UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

L2

L3

change in displacement ΔS
change in time
=
Δt
L.T-1

M.L.T-2

N.m or
M.L2.T-2
Joule

work J
= watt M.L2.T-3
time s

Weight of body = mass x acceleration due to gravity W = Mg

= M 9.8 Newton’s

Conversion symbols

Deci (d) centi (c) mili (m) micro nano (n) pico (p) femto (f) kilo (k)
X 10-1 X 10-2 X 10-3 (μ) X 10-6 X 10-9 X 10-12 X 10-15 X 103

Mega (M) Gega (G) gm ton Angstrom liter (L) Kg weight X acceleration
X 106 X 109 X 10-3 kg X 103 kg A0 X 10-10 m X 10-3 m3 due to gravity → (N)

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Centimeter

102 10

10-2 10-1
103
Meter Millimeter
-3
10
1m = 1 x 102 cm = 103 mm
1m2 = 1 x (102)2 cm2 = (103)2mm2
1m2 = l x l04 cm2 = 106 mm2
1m3 = 1 x (102)3 cm3 = (103)3mm3
1m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 109 mm3

Liter

103 103

10-3 10-3
106
m3 Cm3
10-6
* To analyze the vector into two components
Fy = F Sin θ
Opposite

Hypotenuse F

θ θ
Adjacent Fx = F Cos θ

Opp
Sin θ = ……………… Opp. = hyp. Sin θ
hyp.
Adj
Cos θ = ……………… Adj. = hyp. Cos θ
hyp.
Opp
Tan θ = ……………… Opp. = Adj. tan θ
Adj.

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 UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Important Law

2. Square 1. Cube
Area of one face = L2
Area = L2 L
Total area = 6L2 L
Perimeter = 4 L Volume = L3 L
L L

3. Rectangle 6. Cuboid
W
Area = L X W Area of base = L X W
L Volume = L X W X h h
Perimeter = 2 ( L + W )
= Area of base X h L W

4. Circle 7. Sphere

Area = πR2 R Surface Area = 4πR2 R

Perimeter (circumference) = 2 πR Volume =
4
πR3
3

5. Triangle 8. Cylinder

Y R
Sin θ = Y
Z Z
X
Cos θ = X Area of base = πR2
Z
Y Volume = Area of base X h
Tan θ = Height
X
1 Base = πR2h
Area = base x height
2

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

y = mx + c
y = mx where (m) is slope
where (m) is slope (c) is constant

-C
y = c - mx y = mx - c
where (m) is slope where (m) is slope
(c) is constant (c) is constant

y = ax2 a
y=
Where (a) is constant X
where (a) is constant

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 UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Lesson One

Electric current & Ohm’s law

Electron current
Conventional current
(Actual current)

1- Electric source
" To create electric potential difference between the terminals the conductor "
2- Closed circuit

+ Battery
–

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Materials are classified according to their electrical conductivity into:

Good conductors Bad conductors

1- It has large numbers of
1- It has very few free electrons
free electrons
2- For example glass and
2- For example Silver, copper
porcelain and gases
and other metals
3- It has low conductivity
3- It has high conductivity

Q coulomb
I= ( sec
) or ( ampere )
t
Where (Q) is Quantity of charges (electricity)
(t) is Time

Calculating number of charges (electrons):

Q=nxe

Where (n) is Number of charges (electrons)

(e-) is Electron charge (e- = 1.6 x 10-l9C)

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 UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Q OR Q
I= Q = I x t
I Coulomb Ampere second
t
Units Ampere = coulomb/sec. I
Q=nxe=Ixt Where n is the number of electrons passing in t Sec.

It is the current intensity of a conductor when one coulomb is the electric charge
passing in it in one second.

It is the quantity of electric charge passes in a given cross sectional area in one
second when the current intensity is one ampere.

It's the work done in joules to transfer a unit charge of one coulomb from one point
to another. (It is measured in volts)

W W = Q x V
V= OR
Q Joule coulomb volt W

Units Joule/coulomb = volt Q V

It is the potential difference between two points when the work done to
transfer a charge of one coulomb between them is one joule.

The Electromotive Force (E.M.F of a source (VB)

It's the work done to transfer a unit charge of one coulomb through the whole circuit.
Through the source and the external circuit]. It's measured in volts.
OR: It's the potential difference between the two poles of the source when the circuit
is opened (when no current passes).

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 UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Electric energy

W = V x I x t
W = V. Q → Joules Volt Ampere Second

Electric Power
It is the work done (electric energy) per unit time

W
P= = V x I → Measured in watts → Watt = J/sec = Volt. Ampere
t

Joule
It is the work done to transfer a charge of 1 coulomb through conductor when the
potential difference across it is 1 Volt.

Watt
It is the electric power when 1 Joule is the energy consumed in one second

Solved Examples

1) A current intensity of 3.2 A passes through a conductor. Find the number of

electrons that passes across its cross-section during 3 seconds given that the
charge of an electron e = 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
Solution:
Q = I x t = n x e → 3.2 x 3 = n x 1.6 x 10-19 I = 3.2 A t = 3 sec
3.2 ×3
n= 19
= 6 x 10 electrons n = ?? e = 1.6 x 10-19 c
1.6 ×10−19

2) Find the applied potential difference of a source if the work done needed to
transfer 2 coulomb = 30J.
Solution:
W 30
∵V= Q
=
2
= 15 volt W = 30 s Q=2c

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 UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Calculate the electric current intensity passing in a conductor which is due to

the flow of quantity of electricity of 15 C through the cross-section of the
conductor in a time period of 3 s
Solution:
Q = 15 C
Q 15 t =3s
I= = = 5A I=?
t 3

What is the number of electrons passing through a certain cross-section area

of a conductor within a period of 1 second if the electric current intensity
passing in the circuit 20 A and the electron charge is 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐂
Solution:
Q t=1s
I= ∴ Q = It = 20 × 1 = 20 C
t I = 20 A
Q 20 e = 1.6 × 10−19 C
n= = = 1.25 × 1020 electron
e 1.6 × 10−19 n =?

If the potential difference between the terminals of a Conductor in the

electric circuit is 10 V, calculate the work done to transfer 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎
electrons between the terminals of the conductor (knowing that the electron
charge is . 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐂 )
Solution:
W W
V= = V = 10 v
Q n. e n = 6.25 × 1020
W = V. n. e = 10 × 6.25 × 1020 × 1.6 × 10−19 electrons
= 1000 J = 1 K . J. e = 1.6 × 10−19 C

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

V
VαI V = (constant) I

V = IR (Constant Temperature)

Some Electric Symbols

Cell (battery) Resistance
I VB
Cells On
Key (switch)
A
Battery (source)
Off A
R
A Ammeter Variable RRh
resistance
Voltmeter V
V (rheostat)

V Volt
R= measured in ohms (Ω) → ohms =
I Ampere

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 UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

A
R RRh

V (Volt) I (Amp) 1 2 3 4 5

V (Volt) 5 10 15 20 25

25-
20- Vα1
15- V = constant. I
10- V= R.I
5- V
R=
I
0 1 2 3 4 5 I(Amp)

V = I.R

I R

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 UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Exercise

Problems
1- A cathode ray tube in which an electron beam passes in the rate of 10 16 electrons per
sec, find the intensity? (e=1.6 × 10-19 C)
(Ans. 1.6 × 10-3 amp.)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
2- An electric current of intensity 4 ampere passes in a straight wire, calculate the
electric charge passing in a section of the wire in one minute.
(Ans. 240 Coulomb)
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..............................................................................................................................................

3- If the work done to transfer a quantity of electricity 5C within 1 sec between two
points in a conductor is 100 J, Calculate:
a) The potential difference between the two points?
b) The flowing electric current intensity?
c) Number of electrons passing within 2 sec?
(e = 1.6 × 10-19 C)
(Ans. 20V, 5A, 6.25 × 1019 electrons)
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..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
4- An electric lamp written on it (200 volts – 60 watt), Calculate:
a) What is the meaning of number written on the lamp?
b) The intensity of the current?
c) The resistance of the lamp?
d) The quantity of electricity passing through the lamp in one hour?

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 UNIT (1) CHAPTER (1)

Q W V E E
I T V Q R I V I T P T

Q2 Mention the physical quantities measured using the

following units and deduce the equivalent units?

The unit The physical quantity The equivalent unit

Coulomb

Coulomb/ sec

Ampere. Sec

Joule. Coulomb-1.

Volt. Ampere

Volt. Ampere-1.

Joule / sec

Volt. Coulomb

Joule / ohm. Coulomb

Volt. Sec/ ohm.

13
 Model answer exercise
Chapter { 1 }
Lesson one

1) n
= 10 16 electons/sec
t
e=1.6×10 -19 c
Q n×e
I= = = 10 16 × 1.6 × 10 -3 amp
t t

2) I = 4amp
t=1min=60sec
Q
I=
t
 Q = I × t = 4 × 60 = 240c.

3) Q = 5c
t=1sec
w=100J
w 100J
(a)V = = =20Volts.
Q 5c
Q 5
(b) I = = =5amp
t 1
Q n×e
(c)t=2sec , I = =
t t
I×t 5×2
n= = = 6.25 × 10 19 elecrons
e 1.6×10 -19

1
4) (a)that means
-The potential difference V =200volts
-The power=60walt
P 60
(b) P=VI I= = amp
V 200
V2 2
(c) P=VI = =I R
R
V 2 ( 200 ) 40000
2
R= = = 
P 60 60
(d)t=one hour =1×60×60=3600sec
60
Q = I × t = × 3600sec
200