1.Evaluate the implementation of inclusion in Ethiopia by giving practical examples?

Inclusion is defined from the concept of education, process of education that is aimed at
meeting students‘ diverse needs in regular classrooms. It focuses not only students with
special educational needs but also students without special needs. It is based on the
concept that respecting diversity and the different needs and abilities, characteristics and
learning expectations of the students and communities and eliminating all forms of
discrimination in educational, social, economic and other aspects of life.

As we understand from it's definition, inclusion is needed to increase motor skills of

students with disabilities. A disabled student gets equal chance to participate in age-
appropriate activities so, it increases the confidence level. Typical students get a chance
to increase friendships with disabled children.

The findings from the reviewed studies in Ethiopia revealed that

 attitudinal barriers,
 skill/knowledge barrier,
 inflexibility of curriculum,
 policies barriers,
 economic barrier, and
 physical/ infrastructural barriers are the major hindrances to implement inclusive
education in Ethiopia. So it's easily visible that the implementation of the concept
is not an easy task specially in developing countries like Ethiopia.

KEY CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

The Government of Ethiopia has displayed its commitment to make education

accessible to all citizens in the legal, policy, strategy, programme, and plan
documents. In addition, various international policy documents, Conventions,
Declarations, Framework of Actions, and Forums on inclusive education have
been accepted and also ratified by the country. Nevertheless, the realization of its
implementation is far from reality yet.

Responses of participants at a different level and results of different studies show

that implementation of successful inclusive education has been deterred by several
variables in the country. Key challenges are presented as follows.

 Weak inclusive education structure

 Limitations in data collection and management system
 Inaccessible facility and unsafe school environment

 Rigid curriculum
 Insufficient educational materials and assistive devices
 Lack of general education teachers’ adequate preparation
2. what is the similarity and difference between Impairment, Disability, and Handicap?

◇Similarity

Impairment, disability and handicap are all related to conditions that make it hard or
impossible for an individual to function in a normal capacity and the effect of those
conditions.

◇Difference

An impairment is the abnormality itself, and a disability is the restriction that is caused
by the abnormality. A handicap is the manner in which the impairment restricts the
normal functioning airment

An impairment occurs when there is a problem that affects the normal human body
structure or organ. An example of an impairment is someone who has cerebral palsy,
because it affects the structure of the body of those who suffer from it in several ways. It
causes the joints to stiffen due to painful contractions in the muscles, which make it hard
for the individual to move the various limbs. It also causes the jaws to contract and
clench together in a manner that makes it a struggle for some individuals to unclench the
jaw. Cerebral palsy also leads to stunted growth and deformity of the limbs in some
individuals. All of these factors affect the physical structure of the body and are included
in the definition of impairment

 Disability

Disability refers to the way in which the impairment restricts the movements and
activities of the individual. In the case of the individual with cerebral palsy, the
impairment may affect the ability of the individual to walk. This is due to the fact that the
individual cannot coordinate the twisted and stiff muscles to use them to walk. In severe
cases of cerebral palsy, the individual may be unable to move at all due to damage in the
brain and the resulting disconnect between the cognitive faculty necessary to learn how to
function and the ability to control the limbs for movement. In relatively milder cases of
cerebral palsy in which the individual retains full or partial cognitive faculties, such an
individual might be able to learn how to move about using movement aids. The use of
such aids reduces the level of the disability.

 Handicap

Handicap stems from the extent of restriction that the impairment and disability impose
on the individual. The criteria for measuring the handicap is by assessing how other
normal people in such a situation would cope. As such, those who have cerebral palsy are
handicapped in the sense that they cannot do things common to people in their age group
and environment. For instance, if the individual who has cerebral palsy is eight years old,
he or she is handicapped to the extent that he or she cannot play with children in the same
age group, and in some cases, cannot even do everyday tasks like feeding him or herself.
3. Describe the main purposes of Inclusiveness?

 It is now understood that inclusive education benefits communities, families,

teachers, and students by ensuring that children with disabilities attend school
with their peers and providing them with adequate support to succeed both
academically and socially
Social inclusion is important for a person’s dignity, security and opportunity to
lead a better life.It has been proven over and over again how important it is to
support individuals to feel connected and valued within society and address any
form of social exclusion people are experiencing every day.

Purpose of inclusiveness :

* To Change the Attitude

A more positive attitude toward certain mental traits or behaviors, or not underestimating
the potential quality of life of those with impairments.

* Social supports

Help dealing with attitudinal barriers, resources, aids or positive discrimination to

overcome them.

* Physical structures

Buldings with sloped access and elevators.

* Information

Using suitable formats (e.g. Braille), levels (e.g. simplicity of language), or

coverage (e.g. explaining issues others may take for granted).

* Is to creat a sense of belonging and a self-concept of not just being a receiver of help
but also a giver of help.

* Is to create An Organisation Where Everyone Belongs

4. Inclusiveness is a new idea started in the 1990’s in developed countries and wide
spread throughout the world. Currently, many countries in the world attempted to
embrace inclusion. What are the main rationales that many states shift towards the
implementation of inclusion?

- There are several key rationales behind the shift towards inclusion in many countries
around the world. Some of the main reasons include:

Equity and Social Justice: One of the primary rationales for inclusion is the desire for
greater equity and social justice. Inclusive policies and practices aim to ensure that all
individuals, regardless of their background or abilities, have access to the same
opportunities and resources. By removing barriers and promoting equal access, inclusion
can help to reduce disparities and promote fairness.

An example of a beneficiary of equity and social justice could be a marginalized

community that is given equal access to resources and opportunities. For instance, when a
government implements policies that promote fair hiring practices, offers healthcare
services in underserved areas, and provides affordable housing options, it can help to
reduce systemic inequalities and promote social justice.

Economic Advantages: Another key rationale for inclusion is the potential economic
benefits that can result from a more diverse and inclusive society. Studies have shown
that companies and organizations that embrace diversity and inclusion tend to perform
better financially, and that inclusive workplaces can boost productivity and innovation.

An example of a beneficiary of economic advantages could be a local business that

benefits from a diverse and inclusive workforce. For instance, when a company hires
people from different backgrounds, it can benefit from a wider range of perspectives and
experiences, which can lead to increased creativity and innovation.

Human Rights: Many advocates of inclusion see it as a basic human right, grounded in
the principle that all individuals should be treated with dignity and respect. Inclusive
policies and practices aim to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to participate fully
in society, regardless of their race, gender, sexuality, or other personal characteristics.

An example of a beneficiary of human rights could be a person who is protected from

discrimination and violence because of their gender, race, sexuality, or other factors. For
instance, when a government enacts laws that protect people from hate crimes, or when
an organization creates policies that prevent harassment in the workplace, it can help to
ensure that everyone's human rights are respected and upheld.
Educational Benefits: Inclusive education has been shown to have a number of benefits
for all students, including improved academic achievement, increased social skills, and
greater empathy and understanding of others.

An example of a beneficiary of educational benefits could be a student who is able to

learn and succeed because of an inclusive and diverse learning environment. For instance,
when a school creates a welcoming environment for students from different backgrounds,
offers courses that reflect diverse perspectives, and provides support services for students
with disabilities or other needs, it can help to ensure that all students have access to high-
quality education.

Demographic Changes: As populations around the world become more diverse, with
increasing numbers of individuals from different racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds,
there is a growing recognition that inclusivity is essential for building cohesive and
harmonious societies.

An example of a beneficiary of demographic changes could be a community that

becomes more diverse and inclusive over time. For instance, when a city experiences an
influx of immigrants, it can lead to new cultural experiences, economic opportunities, and
social connections that benefit everyone in the community.

Overall, the rationale for inclusion is grounded in a desire for greater equality, fairness,
and respect for all individuals, as well as the recognition that diversity can bring
significant economic and social benefits.
5. For whom inclusion is ?
Who is the beneficiaries form inclusion? Try to designate answered by giving particular
example.

Inclusion can benefit a wide range of individuals and groups. Here are some practical
examples of beneficiaries of inclusion:

People with disabilities: Inclusion ensures that people with disabilities have equal access
to opportunities, resources, and services. For example, installing wheelchair ramps in
public buildings, providing sign language interpreters for events, or offering flexible
work arrangements can help people with disabilities to participate fully in society.

Ethnic and racial minorities: Inclusion helps to promote diversity and combat
discrimination against ethnic and racial minorities. For example, promoting diversity in
hiring practices or creating multicultural events can help to ensure that everyone is valued
and included..

Women: Inclusion can help to promote gender equality and combat sexism. For example,
implementing policies that support work-life balance, providing equal pay for equal
work, or creating leadership development programs for women can help to ensure that
women are included and valued in the workplace.

Older adults: Inclusion can help to ensure that older adults have access to resources and
opportunities that promote healthy aging. For example, creating age-friendly
communities, offering transportation services, or providing social activities can help to
promote inclusion and reduce social isolation.

 Overall, inclusion benefits not only the individuals who are directly affected but
also society as a whole by promoting diversity, equality, and social cohesion.
Benefits for students who experience disability:
✓ better academic and vocational outcomes than their peers in non-inclusive settings
✓ greater social interaction, resulting in more opportunities to establish and maintain
friendships
✓ increased independent communication and speech and language development, in turn
supporting greater inclusion and active participation
✓ a sense of belonging and a self-concept of not just being a receiver of help but also a
giver of help access to a broader range of play and learning activities, which can
stimulate physical development and enhance children’s experiences
Benefits for all students:

✓ a more positive sense of self and self-worth improved behavioural development, with
less ‘challenging’or ‘disruptive’ behaviour greater independence
✓ greater social development and the opportunity to develop friendships they may not
have considered or encountered otherwise enhanced communication and language
development.
✓ the development of qualities such as patience and trust,as well as greater awareness
and responsiveness to the needs of others.an increased awareness and valuing of
diversity,and understanding of individuality.higher quality education and care
✓ higher quality instruction that is better suited to individual needs.
✓ Children and young people who do not experience disability have also been found to
benefit academically from inclusive education, with equal or better outcomes than their
peers in non-inclusive settings.

Benefits for teachers and educators:

✓ professional growth
✓ higher quality of engagement with students
✓ increased personal satisfaction
✓ greater confidence in their ability as an educator.

Benefits for families and the community:

✓ greater psychological and economic wellbeing for parents parents may feel more
supported and confident to return to work
✓ a more inclusive school community greater community cohesion and the
breaking down of discriminatory beliefs and ableist practices.
6. Many scholars agreed that inclusion is cost effective than segregated educational
setting. Elaborate this idea by giving practical example

Research has shown that inclusive education is more cost-effective than segregated
educational settings. Here are some practical examples that elaborate on this idea:

Reduced need for special education teachers: In inclusive classrooms, teachers are
trained to support students with diverse needs, reducing the need for specialized teachers.
This means that schools can save money on hiring additional staff and can use those
resources for other purposes.

Reduced need for specialized equipment and materials: Inclusive classrooms often
require less specialized equipment and materials than segregated settings. For instance, a
student who is blind may need a braille keyboard or screen reader in a segregated setting,
but in an inclusive classroom, they can use a regular computer with accessible software.

Reduced need for transportation: In segregated settings, students are often transported
to a different location for specialized services, such as therapy or counseling. Inclusive
education can reduce the need for transportation, which can save schools money on
transportation costs.

Improved student outcomes: Research has shown that students in inclusive settings
often have better academic and social outcomes than those in segregated settings. This
means that schools can save money on interventions and supports that are needed to
address poor outcomes.

Reduced costs of legal challenges: Segregated educational settings can be more

vulnerable to legal challenges related to discrimination and civil rights violations.
Inclusive education can reduce the risk of legal challenges, saving schools money on
legal fees and settlements.

 Overall, inclusive education can be cost-effective because it can reduce the need
for specialized resources, transportation, legal challenges, and support services.
Additionally, inclusive classrooms have been shown to lead to better student
outcomes, which can lead to cost savings in the long run by reducing the need for
interventions and supports.