu@gmail.com

iii. The research team from the CHRP-UON comprises experienced, highly
professional and competent scholars with longstanding academic and research
records. Each of the team members has in her/his individual capacity or with
reputable research firms, conducted several baselines and mid-term, end-line
evaluations. Our clients include government departments, non-governmental
organisations, United Nations agencies, Diplomatic Missions and their development
agencies as well as International Development/Humanitarian/Relief agencies. In
addition, team members have carried out relevant academic research which has
since been published in books/refereed journals.

REFERENCES

FEWS NET- (Famine Early Warning Signs Network)-Kenya Food Security Brief 2014
Muia, Immaculate, 2012. Factors Affecting Food Security Of Households: The Case of
Lodwar, Turkana County (Unpublished MA project)

Gay, L. (1981). Competencies for Analysis and Application. London: Mairilli Publishing
Company.

Krejcie, Robert V. and Morgan, Daryle W. “Determining Sample Size for Research
Activities.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 30 (1970): 607-610

Mugenda, O. & Mugenda, A. (2003). Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches. Nairobi: ACTS Press.

Schumacher, Sally and James H. McMillan (1993). Research in Education: A Conceptual

Introduction. (3rd ed). New York: HarperCollins.

SOPA. “Terms of Reference for THE Baseline Survey on Food Security and Peace Project”.
December, 2015.

Turkana County: First County Integrated Development Plan 2014 – 2018. Lodwar: Turkana
County (2014).

UNICEF, Kenya Country Office Humanitarian Situation Report January-March 2015

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Kenya Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG), The 2014 Short Rains Season Assessment
Report, February, 2015

United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security 2014/2015, Strengthening Human Security In
Border Communities of Turkana, Kenya
PRAGYA, 2014. Conflict Assessment in Northern Kenya

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Terms of Reference

Annex 2: Household Survey Questionnaire

Annex 3: FGD Guide

Annex 4: KII Guide

Annex 5: Observation Guide

Annex 6: Map of Project Area

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