ANALYSIS OF ROAD DAMAGE DUE TO TRAFFIC LOAD ON JALAN ANGKASA

RAYA CIREBON CITY

To meet one of the requirements of the Research Methodology course
In the Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati
Lecturer: Mira Lestira Hariani, S.T., M.T

Compiled By :
Group 1 2B

1. Nathania Dwi Damayanti (121130093)

2. Galing Wira Buana (121130123)
3. Muhamad Nabil Arbiansyah (121130125)
4. Rizqi Maolana Akbar (121130108)

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS SWADAYA GUNUNG JATI
CIREBON
2023
 FOREWORD

Praise be to Allah SWT for all the grace he bestowed so that the author can
compile and complete a thesis proposal with the title "ANALYSIS OF ROAD
DAMAGE DUE TO TRAFFIC LOAD ON THE CIREBON CITY HIGHWAY".
This big task aims to meet one of the requirements for completing courses in
the Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas
Swadaya Gunung Jati Cirebon.
The author realizes that the writing of this practical work report will not be
realized if there is no help and support from various parties, through this
opportunity the author would like to express his gratitude to:
1. Mr. Ir. H. Fathur Rohman R., ST., MT., IPM. as Dean of the Faculty of
Engineering.
2. Mrs. Mira Lestari Hariani., ST., MT., as a Lecturer in the Basic
Transportation Engineering and Traffic Engineering course
3. Mr. Ir. H. Awliya Tribhuwana ST., MT., as a Homeroom Lecturer in class B

4. DINAS PERHUBUNGAN KOTA CIREBON which has helped provide

data and permits as well as the opportunity to conduct this research.
5. Parents and beloved families who always provide moral and material
support in order to complete this Thesis Proposal.
6. Friends of the class of 2021, e s p e c i a l l y c l a s s 2 B , have provided support
to me in the preparation of this Thesis Proposal.

For all the shortcomings and inadequacies in the Great Task , the author
fully expects input, criticism and suggestions that are constructive towards the
improvement and refinement of this thesis proposal.

i
 Hopefully this Big Task can be useful for students of the Faculty of
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, in the context of learning about
civil engineering. May Allah Almighty always provide safety and well-being for
all of us. Aamiin.

Cirebon, 29 January 2023

Constituent
TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.....................................................................................................................i
..............................................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................III
..............................................................................................................................................
BAB I.................................................................................................................................1
..............................................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1
..............................................................................................................................................
1.1 .....................................................................Background to Research Problems
........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................1
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1.2 .....................................................................................Research Problem Focus
........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................2
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1.3 ........................................................Formulation and identification of problem
........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................2
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1.4 ..............................................................................................Limitations of Issue
........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1.5 .............................................................................................Research Objectives
........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1.6 .......................................................................................................Research Uses
........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1.7 ................................................FRAME OF THOUGHT AND HYPOTHESES
........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................4
........................................................................................................................................
 ...............................................................................................................................
BAB II................................................................................................................................5
..............................................................................................................................................
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL.........................FOUNDATIONS 5
..............................................................................................................................................
2.1.Bibliography......................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ 5
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................2.2.Teo
........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................ri
........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................Foundation 6
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2.2.1.Definition of Road..................................................................................................
6..........................................................................................................................

2.2.2.Road .......................................................................................................................
Classification.....................................................................................................
6..........................................................................................................................

2.2.3.Road .......................................................................................................................
Characteristics..................................................................................................
9..........................................................................................................................

2.2.4.Geometric ..............................................................................................................
Road...................................................................................................................
10........................................................................................................................

2.2.5.Influence ................................................................................................................
of Traffic............................................................................................................
11........................................................................................................................

2.2.6.Traffic ....................................................................................................................
Flow Composition.............................................................................................
12........................................................................................................................

2.2.7.Road .......................................................................................................................
Performance......................................................................................................
14........................................................................................................................

2.2.8.Road .......................................................................................................................
Condition Survey..............................................................................................
24........................................................................................................................
 2.2.9.Road Damage.........................................................................................................
24........................................................................................................................

2.2.10.Types of Bending Road Damage.........................................................................

25......................................................................................................................

2.2.11.Extent...................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
of Damage, how to measure it and repair options........................................
25......................................................................................................................

Linear Cracking (Longitudinal, Transverse, and Diagonal Cracks)......................27

............................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER III.................................................................................................................31
..............................................................................................................................................
RESEARCH METHODS........................................ AND OBJECTS OF RESEARCH
..........................................................................................................................................31
..............................................................................................................................................
3.1 ....................................................................................RESEARCH METHODS
........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................31
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3.1.1.Research design.....................................................................................................
31........................................................................................................................

3.1.2.Research methods used.........................................................................................

31........................................................................................................................

3.1.3.Types and Sources of data....................................................................................

31........................................................................................................................

3.1.4.Data Collection Techniques..................................................................................

33........................................................................................................................

3.1.5.Data Analysis Methods..........................................................................................

33........................................................................................................................

3.1.6.Data validity testing...............................................................................................

33........................................................................................................................

3.2 ...................................................LOCATION AND RESEARCH SCHEDULE

........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................34
........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3.2.1Research Location and Research Time.................................................................
34..........................................................................................................................
 3.2.2Research Objects....................................................................................................
34..........................................................................................................................

BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................35
..............................................................................................................................................
 BAB I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to Research Problems

A highway is a main road that connects one area with another. Usually
this major road has the following characteristics: Used for motor vehicles. Used
by the general public. Roads have an important role, especially those related to
the realization of balanced inter-regional development, equitable distribution of
development results and strengthening national defense and security in order to
realize national development.
Economic activities are strongly supported by the availability of road
infrastructure. A good path smoothens the relationship between different
regions. On the other hand, damaged roads will certainly hinder economic
activities and can be the cause of accidents. Road damage is indeed one of the
problems in Indonesia which often occurs, especially on roads with heavy
traffic volumes.
Road Damage indicates a condition where the structural and functional
of the road is no longer able to provide optimal service to traffic that crosses the
road. Road damage can be caused by several factors, including water,
temperature changes, weather, air temperature, pavement construction
materials, unstable bottom soil conditions, compaction processes on top of poor
bottom soil layers and tonnage or load of heavy vehicles that exceed capacity.

Basically, the road will experience a decrease in its structural function

according to age, especially if it is passed by trucks with excess loads.
 Highways are currently experiencing damage in a relatively very short period of
time (premature damage) both newly built roads and newly repaired roads
(overlays). The presence of excessive load on the road is due to the
misappropriation of surveillance on the bridge against the load of vehicles
crossing the road. The real impact caused by overloading is road damage before
the technical period/life of the plan is reached.
Jalan Angkasa Raya section is a section of road located in Cirebon
Regency, West Java Province that connects Cirebon City / Regency and
Kuningan Regency. This section of the road is very crowded and is used as the
main road for residents of Cirebon Regency and Kuningan Regency who want
to travel to the destination. It is also undeniable that this section of the road is
passed by large loaded vehicles, because around this section of the road there
are many factories and also entrances and exits of the Ciperna Toll Road.
Which is one of the biggest factors the road becomes damaged.
Road damage that occurs in an area is a problem that never ends.
Sections Damage to roads results in losses, in the event that travel time is
getting longer, which leads to congestion and ends in unwanted traffic
accidents. The road is planned to be able to accommodate all vehicles passing
through it at a satisfactory speed and must be strong enough to receive the
heaviest axle load of such traffic.the first condition is to be able to serve,
accommodate, or maintain the flow of traffic comfortably and safely. Second,
the availability of sufficient thickness and pavement composition to receive
traffic loads without any unexpected increase or development of damage during
the life of the plan (Wiyono, 2009).

1.2 Research Problem Focus

The focus of the problem on this research is as follows:
a) This study analyzes how road damage occurs on the Cirebon Angkasa Raya
Road Section and what causes it.
 b) Analyzing the volume of vehicles, vehicle loads passing on the Cirebon
Angkasa Raya Road Section.
c) Discusses the efforts that must be made to overcome the problem of road
damage on the Cirebon Angkasa Raya Road Section.

1.3 Problem Formulation and Identification

Based on the description contained in the background above, the
formulation and identification of the problems that will be discussed in this study
are as follows:
1. Problem Formulation
a) Why can road damage to the Cirebon Angkasa Raya Road occur?
b) What is the biggest cause of Highway damage?
c) What are the solutions and efforts to overcome damage to the Cirebon
Angkasa Raya Highway?
2. Problem Identification
a) Road damage due to traffic load on Jl. Angkasa Raya Cirebon
b) Data collection and vehicle calculations on Jl. Angkasa Raya Cirebon
c) Analyzing the performance of Jl. Raya Angkasa Raya

1.4 Issue Limitations

In this study, you explained the limitations of the problem between
other:
1. This research only focuses on the PCI method to analyze improvements
on Jl. Raya Angkasa Raya
2. Focused research using PCI method to analyze damage on Jl. Raya
Angkasa Raya Cirebon
3. Focused on the results of research using the PCI method to find out the
handling of damage on Jl. Raya Angkasa Raya Cirebon

1.5 Research Objectives

1. Analyzing road damage on the Cirebon Angkasa Raya Road Section

2. Knowing the cause of the damage to the Cirebon Angkasa Raya Road.
 3. Knowing solutions to repair damage to the Cirebon Angkasa Raya road section

1.6 Research Uses

1. Theoretical Uses
The benefits of theoretical research in this study are able to provide an
understanding of how to overcome damage on Jl. Angkasa Raya, Cirebon
Regency by collecting data
2. Practical Uses
The benefit of practical research in this study is so that authors, readers
and road users know the level of damage that occurs in JL. Angkasa Raya
Cirebon and is expected to help reduce the level of damage by analyzing
the amount of vehicle current.
As a reference for the government in making a decision to repair road
damage. Expand knowledge about road damage directly.

1.7 FRAME OF THOUGHT AND HYPOTHESIS

 BAB II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS

2.1. Bibliography Review

Roads are a land transportation infrastructure that is very important in
facilitating economic relations activities and other social activities. However,
if there is road damage, it will result in not only obstruction of other economic
and social activities but there can be accidents for road users. This study aims
to determine the types of road damage, their causative factors and solutions to
overcome the damage that occurs. The factors causing damage in general are
increased traffic volume loads, poor drainage systems, poor pavement
construction material properties, climate, unstable soil conditions, very thin
pavement layer planning, work execution processes that are not in accordance
with specifications. The corrective actions that can be done are corrective
actions per segment. [1]

Road damage often occurs in Cirebon City, especially on the Angkasa

Raya Road section which is a road section with a heavy traffic volume,
besides that there are also toll road entrances and factories so that there are
many heavy vehicles crossing the road section. The damage that occurs will
certainly affect the safety and comfort of road users. Therefore, the handling
of pavement construction, whether it is maintenance, improvement or
rehabilitation, will be optimally carried out if the factors causing damage to
the two road sections are known.
2.2. Teori Foundation
2.2.1. Road Definition
In accordance with Government Regulation Number 34
of 2006, that the road is a land transportation infrastructure that
includes all parts of the road, including complementary buildings
and equipment intended for traffic, which are at ground level,
above ground level, below ground level and / or water, as well as
above water level, except railways, lorry roads, and cable roads.
A road network system is a single unit of road sections that
interconnect and bind growth centers with regions that are under
the influence of their service in one hierarchical relationship.

PP 34 of 2006 concerning Roads is intended to regulate

the further implementation of Law Number 38 of 2004
concerning Roads in organizing roads that include special roads
and public roads, including toll roads except those that have
been regulated in separate laws and regulations.

PP 34 of 2006 concerning Roads regulates public roads

and special roads. A public road is a road designated for public
traffic. The scope of the notion of Public roads is grouped in the
road network system, road function, road status, and road class.
A road network system is a unified road network consisting of a
primary road network system and a secondary road network
system that is intertwined in a hierarchical relationship. While
special roads are roads that are built and maintained by people or
agencies to serve their own interests.

2.2.2. Road Classification

According to Bina Marga in 2004, there are various road

classifications, these classifications are distinguished according to the
road network system, road status, road function, and road class. [2]
7
1) Classification of roads according to the system of the road
network
According to Article 7 of Law No. 38 of 2004, the
classification of roads according to their functions consists of:
a. The primary road network system is a road network system with
the role of goods and services distribution services for the
development of all regions at the national level, by connecting
all distribution service nodes in the form of activity centers.
b. The secondary network system is a road network system with
the role of community goods and services distribution services
in urban areas.

2) Classification of roads according to their functions

According to Article 8 of Law No. 38 of 2004, the
classification of roads according to their functions is as follows:
a. Arterial roads are public roads that function to serve public
transportation with the characteristics of long-distance travel,
high average speed, and the number of entrances is effectively
restricted.
b. The collector's road is a public road that serves local
transportation with the characteristics of medium-distance
travel, moderate average speed, and limited driveways.

c. Local roads are public roads that function to serve

environmental transportation with the characteristics of short-
distance travel, and low average speed.

8
 d. A neighborhood road is a public road that serves environmental
transportation with the characteristics of short-distance travel,
and low average speed.

3) Classification of roads according to their status

According to Article 9 of Law No. 38 of 2004, the
classification of roads according to their status is as follows:
a. National roads are arterial roads and collide roads in the primary
road network system connecting the provincial capitals, and
national strategic roads, as well as toll roads.

b. Provincial roads are collector roads in the primary network

system that connect provincial capitals with district or city
capitals, or between district or city capitals, and provincial
strategic roads.
c. District roads are local roads in the primary road network
system that connects the district capital with the subdistrict
capital, between the subdistrict capital, the district capital with
the local activity center, between local activity centers, and public
roads in the secondary road network system within the district
area and the district strategic roads.

d. City roads are public roads in the secondary road network

system that connect between service centers within the city,
connecting between residential centers located within the city

e. Village roads are public roads that connect the area and or

9
 between settlements within the village, as well as neighborhood
roads.

4) Classification of roads by road class

According to Article 19 of Law No. 22 of 2009, the
classification of roads according to road classes is as follows:
a. Class 1 roads are arterial and collector roads that can be passed
by motor vehicles with a width not exceeding 2,500 millimeters,
a length not exceeding 18,000 millimeters, a maximum size of
4,200 millimeters, and the heaviest axis load of 10 tons.
b. Class 2 roads are arterial, collector, local, and environmental
roads that motor vehicles can pass with a width not exceeding
2,500 millimeters in size The length does not exceed 12,000
millimeters, the height size is 4200 millimeters, and the heaviest
axis load is 8 tons.
c. Class 3 roads are arterial, collector, local, and environmental
roads that can be passed by motor vehicles with a size not
exceeding 2,200 millimeters, a length not exceeding 9,000
millimeters, a maximum size of 3000 millimeters, and the
heaviest axis load of 8 tons.
d. Special class roads are arterial roads that can be passed by
motor vehicles with a width exceeding 2,500 millimeters, length
size exceeds
18,000 millimeters. The highest size is 4,200 millimeters, and
the heaviest axis load is more than 10 tons

10
2.2.3. Road Characteristics
The main characteristics of the road that will affect the
capacity and performance of the road if it is burdened with
traffic. The characteristics used in this manual calculation
procedure can be directly or indirectly. some of these have also
been known and used in other road capacity manuals. However,
its influence is different from what happened in Indonesia. MKJI
(1997: 5-6) Road Geometric Planning is a part of road planning
that is focused on physical form planning so that it can fulfill the
basic function of the road, namely providing optimum service to
traffic flow and maximizing the ratio of the level of use of
implementation costs.

2.2.4. Geometric Roads

Road Geometric Planning is a part of road planning that
is focused on physical form planning so that it can fulfill the
basic function of the road, namely providing optimal service to
traffic flow and maximizing the ratio of the level of use of
implementation costs. [3]

Road geometrics is a description of a road building that

displays the size or shape of the road, whether it concerns cross-
section, longitudinal or other aspects related to the physical
shape of the road, as for some parts of the road geometry
according to MKJI (1997: 5-6) as follows:

1. Road type

11
 Various types of roads will show different performance
on certain traffic loads such as divided roads and undivided
roads or one-way roads
2. Traffic lane width
Free flow speed and capacity increase with the increase
in traffic lane width The width of the road body of at least 3.5
meters is intended so that the width of the traffic lane can reach
3 meters, thus in case of emergency, cars and other special
vehicles such as firefighters, ambulances and so on can pass.
3. Kereb

Kereb as The boundary between the traffic lane and

the sidewalk affects the impact of side obstacles on capacity
and speed, the capacity of the road with the kereb is smaller
than the road with the shoulder, and the capacity is reduced
if there is a fixed barrier near the edge of the lane. traffic,
depending on whether the road has a kereb or shoulder.
4. Shoulder
Urban roads without kereb generally have shoulders
on both sides of their traffic lanes. The width and condition
of the surface affect the use of the shoulder, in the form of
capacity increase, and speed at a certain current, due to the
increase in shoulder width, mainly due to the reduction of
side obstacles caused by events on the side of the road such
as stopped public transport vehicles, pedestrians and so on.

5. Median
A well-planned median increases capacity.

12
 6. Alinyemen road
Horizontal curvature with a small radius reduces the
speed of free current. Because in general the speed of free
flow in urban areas is low, this influence is ignored.
Road geometrics can affect road performance
capacity, namely the type of road that can determine the
difference in traffic loading, the width of the traffic lane that
can affect the value of free flow speed and capacity, the kerb
and shoulder of the road which has an impact on side
obstacles on the side of the road that affect the movement of
traffic.
2.2.5. Traffic Influence

Speed limits are rarely enforced in urban areas in the

country thus only having an effect on the speed of free flow.
Other traffic rules that can affect traffic performance are
restrictions on parking lots and stops along the side of the road,
limiting certain types of vehicles restricting access from
roadside land and so on. [1]

2.2.6. Traffic Flow Composition

The volume of traffic flow can be influenced by the

traffic composition of each existing vehicle must be converted as
a standard vehicle. The composition of traffic flow is as a type of
vehicle, both motorized vehicles and non-motorized vehicles that
pass through the road section. If the flow and traffic capacity are
13
 in vehicles/hour, the composition of the traffic may affect the
capacity. The traffic flow value can reflect the traffic
composition by expressing the flow in units of a passenger car
(smp).

Vehicles passing on a section of the road greatly affect

the flow of traffic, as well as in terms of strength, size and
ability of the vehicle to move on the road. This factor is also
very important in planning, supervising and in the arrangement
of the transportation system later, the normal value for a traffic
composition can be seen in the table below.

From several groups of vehicle types can affect a mixed

traffic flow that is very different in magnitude. The factors
causing these differences depend on the characteristics of each
vehicle. For this reason, it is necessary to obtain uniformity into
a certain vehicle, with this the type or group of vehicles is
grouped into a passenger car unit (SMP). The passenger car
equivalent (EMP) for each vehicle tip depends on the type of
14
 road and the classification of the total current in vehicles per
hour.

(emp) passenger car equivalent is a factor that shows

various types of vehicles compared to light vehicles. In
connection with its effect on vehicle speed in traffic flow (for
passenger cars and light vehicles whose casings are similar,
emp= 1.0). The emp values for various types of vehicles can be
seen as follows:

2.2.7. Road Performance

The performance of a road is a quantitative measurement

that describes certain conditions that occur on a section of road.
According to (morlok,1978) The performance of a road section
15
can be described as the extent to which the ability of the road to
perform according to its function. Where according to MKJI
1997 which is used as a parameter is the value of saturation
(Degree of saturation, DS). In MKJI (1997) also explained that
the level of road enrichment can also be calculated based on the
Q/C scope limit of the road section.
Usually in assessing a road performance at the end of
capacity, saturation rate, average speed, travel time, delays and
queues through a discussion of the performance of road sections.
Qualitative values that describe optional conditions in traffic
flow and driving perceptions of a quality in driving are
expressed in the service level of the mesh section, in
determining road performance can be seen in several
parameters, namely: capacity, free current speed, service level

1. Capacity
Capacity is the maximum current through a point on the
road that can be maintained in units of hours under certain
conditions, for two-way two-lane road types (two-way
combinations ), but roads that have many current lanes are
separated per direction and capacity is separated by per lane.
MKJI (1997) road capacity is the maximum number of
vehicles that pass through a road on a road lane for 1 hour
with certain conditions and traffic flow. Capacity values can
be observed through field data collection for as long as
possible. Capacity is expressed in passenger car units (SMP).

The basic equation in determining SMP is as follows:

C=Co+FCw+FCSP+FCSF+FCCS
16
Where:
C0= Base Capacity (smp/h) FC=
Width Adjustment Factor W= Road
C= Capacity (smp/h)
FCSP = directional separator adjustment factor (for undivided
roads only)
FCSF = side and shoulder road/creb adjustment factor
FCCS = city size adjustment factor

17
18
2. Free Current Speed
Free current speed (FV) is the speed at zero current
level. The speed of free current can be observed through the
collection of field data where it is obtained through the
relationship between the speed of free current and
environmental conditions determined by the regression
method. [1]
The free current speed of light vehicles is selected as
the basic criterion for the performance of the road segment at
a current equal to zero (=0). Free current speeds that are not
for light vehicles such as heavy vehicles and motorcycles are
also given as a reference. The free-current speed value for
passenger cars is usually 10 -15% higher than other types of
light vehicles. The equation for determining the speed of free
current is determined as follows:

19
20
3. Degree of Saturation
MKJI (1997) said that saturation rate (DS) is the ratio
of traffic flow to capacity, which is used as the main factor in
determining the level of performance of intersections and
road segments, in the DS value it shows whether the road
segment has a capacity problem or not.
The degree of saturation is a comparison of the volume
value (current value) of a traffic to its capacity, this is an
indication or picture of whether the road section has a
problem or not, according to the assumption that if the road
section is closer to its capacity, the more limited the
movement.

Based on the above understanding, DS can be

21
 calculated:

4. Service Level
Service level is a provision or measure in determining
the quality of travel. The level of service (LOS) is a
description of the operational condition of traffic flow and
motorists in a speed, travel time, comfort, freedom of
movement, security and safety. The value of the service level
can be decisive along with an increase in the volume of
traffic on the road section and a change in the geometric
condition of the road. This LOS is usually used as a
parameter, related to the relationship between speed, density
and service level.

There are two types of service levels, namely flow

22
dependent service levels and facility dependent service levels
according to O. Z.Tamim
The level of road service can be calculated by the
formula:

The quality of road service levels is divided into several

categories including:
a. Service Level A
 Traffic flow is broken with low traffic volume and high
speed.
 Traffic volume and low density, which is where the
speed that can be controlled by the driver is based on
his maximum and minimum speed limits and according
to the physical condition of the road.
 The driver can control the desired speed without or
with a slight delay

b. Service Level B
23
  Traffic flow is stable with moderate volume and
starting speed at limit traffic conditions.
 Traffic congestion is broken with the internal side
obstacles of traffic has not affected speed.
 Drivers still have enough freedom in choosing the
speed and lane of the road used.

c. Service Level C

 Traffic flow is still limited by the speed and movement

of vehicles is limited by high traffic volumes.
 Traffic congestion is moderate as side barriers around
road sections increase.

d. Service Level D
 The traffic flow is close to unstable with high traffic
volume and speed can still be tolerated but is strongly
controlled by changes in flow conditions.
 Traffic density is moderate but traffic volume and side
obstacles can lead to large speed drops.
 Drivers are restricted from driving vehicles but this
condition can still be tolerated for a short time.

e. Service Level E
 Lower current than service level D with traffic volume
approaching road capacity at very low speeds
24
  High traffic speed due to side obstacles around the
road section
 Congestion begins to occur

f. Service Level F
 Traffic flow is restrained at low speeds
 The traffic density is very high and the volume is equal
to the capacity of the road and the frequent occurrence
of congestion for a long enough duration of time.
 In the case of a queue the speed and current drop up to
0.

2.2.8. Road Condition Survey

A condition survey is a survey intended to determine

pavement conditions at a given time. This type of survey does
not evaluate the strength of the pavement. The condition survey
aims to show the condition of the pavement at the time of the
survey. So, this survey is qualitative in nature. The information
obtained will be used to establish: various studies, priority
assessments and maintenance programs. Condition surveys are
also useful for the preparation of structural analysis in detail,
and for rehabilitation. If areas are properly referenced in
stations, then areas requiring more intensive data collection can
be defined. [4]

2.2.9. Road Damage

Technically, road damage indicates a condition where the
structural and functional of the road is no longer able to provide
optimal service to traffic crossing the road. Traffic conditions
and the type of vehicles that will cross a road greatly affect the
25
 design of construction planning and road pavement created.

Road damage is generally caused by overloaded traffic

loads, lack of stability of the bottom soil which causes
deformation of the road pavement structure and the quality of the
pavement itself. Therefore, in addition to being properly
planned, the road must be properly maintained in order to serve
traffic growth during the life of the planned plan. Types of road
damage to pavements are grouped into 2 types, namely
functional damage and structural damage.

a) Functional damage is damage to the road surface that can cause

disruption of the function of the road.

b) Structural damage is damage to the road structure, in part or in

full that causes the road pavement to no longer be able to
withstand the load acting on it. Road damage includes cracking,
distortion, disintegration, polished aggregate, bleeding or
flushing, and a decrease in former utility plantings. [5]

2.2.10. Types of Bending Road Damage

In general, damage to bending roads can be classified as
follows, namely:
a) Deformation
Deformation is a change in the shape or size of an object
due to

26
 A applied force (deformation energy in this case is
transferred through labor)
 Temperature changes (deformation energy in this case is
transferred through heat).
b) Crack
Cracks can occur in various forms. This can be caused by
several factors and involves complex mechanisms. Theoretically,
cracking can occur when the tensile stress occurring in the
asphalt layer exceeds the maximum tensile stress that the
pavement can withstand.
c) Surface Texture Damage

Surface texture damage is the gradual loss of pavement

material from the surface layer towards the bottom. Pavement
appears to break into small parts, such as exfoliation due to
sunburn, or has parallel scratch lines. Loose grains can occur
over the entire surface, with the worst location in the traffic
lanes. [1]

27
2.2.11. Damage Rate, how to measure it and repair options

Severity level is the degree of damage to each type of

damage. The damage levels used in PCI calculations are
low severity level (L), medium severity level ( M) and high
severity level (H). [6]
a. Bending Pavement
Other terms are chickenwire cracks, alligator
cracks, polygonal cracks, and crazing. The width of the
cracked gaps ≥ 3 mm and interlocking forms a series of
small boxes resembling crocodile skin or wire for the
chicken coop. Here's the extent of the damage and how
to measure it.

b. Rigid Pavement
Linear Cracking (Longitudinal, Transverse,
and Diagonal Cracks)

28
 These cracks that divide the plates into two or three
pieces, are usually caused by a combination of traffic
load repetitions. Plates that are divided into four or
more are then counted as devided slabs.

One of the identified levels of damage, the damage

was recorded as one plate. If two two cracking
mediums occur in one plate, the plates are recorded as
having one high severity. Plates that are divided up to
four or more are then counted as devided slabs.

2. Densitiy
Density or degree of damage the percentage of
damage to the area of a segment unit measured by square
meters or long meters. The density value of a type of
damage is distinguished also based on the degree of
damage. To calculate the density value , the following
formula is used: [6]
29
3. Deduct Value
Deduct Value is the reduction value for each type of
damage obtained from the curve of the relationship between
density and deduct value. Deduct values are also
distinguished by the degree of damage for each type of
damage. Here is an example of a relationship curve between
density and deduct value based on the type of damage:

4. Total Deduct Value

Total Deduct Value (TDV) is the total value of the
individual deduct value for each type of damage and the
degree of damage present in a research unit [2]
30
5. Correctted Deduct Value
Corrected Deduct Value (CDV) is obtained from the
curve of the relationship between the TDV value and the CDV
value by selecting the curve curve according to the number
of individual deduct value values that have a value greater
than 2 (two)

6. Occupational Quality Classification

If the CDV value is known, then the PCI value of
each unit is known by the formula:

31
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS AND OBJECTS OF RESEARCH

3.1 RESEARCH METHODS

3.1.1. Research design
Research design is a series of procedures or methods used to
analyze and collect data to determine the variables that will be the topic
of research. According to Silaen (2018) research design is a description
of the entire process required in planning and implementing research.
In this study, the research design used was a case study research
design, which we took on the Cirebon City Angkasa Raya road section.

3.1.2. Research methods used

Research methods are generally divided into 2 categories,
namely quantitative methods and qualitative methods.

a) Quantitative Method is a research method that is carried

out by collecting and studying literature related to the theme of
the research to be carried out.

b) Qualitative Method is a research method that is carried out

by collecting field data or directly observing the object to be
studied.
In this study, the research method used is a qualitative
research method by observing or direct observation in the field
to find out the type of damage and other needed data.
32
3.1.3. Data type and source
The source of data in the study is the subject from which
the data are obtained. If the researcher uses questionnaires or
interviews in collecting data, the source of the data is called the
respondent, that is, the person who responds to or answers the
researcher's questions, either written questions or lisan.
While the data type is the data classification to be used,
in general the data type is divided into 2, namely primary data
and secondary data

a) Data Primer
Primary data is data collected by researchers for the first
time either through personal evidence, lists of questions asked or
questionnaires. Primary data is likened to raw data. This reason
arises because the first information the researcher managed to
collect from respondents of a pre-planned study. For researchers,
primary data collection is quite expensive both the quality of the
data and the time it is retrieved. Data collection is carried out
directly by the researcher through the duration of the study.
Usually the determination of the duration of the study is reached
between one to three months of data collection. In addition, data
quality is also maintained confidentiality due to the ongoing
communication between the two parties between respondents
and researchers.

33
 b) Secondary Data
Secondary data is a type of data collected through
primary sources by previous studies and available for researchers
to use on their own research. This type of data comes from
researchers who collect data for specific purposes, then provide
it so that it can be used by other researchers.
This data can also be collected for specific projects without
specific research purposes, such as for the purposes of the
national census. Researchers use it to answer problems from new
research, or to find out alternative points of view on the original
questions from previous research.

3.1.4. Data Collection Techniques

The data collection techniques carried out are as follows:
a) Observation Techniques
Observation techniques are data collection techniques by
conducting direct surveys to the location, including visual
surveys of the types of road damage that occur on the Cirebon
City Angkasa Raya Road section.
b) Data Collection Using Related Literature
Browse and study theories or methods available in the
library or related literature.

3.1.5. Data Analysis Methods

The data analysis method used in this study is the
PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method. The stages of
analysis using this method are as follows:
• Menetapkan Deduct Value
• Determining the permission value of the deduct
• Menentukan nilai CDV Max (Corrected Deduct Value)
• Calculating PCI values

3.1.6. Data validity testing

34
 The data analysis method used in this study is the
PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method. The stages of
analysis using this method are as follows:
• Menetapkan Deduct Value
• Determining the permission value of the deduct
• Menentukan nilai CDV Max (Corrected Deduct Value)
• Calculating PCI values

3.2 LOCATION AND RESEARCH SCHEDULE

3.2.1 Research Location and Research Time

This research was conducted on the Cirebon City

Angkasa Raya Road section while the time of this study
was carried out in 2022 to 2023.

3.2.2 Object of Research

The object of research to be reviewed is the types of road

damage on the Jalan Angkasa Raya section of Cirebon City,
West Java.

35
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] et al. Udiana, "Factor Analysis of Causes Road Damage," J. Tek. SIpil, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.
13–18, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/142655-
ID-analisa-faktor-penyebab-kerusakan-jalan.pdf

[2]D. Asmoro, "Guidelines for Determining the Classification of Road Functions in Urban
Areas," Directorate General of Wildlife Development. p. 26, 1990.

[3]B. A. B. Ii and L. Theory, "CHAPTER II PAJARBUDID revision of drainage," pp. 1–55.

[4]F. Yudaningrum and I. Ikhwanudin, "IDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF ROAD

DAMAGE (Case Study of Kedungmundu-Meteseh Road Section)," Teknika, vol. 12,
no. 2, pp. 16–23, 2017, doi: 10.26623/teknika.v12i2.638.

[5]G. Setiawan, "CHAPTER II Literature Review CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.

1–64," Gastron. ecuatoriana y Tour. local. , vol. 1, no. 69, pp. 5–24, 2019.

[6]H. Yunardhi, "Road Damage Analysis With PCI Method and Alternative Solutions (Case
Study: D.I. Panjaitan Road Section)," J. Teknol. Civil, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 38–47, 2018.

36
37