DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF LAND ADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENT OF LAND ADMINISTRATION AND SURVEYING

THE IMPACT OF LAND CERTIFICATION TO EQUAL LAND RIGHT FOR WOMEN

IN EAST GOJJAM IN GOZAMEN WOREDA

THE IMPACT OF LAND REGISTRATION AND CERTEFICATION ON WOMENS

RIGHT TO RURAL LAND:

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

PREPARED BY: HIWOT MEZGEBU

ADVISOR NAME: YENENEH

JANUARY, 2020

DEBREMARKOS, ETHIOPIA

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Table of content

Contents pages
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................4

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................4

1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................4

1.2. Statement of the problem.....................................................................................................5

1.3 Objective of the study............................................................................................................7

1.3.1 General objective.............................................................................................................7

1.3.2 Specific objective.........................................................................................................7

1.4 Research question..................................................................................................................7

1.5. Significance of the study.......................................................................................................8

1.6. Scope of the study................................................................................................................8

1.7. Limitations of the study........................................................................................................8

1.8 Literature Review...................................................................................................................8

1.8.1 concept of land policy of Ethiopia..................................................................................8

1.8.2 concept of land right........................................................................................................9

1.8.2.1 Use right.......................................................................................................................9

1.8.2.2 Holding rights...............................................................................................................9

1.8.3 The concept of land tenure..............................................................................................9

1.8.4 Types of land tenure......................................................................................................10

1.8.4.1Customary land tenure.................................................................................................10

1.8.4.2 Statutory land tenure..................................................................................................11

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 1.8.5 Rural land certification in Amhara region.....................................................................11

1.8.6 Methods of Land certification.......................................................................................12

1.8.6.1 Traditional/cultural land certification.........................................................................12

1.8.6.2 Modern method of land certification..........................................................................12

1.8.7 Women’s access to land, the impacts of land registration............................................12

1.8.7.1 Women access to land and control of land.................................................................12

1.8.8 Land holding certificate book........................................................................................13

1.8.9. The effects of land certification on land related disputes.............................................15

1.9 Methodology of the study....................................................................................................16

1.9.1 Description of the study area.........................................................................................16

1.9.2 Sampling techniques......................................................................................................16

1.9.3 Data source and data collection.....................................................................................17

1.9.4 Data analysis and presentation......................................................................................17

1.10 Budget plan.....................................................................................................................17

1.11 Time plan........................................................................................................................18

REFERENCE................................................................................................................................19

Appendix 1.....................................................................................................................................20

Appendix 2.....................................................................................................................................22

Appendix 3.....................................................................................................................................23

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Land is the key source of everything, without which life cannot exist. Land is one of the natural
resource on which an over whelming proportion of the population in developing countries
depends to make a living (Dale. P.f and McLauglin,J.D1999). Land is one of the most important
assets of the people through the world especially for the rural and urban poor whose life relies on
agricultural activity but, one quarter including 200 million people living in rural area (USAID,
2007).The land certification program is reported to have resulted in many positive impacts,
including reduced conflict, improved investment and natural resource management as well as
some improvements of women’s control of land. Having effective and efficient processes to
ensure the ongoing functionality and relevance of the land certification. The land certification
follows this trend, and each regional state has developed its own unique regulations outlined in
their respective regional state land use al.[2,18], Amhara Regional state uses a small booklet for
the land certificate, issued by woredas and Keble officials, and is given free of charge. This is not
the other regions. Women are the most marginalized group of the society in relation to accessing

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and controlling rural land in Ethiopia. The main challenge for an effective implementation of
women’s right to rural land in the country is largely attributable to negative attitudes and harmful
practices which deny women’s right to own, administer property and control the rural land.
Moreover, women do not have a customary right to inherit land from their family, and the
control of land during marriage falls chiefly in the hands of husbands.

On the other hand, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) Constitution recognizes
gender equality (FDRE Constitution, Arts, 25, 34, 35 and 40).the revised family laws, adopted
following the FDRE Constitution, also recognize the equality of men women in all aspects
particularly regarding the ownership and administration of personal and common property.
Furthermore, the Ethiopian government has enacted rural land administration legislations which
recognize a women’s right to the rural land. Land registration and titling, which are aimed,
interalia, at censuring women’s right to and control over rural land in the country have also
been implemented in four regional states including Oromia region, Tigray region, the southern
Nations Nationalities and peoples region (SNNPR) and Amhara region. Gender polices are also
introduced both at the federal and states levels. Moreover, institutions responsible for the
empowerment of women are established in the country.

Despite the commitment of the government in recognizing a women’s right to possess and use
rural lands, the customary laws and practices, which deny women’s equality with men, are still
prevalent in several communities. Women generally lack the legal awareness on their right to
and control over household lands. The government authorities at kebele (lowest administrative
unit) level are also highly hesitant to enforce the legal rights of women. Guzman woreda is one
of the woreda where rural land certification has been implemented within the frame of regional
program and stated in 2002.It is now ongoing process in the region even though the researchers
are conducted to see the impact of certification on the equality of women’s tenure security most
of them are done Wollo, Bahirdarzuria and Ankush gugsha woreda and Gondar zuria, so
considering this fact this study will be done in kebelewenka which are located in Guzman
woreda.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Equitable access to land and tenure security for target groups are essential for rural development
and poverty eradication. Tenure influences the extent to which farmers are prepared to invest in

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improvements in production and land management. It shapes social relations and contributes to
social stability or rather, situations of tenure insecurity contribute to social instability and
conflict. Tenure security influences the sharing of benefits from agricultural activities among
different individuals and groups, within both households and communities. It can also have an
impact on people’s ability to access credit. Poor rural people and marginalized groups have little
access to land and weak tenure security. Typically, women have weaker rights than men and are
often excluded from key decisions regarding land access and use. Aiming to increase tenure
security, Ethiopia has employed land registration and issuance of certificates with a relatively
lower cost and shorter time than other African countries (Dininger et al.2006:2).It has been
argued that the certification process in Ethiopia has positive effects in increasing tenure security
through investments on land, land rent, women’s property right and the ability to receive
compensation for terminated use rights (Deininger et al.2009:254).

Land registration and certification system provides the means of reduction boundary conflict.
Land tenure security is believed to be important in improving investment in land, land
management and sustainable use of natural resources. The land reform in the dergue regime
which was implemented in 1975 was the problematic area of the land reform which results
frequent land distribution. It was believed that fragmentation of land, insecurity of tenure and
shortage of farm inputs were the result of land distribution. In addition, it is also pointed out that
land improvement measures were not carrying out by many landholders such as tree planting,
terracing, fencing and manure etc. Because of the fear that they would not be compensated for
the development they made in their land. Conversely the current government policy trends
disclose that the chance to carry out land distribution looks to be very little or would not happen
at all. This may be an important measure to guaranty land holding rights by granting a certificate
of holding as legal evidence. To these end the land administration institute is established at a
grass root level (NZIOKI 2006).

Another significant nature of the problem lays with the fact that certification in the Amhara
region is a recent under taking which possibly creates knowledge gap in terms of its effects.
Despite the fact that land certification has been implemented over the past seven years, little is
known about the effects of certification on tenure security, investment in land, dispute over land
and the perception of farmers about security of land rights.

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The current government has taken measures women’s affair for federal up to Keble level but in
practice does not get direct support to women’s problem on their land. Even certification has
good effects to implement tenure security on women’s equality some gaps are observed between
the implementation and policies in practice. In order to avoid this problem, the study will
illustrate following possible solutions, improving the community awareness by providing enough
training to avoid women participation and by using computerizing system during land
registration and certification in order to keep documents carefully and access to information in a
simple way. Therefore, this research is designed to critically investigate the impact of land
certification on the equality of women in east region inwenkakebele which are located in
Guzman woreda.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective

The main objective of this study whereas to investigate the impact of land registration and land
certification of rural land on the right of women. to equal land rights for women in east gojjam
region in Guzman woreda.

1.3.2 Specific objective

 To identify the importance of land registration and certification on the rightsequality of
women.
 To identify the major problems relating to land registration and to certification.
 To investigate the right of women during land registration and certficationredistribution
ccompared to men.
 To assess how women protect their rights on the process of land registration and
certification. achieve their equality to land rights by certification.

1.4 Research question

What is the importance of land registration and certification for women?

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What is the perception of women on tenure security before, during and after land registration and
certification?

What are the side effects of land registration and certification in the study area?

In what way land registration andcertification achieve women’s equal land right?

1.5. Significance of the study

Generally, the study would have its own academic, policy and other significances. Among other
things, the study would have the following specific significances: This research would contribute
to the development of domestic laws and structures to tackle the issue, It would create awareness
for women’s towards land registration and certification and will initiate them to protect their
own rights.

Besides, this research would also be a good reference for all other researchers interested in
conducting further research in the area.

Furthermore, the findings of the study would give adequate and reliable information to
nongovernmental organizations and individual activists who concern on the protection and
enforcement on the right of women.

The study will have increase awareness of women’s regarding to land certification process. Also
it reduce land holders conflict which related to land and boundary conflicts, increasing
productivity and saving land holders time to complain woreda office, in case of land dispute
because, land administrative bodies can get a lot of information from the result of this study and
helps to the occurrence of land dispute and find out alternatives.

1.6. Scope of the study

The study would be delimited to the analyzing impact of rural land registration and certification
on the right of women in the east gojja zone. The study focused on only registration and
certification of rural land in east gojjam zone specifically in theguzamen wereda. Accordingly,
the study would not include other registration and certification process.

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The study would be conducted in Guzman woreda, and aims to assess the impact of land
certification on the equality of women.

1.7. Limitations of the study

In the time of the conduct of this research is a number of limitations which affected the research.
Among them some of the problems are are listed below.

Lack of computer accessibility to do this research,.

Lack of organized data for the study area, time and finance constrains, .

Since the writer is a student, financial constraints would be one of the major problems that
will affect to conduct this study in depth, .

Insufficiency’s of available sources of information eventhoug those are a limitations but I have
been used some olternative methods to achieve the objective of the study, for instance by
borrowing personal computer from classmate students, by referring other related materials, by
asking my advisor and lectures, by giving additional time to the study on this way I may
successes the objective..

1.8 Literature Review

1.8.1 concept of land policy of Ethiopia

Land policy comprises complex social, economic, political and legal prescriptions
that dictate how the land and benefit from the land, equity and social justice
environmental protection and sustainable land use (UN_ECE, 1996, P35).Land
policy principles which are relevant to land administration could include a
statement on the roles and responsibilities of the various land management, land
reform, land registration/certification cadaster and particularly the role of land
administration infrastructure.

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1.8.2 concept of land right
The rights are described as rights to occupy home stead, to use land for annual and
perennial crops, to make permanent investments, and to have access for grazing
animals, grazing fuel, wild fruits and thatching grass, mineral (ADAMS. et. Al,
1991,p1).

1.8.2.1 Use right

The revised Amhara National regional state rural land administration and use
proclamation “use right” is to mean the entitlement to exploit rural land and collect
the benefits obtained from it.

1.8.2.2 Holding rights

Holding right are any peasant farmers or semi pastoralists shall have to use rural
land for purpose of agriculture and natural resource development, lease, bequeath
to members of his family or other lawful heirs and includes the rights to
acquireproperty product in his land their on his labor or capital and to sell,
exchange and bequeath some (Teshome thesis misc. p.4).

1.8.3 The concept of land tenure

Historically land tenure in Africa is recognized as in the pre-colonial period. In that
period land was plentiful. The most wide spread type of land tenure was the
acquiring of land rights simply by residence. After the attainment of political
independence, the expansion of modern agricultural techniques leads to the
emergence of cultivators who had interests in secure land tenure rights stipulated in
modern law. In historical perspective, land tenure system is not static, rather
changing in response to political and economic progress of societies. To some people,
land tenure is a mode of land holding rights, to others it could be further defined as
the “term and conditions under which land is held, used and transferred and is one
of the principal factors determining the way in which resources are managed and
used and the manner in which benefits are distributed (ECA, 2003, p, 2). More

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 importantly, the above definition illustrates more of the mode of land holding and
the way benefits are distributed between individual citizens. In connection to this,
the current land tenure in Amhara region denotes that the rural land is categorized
in to four major holding types. These include communal, state, private and common
and joint holdings (the Revised ANRS rural land administration and use
proclamation No 133/2006, Art 10).
According to FAO (2002) land tenure is defined as “the relationship, weather legally
or customary defined, among people as individual or group with respect to land.”
Moreover, land tenure is an institution, i.e. rules invested by societies to regulate
behavior. Rules to tenure to define how property rights to land are to be allocated
within societies. They define how access is granted to rights to use, control and
transfer land as well as associated responsibilities and restrictions. In simple terms,
“land tenure system defines who can use what resources for how long and under
what condition (FAO, 2002).

1.8.4 Types of land tenure

There are two major types of land tenure system in Africa. More specifically,
customary and statutory land tenure systems.

1.8.4.1Customary land tenure

Customary land tenure is found in most parts of Africa and the Middle East. Before
colonization and the creation of modern nation state, land in most parts of Africa
governed by traditional procedure and rules on land utilization, access and transfer,
commonly known as customary land tenure. Being traditionally, the procedure and
rules were social constructs whose essential elements were passed verbally, by way
of example or practice from generation to generation belonging to a particular
community or tribe. In other words customary land tenure system, like any other
social constructs, was dynamic rather than static. The major outstanding features of
the customary land tenure system were the “rights of avail” (ECA, 2004).this means
the benefits were automatically shared by all people belonging to a particular

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 community, tribe or clan and all pieces of land acquiring through allocation by the
chief or head man or inheritance, remained in perpetuity, the exclusive property of
the concerned households as long as the allotted continued belonging to the
community and actively utilized the land. Another essential feature in customary
land tenure was the issue of land administration. Land was administered by chiefs,
head man, clan or tribal and elder; ownership was bested in the respected
community such as a tribe or clan which was not recognized by the state. However,
for instance now a day’s legal recognition of customary land rights increasing in
Ghana, South Africa, Zambia, Uganda and Mozambique (IBID, 2006, P 106).
Customary tenure rights and restrictions obeyed by a society are not written but
literally based custom (Burns, Grant et al, 2006). Hence customary tenure is still
existing and common is most parts of Africa.

1.8.4.2 Statutory land tenure

Statutory land tenure system is governed by modern law and supported by
documentary evidence; such as a title deed or lease certificate and administrated by
the government. Its system and respective management structure were exported
into Africa from Europe as part of the colonization packages. Though a series
proclamations and decrees, land was exported from Africans by European settlers
and colonial administrators. In the statutory land tenure system land rights are
defined by law and supported by documentary evidence (Torhonen, 2004, p 19).
Statutory tenure refers to written and codified rules that define the relation between
land and people (Kalabamu, 2000). Bogale, Benedict et al (2008) stated that
Ethiopian has a long history in its state interventions in land tenure relations and
considerable influences on local land tenure system throughout different political
regimes. As a country has not been colonized, there is no colonial heritage or legally
pertinent in other African countries and as a result there was no land grabbing by
European settlers which contribute to the formalization of private property rights,
to land. Hence statutory land tenure system in main land tenure system in Ethiopia
is general and in Amhara region in particular.

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1.8.5 Rural land certification in Amhara region
Land certification refers to the evidence of the provision rights to land(Lyons and
Chandra, 2001, p3).Amhara region has developed a land administration
system(LAS) that consolidates rights to rural land and the system is under
implementation in the whole region. The primary objective of land certification
program carried out in the Amhara region is a means to achieve the end of result
rather than an end by itself. Moreover, land certification has social, gender,
financial and economic implications. It creates gender equality to access land
possession (Holden, 2008).

1.8.6 Methods of Land certification

In general there are two methods of certification such as traditional/cultural or
primary level of certification and modern or secondary level of certification.

1.8.6.1 Traditional/cultural land certification

As the name implies, measurement and registration /certification of holder’s right
under the traditional method does not employ any surveying equipment. At the end
of certificate/evidence to holder pertinent to traditional method of registration is
called temporary certification or primary book of holding.

1.8.6.2 Modern method of land certification

The modern method of registration or certification has employed high tech
surveying equipment’s and required surveyors to operate instruments in order to
carry out acquisition of parcel based information.

1.8.7 Women’s access to land, the impacts of land registration

1.8.7.1 Women access to land and control of land

In the current context of land reform and scarcity of land in the region for many
women land use rights have become increasingly important. Before the 1991_1996

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 land registration, over all women’s right in land were insecure. However, the land
registration has brought a radical change in the pattern of the land access and
ownership for women in the region. ide is restricted to women’s access to land.
Women are responsible for between 60 and 80 percent of food production in
developing countries. Yet they rarely own the land they are working on, have tenure
security or control over the land. They often have limited decision making power
and control over how to use the land or its outputs. Women and men’s de jure
access to land is regulated by the formal legal system, and in many developing
countries similarly through customary law. There are many examples of how the
two systems can both prevent and promote women’s access to land. The formal
legal systems in many countries have constitutions or land laws that grant gender
equality in access to land but where laws for marriage, divorce and inheritance
contradict these laws by discriminating against women and daughters. While
systems of customary law regarding land tenure in pre-colonial Africa often granted
women access to land, this right was lost in many cases with the introduction of the
idea of individual ownership. Women’s access to land and property is central to
women’s economic empowerment, as land can serve as a base for food production
and income generation, as collateral for credit and as a means of holding savings for
the future. Land is also a social asset that is crucial for cultural identity, political
power and participation in decision making. Women’s equal access to land is a
human rights issue. It also has other benefits. Evidence shows that women’s land
rights reduce domestic violence that women who own land are more capable of
exiting violent relationships and negotiating safe sex. Agricultural production and
food security also increase when women are granted tenure security.

1.8.8 Land holding certificate book

Any rural land holder shall request and issue land holding certificate may be
prepared in his or her name and attached a photo thereon in accordance with time
table the authorities’ woreda representative office may set out. Where it is ascertain
that the land is hold together by spouses or by other person is common, the holding
certificate shall be prepared in both common holders (Amhara National regional

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state rural land administration and use of the Amhara National regional state 2006,
p70).
Concerning to the level of land certification it is suggested that land registration and
certification is the highest level of formalization of ownership rights in private
property systems (Mel med Sanjak and Lastarria cornhiel 1998).It has been
indicated that in a situation where there is a well-functioning tenure systems that
can protect land rights certification may not have a significant role to secure land
rights. According to Nzioki (2006), in the Ethiopian context “land certification is an
attempt by the government to provide security of tenure and protect the use rights
of land holders by registering their holdings and issuing certificates that are
further guarantee to holders from facing another loss through land redistribution at
least for a period of 20-30 years ‘’(Nzioki2006).Moreover ,it is illustrated that the
land certification is being applied carful with a great concern in Amhara region at
the pilot level ; nevertheless, there is a considerable doubt of knowledge about the
legal states of certification and have not enough knowledge as to what extent land
holders are convinced. Hence, the ultimate goal of certification is to protect and
holding and land use rights of holders by undertaking registration and provide
holding certificate to individual land holders and to confirm that holding and land
use rights are legally secured.
It is also suggested that land certification process was rather decentralized,
participatory and transparent. The program was focused on the issuance of
certificates rather than tittles, and emphasis on gender equality assists the program
to avoid some of the problems raised in literature on land titling process in Africa.
In addition, access information about the process was equally clear for both females
and the poor. As it was participatory, field process was long enough to identify and
to solve conflicts locally (Deininger, Ayalew et al 2008).
Before precede the next section it is necessary to explain the meaning of terms like
land titling and land certification based on literature. The term land titling is
commonly used in the literature. Lyons and Chandra (2001) define the terms as
“land titling” is “land registration”, this is to mean that land registration is the
process of registering holding rights in land whether the form is indeed or title,

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 whereas “land title” refers to “the evidence of a person’s rights to land”. In
connection to this certification is a process of registering land under holding and
next issuing the certificate of holding as an evidence to ensure that rights are legally
secure (Lyons and Chandra 2001). In the same analogy, the revised land law is
clearly stated it that “the holding certificate is a legal certificate of the holder
(No.133/2006).
Therefore, as indicated above these terminologies “land titling “and “land
certification “mainly refers to the process of registering holding or use rights in
land, whereas “land title and holding certificate” are terms used to indicate the
evidence of a person’s holding or use right’s to land. In this case, it should be clear
that the terms are used to address the same issue and can be used interchangeably.
The primary objective of the land certification program carried out in the Amhara
region is a means to achieve the end result rather than an end by itself. Moreover,
land certification has social, gender, financial and economic implications. However,
it is argue that complete benefit of certification is likely to be achieved only when all
land administration components are operational and efficient (Lyons and Chandra
2001).The potential benefits of land titling are presented in figure 1 below to give
more insight about the multiple paths of titling to bring benefits

1.8.9. The effects of land certification on land related disputes

In many countries disputes over land and its boundaries give rise to expensive
litigation and all too often lead to a break down in law and order. Much time is
taken by the courts in resolving these matters, leading to delays in other parts of the
judicial system. Land often cannot be put on to the market or put to better use
without resolution of the disputes, since no political investor is likely to wish to be
committed to developing land where court cases may be pending. Thus, the process
of registering rights and certification should prevent such disputes arising in the
future, since at the time of first registration formal procurers should be followed
that will resolve uncertainty. Other words, the main aim Land registration is to
protect the land rights of individuals through laws , to define the rights and
responsibilities of institutions, ensure that the” rule of law ’is applied when land

16
rights are extinguished or land is sequestered by the state, and to adjudicate in cases
of conflict (ECA2004).
Besides, tenure insecurity may be arose from a sense of lack of different types of
rights such as single rights, combination of rights , duration of rights , certainty of
retaining rights from actual or risk of dispute over rights ,risk of expropriation of
all land rights (place 2009). On the other hand, increasing scarcity of land in the
presence of high rate of population growth, possibly along with a legacy of
discrimination and highly inequitable land access, implies that many historical and
contemporary conflicts have their roots in struggles over land (Bell 2006). As
indicated above, disputes over land can be manifested in many basic ways. Land
disputes may be occurred when the land law is week to protect the rights of
individual land holders, the feeling of insecurity on single and combined rights and
also scarcity of land because of the high rate of population growth.
Basically, land related disputes can be of two types. These are disputes between
individuals and disputes between an individuals and disputes between an individual
citizen and the administration. The first deals with the term adjudication as a
dispute resolution mechanism that is usually referred as “the ascertainment of
existing rights in land for purpose of first registration”. Furthermore, disputes
between individuals refer to for example, boundary conflict between two
neighboring parcels owners. Whereas dispute between individual citizens and the
administration refers to dispute arise in the time of interventions that can result the
expropriation of the land holder when land is needed by the government for urban
expansion or for other public purposes. In such situation compensation is seen as a
dispute resolution mechanism (Haldrup 2004).

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1.9 Methodology of the study

1.9.1 Description of the study area

The study would be conducted in Amhara region in east Gojjam in Guzman

woreda.Guzamn is one of the woredas in the Amhara region of Ethiopia part of the east
gojjamzone,the woreda has a total population of 132,883 based on the 2007 national
census. Guzamn is bordered on the south east by Basoliben,on the south by Abay river
which separates it from the oromiaregion,on the west by Debre Elias,on the north west by
Machakel,on the north by sinan,and on the east by Anded; the chamwaga river defines
part of the border between the Guzman and baslibenworedas.Thetowen and woreda of
Debre Markos is an enclave in side Guzamn.Towens in Guzman’s include chemoga and
yebokile.Sinan woreda was separate from Guzman.

1.9.2 Sampling techniques

Under the study the researcher was use non-probability sampling especially available sampling
technique was employed. In the normal scientific research method the researcher was select 142

18
respondents from 570 populations with non-probability sampling especially available sampling
techniques. But, because of time and budget constraint the researcher was select only 30
respondents from the general population of the study for questioner by using available sampling
techniques. In addition to select sample size from farmers, the researcher was select two key
informant or stockholder based on non-probability sampling especially judgmental sampling
technique was be used. Because, they are knowledgeable and they give enough and appropriate
information about the issue of rural land registration and certfication.

In order to select sample respondents for primary data collection different sampling
techniques are used depending on the types of data collections. Hence, it is difficult to
contact every one, because it will be difficult to implement from financially, labor and
time. For this reason; it will be select 25-40 respondents who have certification books
that are typically for the population in the study kebele and the numbers of selected
respondents are proportional for the sample kebele by using simple random techniques.
Then I will distribute the questionnaires only for the respondents randomly from the list
of women who will be obtaining their own certification.

1.9.3 Instrument of data collection

To gather the relevant data the researcher was used in depth-interview, questioner and
observation of data collection from respondent(target of population), stockholder and from the
study area. In general, the researcher was to applies triangulation methods which appropriate to
get full of information and data in the study area.

1.9.3.1 In-depth interview

In-depth interview instrument was use to gather data from the key informant or other
stockholder.Because, In depth-interview was use applies and to gather information about the
topic from those who was direct relation with the problem.

1.9.3.2 Questionnaire

For this research, the researcher was prepare questioner both in Amharic and English language
in term of open and close ended. Hence, Amharic version are important to easily understand the

19
respondent and provide information based on the questioner. open ended questioner are
important to the respondent to explain information and the instrument was demographic.
Personal information of the respondent.

1.9.3.3 Observation

For the study, to collect qualitative data the researcher was observe the impact of rural land
registration and certification on women rights in the study area. Because the researcher was
expect to gather relevant and accurate information through observation.

1.9.4 Data analysis and Interpretation

For this study, the collected data has been analyzed and interpreted by using qualitative and
quantitative data analysis research method. The data gather through questioner from respondents
has been analyzed and interpreted by quantitative analysis method such as tabulation, percentage
and frequency. From the qualitative data collected through interview guide from police officer
and child youth and women officer and observation from the study area was also analyzed and
interpreted through narration and description.

1.9.3 Data source and data collection

Data will obtain using both primary and secondary data source to assess the impact of
land certification to equal land right for women. Primary data’s are collected from
members of the public of Guzman woreda. Therefore, key informant interview, from
field observations, questionnaires from the owner and face to face interviews.
I will also use secondary data source such as books, journals, news and other supporting
documents in relation to the issue. I can collect this information from the municipality,
Keble administration and Keble residents who are obtain their own certification.

1.9.4 Data analysis and presentation

In this research, descriptive statistics data analysis technics is used. Data are collected
from both primary (including the data collected field observation, questionnaires, and
interviews) and secondary data sources are organized and tabulated. Descriptive statistics

20
 is used to organize and present quantitative data. The quantitative data are then presented
by using data presentation technique such as tables and percentages. while the qualitative
data will be analyzed and summarizing using descriptive method by using descriptive
statement.

1.10 Budget plan

No Item Amount Unit price Total price
1 Transport 400 birr
2 Copy 80 1 80 birr
3 Pen 6 10 60 birr
4 Print 80 1 80 birr
5 Flash 1 275 275 birr
6 Paper 180 0.5 90 birr
7 Ruler 1 25 25 birr
8 Telephone 3 50 250 birr
9 Internet 200 birr
10 notebook 1 55 55 birr
1515 birr

1.101 Time plan

no Activity November December January February March April may June

1 Title 
selection
and
submission
2 Proposal  
writing

21
 3 Proposal 
submission
4 Proposal 
presentation

5 Data 
collection
6 Data  
processing
and
analyzing
7 Report  
writing and
presentation

1.110 Budget plan

No Item Amount Unit price Total price
1 Transport 400 birr
2 Copy 80 1 80 birr
3 Pen 6 10 60 birr
4 Print 80 1 80 birr
5 Flash 1 275 275 birr
6 Paper 180 0.5 90 birr
7 Ruler 1 25 25 birr
8 Telephone 3 50 250 birr
9 Internet 200 birr
10 notebook 1 55 55 birr
1515 birr

22
REFERENCE
Books and jornals
Adams M.(2000), Tenure security livelihoods and sustainable land use in Southern
Africa land reform and poverty alleviation in Southern Africa;SARPN.
Deininger (2004) Land policies for growth and poverty reduction, key issues and
challenges ahead, Forum on the building of land information policies.
Mel med Sanjak and Lastarriacornhiel(1998).
Muradu Abdo land law and policy in Ethiopia since1991 continuities and challenges
(2009), velum 3.
NOZIK (2005): Land policies in sub Saharan Africa, clear, resource center for rural
development center for land economy and rights to women, Nairobi Kenya.
Torhonen (2004): sustainable land tenure and land registration in developing countries,
including a historical comparison with an industrialized country.

Laws

Amhara revised rural land administration and use poc.No.133/2006.

Amhara rural land administration and use poc.No.133/2006 Arts.

FDRE constitution, Art 40
Federal rural land administration: proc.No. 89/1997

conventions

Deininger (2004) Land policies for growth and poverty reduction, key issues and
challenges ahead, Forum on the building of land information policies.
FAO (2002) FAO Land tenure studies 3, Land tenure rural development food and agricultural
organization of United Nations. Rome

23
 UN-ECE (1996): land administration guidelines, special reference to countries in
transition, New York and Geneva.
FDRE constitution, Art 40
Federal rural land administration: proc.No. 89/1997
Mel med Sanjak and Lastarriacornhiel(1998).
Muradu Abdo land law and policy in Ethiopia since1991 continuities and challenges
(2009), velum 3.
NOZIK (2005): Land policies in sub Saharan Africa, clear, resource center for rural
development center for land economy and rights to women, Nairobi Kenya.
Torhonen (2004): sustainable land tenure and land registration in developing countries,
including a historical comparison with an industrialized country.
UN-ECE (1996): land administration guidelines, special reference to countries in
transition, New York and Geneva.

Appendix 1
Questionnaires prepared for the woreda land administration staff
Introduction
The questionnaire is prepared for an academic purpose for the fulfillment BSc degree of
the land administration, the objective of the study is to assess the impact of land
certification on the equality of women in Wenka kebele, your response is very important

24
for the success of the study hence, you are kindly requested to give your answers for the
questions provided below, I would like to thank for your cooperation in advance.
Organization……………………..
Sex, male……………., female……………., education level ………………………,
position …………………..
1 What is the major land use conflict reported to the land administration office?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..
2 Can you say that the land certification has reduction conflicts over land use?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
3 What land use change have you observed after land certification?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..
4 What exception cases are drafted in the office to achieve equality of women?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5 What is the advantage of land certification in securing equality of women?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
6 What are the major problems in the land certification and registration?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
7 What are the major problems do, females facing during and after land certification?

25
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

Appendix 2
Questionnaires prepared for the kebele land administration officials and committees
Name of kebele …………………………
Sex, Male ........…... Female ………………….. , Educational level …………………….
Introduction
The questionnaire is prepared for an academic purpose for the fulfillment of BSc degree
land administration, the objective of the study is to assess the impact of land certification
on the equality of women in wenka kebele, your response is very important for the
success of the study hence, you are kindly requested to give your answers for the
questions provided below, I would like to thank for your cooperation in advance.
1 Do all farmers in the kebele have land certification? Yes...................…... no
……………………
Why
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
2 What are the major lands related conflicts submitted to the land administration
committee?

26
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………..
3 what is the role of kebele administration in resolving the conflicts?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..
4 What is your role and responsibilities during and after land registration and certification
process in your kebele?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………….
5 What are the major challenges does female faced during and after land registration?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
6 If the female divorces her spouses and live in another kebele, how her right of land
holding is protected?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
7 What is the importance of land certification to women for achieving their equality?
Explain
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
8 Do women participation on land administration and use committee members have
enough?
Yes ………………,No ………….., other reasons
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……………………………………………………………………………

27
Appendix 3
Name of householder…………………………, Sex…………., Male…….., Female
1 Marital status A/ married B/ single C/ divorce D/ widowed
2 In which age category do you get? A/ 18- 30 B / 31-45 C/ 45-60 D greater than 60
3 Educational status A/ can read and write (between 1 and 8, between 9 and 12, greater
than 12)
B/ cannot read and write
4 How many years do you live in your kebele?
5 Have you your own land holding? A/ yes B/ no
6 If your answer in question No 5 is yes, Have you register your holding right?
A/ yes B/ no
7 Have you land holding certificate? A/ yes B/ no
8 How looks like your responsibility regarding to the land holding certificate?
8.1 Before certification of land holding: - A/ High B/ Low C/ Indifference
8.2 After certification of land holding:-A/ Increasing B/ decreasing C/ Indifference
9 If your answer in question No 8.2 is yes why? .................................................................
10 What is the use of land holding certificate?
A/Have good coverage of their livelihood B/ It creates women’s social participation C/ it
creates responsibilities over their own holding D/ all
E/ list if any………………….
11 What is the economic advantage of land holding certificate for women?
A/ to have enough food consumption B/ to increase women’s productivity and increase
their income C/ It creates responsibilities over their holding D/ all E/ list if
any…………..

12 What is the social advantage of land holding certificate for women?

A/ increase women’s equality B/ increases women’s social status C/ all D/ list if any……

28
13 What is the political advantage of land holding certificate for women?
A/ to enable women’s to be elected or to elect in the land administration committee
B/ it enable women to preserve their right over their land holding if there is dispute on
their land holding C/ to create knowledge to fight prejudice D/ all E/ list if
any…………….
14 What difficult faces for women before and after land registration..............................

29