04 Mixtures

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Separating
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“Mind-Map” Outline of Topic

This topic belongs to the branch of Science called “Chemistry”.
Chemistry is the study of matter and materials. Chemistry looks at the properties
of substances, and how substances can change into new forms.
Solute Dilute,
& Concentrated,
Solvent Saturated
Mixtures
on Earth
Solutions
Mixtures &
Suspensions
Separating Importance
Mixtures of Water as a
Solvent
Separation
Techniques
Flotation
& Chromatography
Sedimentation
Crystallisation
Filtration
Magnetic
Evaporation Distillation Attraction
Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 3

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Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Cut out the boxes. Sort them into an appropriate lay-out on a page of your
workbook, then glue them down. Add connecting arrows and colour in.
Mixtures Solute
Mixtures &
Separating on Earth
Solvent
Mixtures Importance
Filtration
of Water as a
Solutions Solvent Chromatography
&
Magnetic
Suspensions Dilute, Crystallisation
Attraction
Concentrated,
Saturated Distillation
Separation
Techniques Flotation
Evaporation
&
Sedimentation
Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Cut out the boxes. Sort them into an appropriate lay-out on a page of your
workbook, then glue them down. Add connecting arrows and colour in.
Mixtures Solute
Mixtures &
Separating on Earth
Solvent
Mixtures Importance
Filtration
of Water as a
Solutions Solvent Chromatography
&
Magnetic
Suspensions Dilute, Crystallisation
Attraction
Concentrated,
Saturated Distillation
Separation
Techniques Flotation
Evaporation
&
Sedimentation
®
What is a Mixture?
To understand mixtures, you need to know about pure substances.
A substance is “pure” if it is made up entirely of particles that are identical to each other.
Scientists have good

reasons to believe
that all substances
are made up of tiny
“particles”.
Three different pure substances
There are many different types of particles. The different types of particle are different from
each other in their weight and density, in the way they cling together and in the way they
combine with other types. You will learn about atoms & molecules in a later topic.
For now we will represent particles simply by different shapes and shadings.
A mixture is NOT PURE.

A mixture is a substance made up of 2 or more different
types of particles mixed together,
but not chemically combined.
Exactly what “chemically combined” means will be

explained in a later topic. Mixture
Scientific Models
When we use Scientists often develop “models” of
diagrams like this things that cannot easily be seen. This
to describe helps in understanding and explaining
substances, is this the observed facts.
description Simplified model of DNA,
realistic? the most complex
molecule
known
Well,
yes, and no.
We have many good reasons to believe that

all matter is made up of small particles called
atoms. Often they join together in larger
lumps called “molecules”.
So long as the model explains things,
However, we also know that atoms are not and always remains totally in agreement
solid ball-like particles, but are made up of with what we can see and measure, then
many smaller pieces. it is useful, even if it is simplified or not
quite the full story.
Overall, the description above is partly true,
For now, ball-like “particles”
but is simplified, and not the full story. will be our model of matter.

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Mixtures Around Us
We are surrounded by mixtures... we breathe The Oceans
mixtures, eat them, drink them and swim in The oceans cover
them. We wear them and make art using 2/3 of the Earth to
them. an average depth of
several kilometres.
Nearly everything around us is a mixture. The oceans are
mixtures of (mainly)
The Solid Earth water and salt.
The Earth is
mostly made
of rock, with The Atmosphere
a thin layer The Earth is surrounded by a layer of air...
of soil on the
gen nit
top. Rocks atmosphere. oxy r og
are mixtures en
of various Air is a mixture carbon
dioxide
“minerals” of gases, often condensed
with clouds of water
combined vapour
together. tiny water
droplets drifting
Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, water about.
and the remains of dead plant materials.
We Use the Earth’s Resources

Resources Made Resources
A “Resource” is any substance which we These are useful substances which do not
need and use. occur naturally, but are made artificially.
Natural Resources To make these things, we start with some
These are things we need and use which natural resource, but treat it and modify it so
occur naturally on Earth.
it becomes a totally new substance.
Many resources come from living things. For
example, cotton and wool are fibres which we For example, plastics are a range of
use to make clothing, carpets and substances used to make furniture, car parts,
furnishings. Cotton is a plant fibre. Wool, of toys, pipes, kitchen utensils, etc, etc.
course, is the hair or fur of a sheep. Plastics do not occur naturally. They are
made by chemical processing of substances
Other things are non-living resources. extracted from petroleum.
For example, water is one of our most basic
and necessary resources. The water we need Dyes and pigments are used to add colour to
for drinking, washing, irrigation and industry fabrics, plastics, paint, ink, etc. Although
is collected from lakes and rivers. some dyes can be extracted from natural
plant and animal sources, most modern
Sand is a simple resource used to make pigments are made artificially from chemicals
cement, concrete and glass. We simply
extracted from coal.
gather it from the Earth.
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Solutions & Suspensions

If you mix a solid substance with a liquid, one Chalk Dust won’t Dissolve
of 2 things is likely to happen... either it If you mix some chalk dust (or similar solid)
“dissolves” in the liquid, or it does not. with water, no matter how much you stir, it
will not dissolve.
Salt Dissolves in Water
If you add solid salt to water and stir to mix
them together, the salt seems to disappear. When stirred,
the chalk will
cloudy, white
NOT dissolve
suspension
When stirred,
the salt
Clear
dissolves
solution This is a “suspension”.
The solid is not dissolved in

This mixture is a “solution”. the liquid. You can see the clear liquid.
The salt particles and the water particles are “cloudiness” of it. If you let it
solid sediment
mixed together so intimately that the salt stand, the solid will gradually
cannot be seen. If you let it stand, the salt will settle to the bottom.
never settle to the bottom.
You should learn to recognise solutions and suspensions.

Solutions may be coloured, but are always clear and “see-through”.
The solid will never “settle out” from a solution.
Suspensions look “cloudy” and block the light.
Suspended solids will eventually “settle out”.
Solutions and the Particle Model Suspensions and the Particle Model
Particles Particles Particles Particles
in a solid in a liquid in a solid in a liquid
If the solid is “soluble” in this liquid it will If this solid is “insoluble”

dissolve to form a solution. in this liquid it will not dissolve, but may mix
to form a suspension.
The lump of solid material The solid particles are still in “clumps”. They
completely comes apart and its may be too small
particles are mixed evenly to see, but they are not
among the particles of liquid. evenly spread in the liquid.
The different particles cling to each other so The “clumps” will

the particles of solid cannot fall to the eventually settle to the
bottom, but stay spread throughout the bottom.
mixture.
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Solute, Solvent, Solution Dilute & Concentrated

More to learn about solution mixtures: If there is only a very
small amount of
Particles in a solid solute dissolved,
we say that the
The substance which solution is
dissolves is called the “Dilute”.
“Solute”.
Example: 1 grain
Particles in a liquid of salt dissolved
in a glass of water.
The liquid it dissolves
into is called the If there is a
“Solvent”. large amount of
solute dissolved,
we say that the
solution is
This mixture of solute
“Concentrated”.
dissolved in solvent, is
Example: 3 spoons
called a “Solution”. of salt dissolved
in a glass of water.
Solubility The Effect of Temperature

Generally, the amount of solute that will
When a substance (solute) will dissolve in a dissolve increases with temperature.
liquid, we say it is “soluble” in that liquid. If it
will not dissolve, we say it is “insoluble”. For example, you can dissolve a lot more
sugar in hot water than you can in cold water.
Each solute may have a different solubility in This is true for most solutes that are soluble
different solvents. in water.
For example, salt is soluble in water, but is Strangely enough, the solubility of salt does
insoluble in petrol. not change very much from cold to hot water.
Oil will not dissolve in water, but is

Solubility of Gases
Gases such as oxygen from the air can be
completely soluble in petrol. solutes too, but the amount that will dissolve
is often very small.
Sugar will dissolve in water, and will also
dissolve in petrol: it is soluble in both It is this small amount of dissolved oxygen
solvents, although not equally in each. that fish, and other water-living creatures,
rely on for breathing in water.
Saturated Solution
There is usually a limit to how much solute However, the temperature effect on solubility
will dissolve in a given amount of solvent. is the opposite of what happens with most
When this limit is reached, and no more solids... as the temperature goes up, the
solute can be dissolved, the solution is said amount of gas that will dissolve goes down.
to be “Saturated”. As water gets warmer, the fish begin to
suffocate!
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Worksheet 1
Mixtures Student Name.............................................
Fill in the blank spaces Match the Lists
A “pure” substance is something that is For each definition, write the letter (A,B,C, etc)
entirely made up of a)................................ of the matching List Item.
that are b)............................ to each other.
Definitions matches with
Any substance that is not pure, must be a 1. Substance made of
c)............................ identical particles .............
2. rocks are mixtures
We are surrounded by mixtures. The air is of these. .............
a mixture of d)............................. The 3. A natural, non-living
oceans are a mixture of (mainly) e).............. resource. .............
and ......................... The solid Earth is 4. Substance containing
mostly rock, which is a mixture of different different particles. .............
f)................................ 5. A mixture of gases
surrounding us. .............
g)....................... resources are substances
we need and use, which occur naturally.
Some come from living things, (example List Items (not all will be used)
h)........................) others are non-living.
A. water D. plastic
(example i)........................)
B. atmosphere E. mixture
C. pure F. minerals
The opposite of a natural resource is a
“j)..................... resource.
Worksheet 2
Solutions & Suspensions. Student Name.............................................
Supply the missing word
for each definition.
1. A mixture where a solid is
6. The liquid part of a
dissolved in a liquid. .........................
solution. .........................
2. Name for the solid which
7. A solution with a large
is dissolved. .........................
amount of solute. .........................
3. A solution which has only
8. Description of a solid
a small amount of solid. .........................
which will dissolve. .........................
4. A mixture of solid & liquid
9. A solution with the maximum
which will separate if allowed
amount of dissolved solid........................
to stand. .........................
10. What an increase in temperature
5. Description of a solid which
usually does to solubility.........................
will not dissolve in a liquid. ....................

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The Importance of Water as a Solvent

Inside Living Things Water is the Solvent in the Oceans
All living things are mostly made of water. Most of the water on Earth is in the oceans
Your body is made of microscopic bags and has salt and many other minerals
called “cells”, which are filled with a water dissolved in it.
solution.
GENERALIZED DIAGRAM OF A LIVING CELL All the salt has been dissolved out of the
Structures rocks and soil by rainwater seeping through
within the
cell over many millions of years. This has not
only created the salty oceans, but is
important in the weathering of rocks and soil
formation on land.
Human Uses of Solvent Water

“Membrane” on the Water is important as a solvent in many
outside contains the
cell , and controls
“Cytoplasm” situations in everyday life, in the workplace,
what goes in or out is a water solution
which fills the cell and in industries. Water is the solvent in
many medicines, in tea, coffee and milk.
You will learn more about cells in other
topics. For now, just note that water is the When you wash your hands, or have a
“solvent of life”. Many of the chemicals which shower, or wash the dishes, or do the laundry
make up living cells are dissolved in water. you are relying on water to dissolve the dirt
and wash it away.
Your blood is mostly made of water. It
circulates around your body carrying vital To help it clean better, you use soap or
chemicals to your brain and other body detergents which break up insoluble greasy
organs. Many of these chemicals, such as dirt so it is carried away suspended in the
food nutrients, are carried dissolved in your water.
blood.
In the Environment
Water is also important as a solvent in the
environment of living things.
Plants need many minerals so they can grow

and be healthy. They get these minerals from
the soil by absorbing them through their
roots. The minerals must be dissolved in the
water in the soil, so the plants can absorb
them. In many industrial processes, water is used
as a solvent so that important chemicals can
Most of the aquatic plants and animals be easily pumped through pipes, or mixed
(aquatic = living in water) have to breathe with each other.
oxygen, just as we do. The difference is that
they breathe the oxygen that is dissolved in Whether you drink it, wash with it or swim in
water. it, water is the number one solvent and
Water is the vital solvent of life. natural resource for our society and for all
living things.

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Separating Mixtures
The rest of this topic is all about how you can separate the parts of a mixture.
As well as learning more about the properties of matter,

you will be learning about techniques and methods which are commonly
used in scientific laboratories, and in many industrial processes.
Differences of Properties
The Importance of “Properties” Allows Separation
Every pure substance has a unique set of To separate any mixture into its parts, or
characteristics, or “properties”. “fractions”, you take advantage of the
fact that each part of the mixture has
These properties include colour, density, different properties.
solubility, particle size, melting point,
boiling point, and many more. As you learn about each method, look out
for how a particular difference in properties
allows the fractions to be separated.
Separating Solid Mixtures by Sieving

If you had a mixture of dry sand and Sieves are commonly used in many
pebbles, how would you separate the sand industries to separate substances with
from the stones? different grain sizes.
You could possibly pick out all the stones In a flour mill, wheat grains are cracked open
one-by-one with your fingers, but a quick by heavy rollers to release the powdery flour
and easy way is to use a sieve. inside. Then the husk of the wheat seeds
needs to be removed. This is done by
sieving. Flour falls through a fine mesh sieve,
but the seed husks are too big and are
trapped on the mesh.
Gravel is used in making concrete, or for

road-building. It is important that all the
stones are about the same size.
Crushing and sieving
equipment at a rock quarry
The sand grains fall through the wire

mesh, while the stones cannot fit through
and are caught on top of the mesh.
Can you see which property of sand and

pebbles allows this separation to work?
Gravel and crushed rocks are passed
It is simply the different grain size. through sieves of different mesh sizes to
collect coarse or fine gravels separately.

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Flotation & Sedimentation

An Idea for a Neat Experiment Sedimentation
Imagine you had a mixture of dry sand and Whenever a solid-liquid mixture is a
sawdust, and wanted to separate them. suspension, it will separate if you just leave it
alone.
Sieving might work, but a lot of the sawdust
grains may be the same size as sand grains, If the solid settles to the bottom to form a
and will sneak through the sieve with the “sediment”, the process is called
sand. “sedimentation”, if it floats it is “flotation”.
Try this! Note that this will NOT work for dissolved
Drop the mixture into a solids in a solution. The solid particles in a
beaker of water, stir it, solution are intimately mixed in with the
then let it stand. Water solvent particles and they cling to each other
so that the solid will never separate.
The sawdust floats.
The sand sinks. Sedimentation is the process by which mud
and sand settle to the bottom of lakes and
Scoop the sawdust off the top and dry it. seas. (More on that in a later topic!)
Carefully pour off the water, collect the sand
and dry it. Mission accomplished! Sedimentation is important in sewerage
treatment. After primary treatment, the solid
Difference in Properties? “sludge” is allowed to settle to the bottom of
Firstly, neither the sand nor the sawdust a “sedimentation pond”. The clear water can
dissolve in water, so they form a suspension. then be released into the environment, or
The separation then occurs because of treated further and re-cycled.
differences in density.
Centrifuging Copper Refining

A Centrifuge is a machine which speeds up Copper is one of our most important metals.
sedimentation by spinning a mixture around When copper ore is mined, the valuable
at high speed. copper minerals are mixed with large
amounts of useless rock.
The spinning
action causes To separate the copper minerals, the ore is
sediments to crushed to a powder, then mixed with water
settle faster.
in huge vats.
The “spin cycle”
of a washing A special oil is added and compressed air is
machine has a bubbled through the mixture.
centrifuge effect.
Water is separated from the clothes much The useless rock particles settle to the
faster compared to simply letting it drip out. bottom (sedimentation), but the copper
minerals cling to the oil and form a froth on
Centrifuges are used to separate cream from top. This can be skimmed off to collect the
milk in a dairy factory, and are widely used for copper minerals and re-cycle the oil.
separations in scientific laboratories.
This is called “Froth Flotation”
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Filtration
Filtration can be used to separate a suspension mixture.
It WILL NOT separate the parts of a solution.
For some suspensions, like sand in What property difference allows separation?
water, the solid will rapidly settle to the
bottom and form a sediment. Grain size!
Suspensions containing very fine solids Although the grains of the suspended solid
may take days to settle. In this case it may seem very small, they are very much
may be better to filter the mixture. larger than the particles of the liquid.
Suspension mixture
The filter paper has microscopic channels
and holes between its fibres, and the particles
of liquid can easily flow through. The solid
Filtration funnel grains are much larger, and are caught in the
and
filter paper
filter paper.
Filtration is really the same as sieving.

at a different size scale.
“Residue” collected
in filter paper.
The solid caught in the filter paper
Clear “filtrate” is called the “residue”.
passes through.
The liquid which passes through
is called the “filtrate”.
Evaporation
Evaporation can be used to collect the solid from a solution.
If you try to filter a solution, you will quickly Why does it work?
find out that you cannot separate its parts that Evaporating
way. Why not? basin The solute and the
solvent have a big
Simply because in a solution, the particles of difference in their
dissolved solid are about the same size as boiling points.
the particles of liquid. Since the liquid can
flow through the filter paper, so can the Water slowly
dissolved solid. evaporates at room
To collect the solid, temperature, and
the best way is to will boil and
evaporate the liquid vapourize at 100oC.
solvent. You can just
leave it in an open Most dissolved
container to slowly The water solids will not
evaporate at room evaporates away evaporate unless
Crystals of copper sulfate temperature, or heat heated to
collected from a solution and leaves the
by evaporation the solution to solid behind. much higher
speed the process up. temperatures.
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Distillation
Distillation can be used to collect the liquid from a solution
Flask Condenser
containing solution
to be separated. The condenser is a
tube within a tube.
The solution boils,
and the solvent Cold water flows
evaporates. through the outer
tube and cools the
As the vapour hot vapour flowing
passes through the in the central tube.
condenser, it is
cooled so that it The vapour
condenses back to condenses, and
liquid. pure, liquid solvent
This hose brings flows out the end.
The solute remains cooling water
from a tap
in the flask.
What difference in properties allows this to work?
The solvent and the solute have very different boiling points.
The solvent boils and evaporates. Then the vapours are condensed back to liquid.
The solute remains behind in the flask.
An Experiment You Might Do

If you stir some copper sulfate into water it Filtration
forms a blue coloured solution. Now stir in The suspended solid
some chalk dust, or calcium carbonate. This (calcium carbonate) is
trapped in the filter paper
will not dissolve, but forms a suspension.
The mixture could be

represented by this
diagram. The filtrate is a solution of
copper sulfate in water
Water particle
(solvent) divide in 2 parts
Dissolved copper
sulfate particle
(solute) Distillation
Pure water
Particle of suspended solid collected from
calcium carbonate the condenser
Evaporation
Crystals of solid
How could you separate this mixture to copper sulfate
collect some pure water, pure copper
carbonate and pure calcium carbonate?
Filter first, then evaporate & distil

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Chromatography
Chromatography can be used to separate mixtures containing very small
quantities of quite similar chemicals, such as the dyes in ink.
It is used mainly to find out what is in a mixture (analyse it)
rather than to separate the parts for collection.
Strip of filter paper You might experiment with different colours
taped to a glass rod of texta, or food colourings. Try different
solvents, such as water with some
Small spot of texta ink methylated spirit mixed into it.
(must be above the liquid)
You can hang the filter paper up to dry, and
Water, keep your “chromatograms”.
or other solvent
How does it work?
If this is left alone for Texta ink may contain several different dyes
mixed to give the visible colour.
some time, the solvent
soaks up through the filter As the solvent climbs up through the paper, it
paper. As it rises above carries the soluble dyes with it. However,
the spot of ink, it carries different chemical dyes cling to the paper
some of the dyes with it. Soon you can see fibres. Some cling tighter than others, so the
that what seemed to be one colour of ink further the solvent travels, the more the dyes
actually contains several different dyes. are separated from each other.
Crystallisation
Crystallisation (or “re-crystallisation”) is often used to remove
small amounts of impurities from a soluble substance.
It is used mainly as a way to purify chemicals for scientific or medical uses.
This diagram represents Next, the solution is allowed to cool, or
a crystal of a useful
the solvent is allowed to evaporate.
chemical, but it has
some impurities mixed The dissolved
with it. chemical now
begins to form
solid crystals
because the
To purify it, the first step is to dissolve it solution cannot
in a suitable solvent to make a very hold so much
concentrated solution. This is often solute.
heated, for maximum solubility.
These crystals
Solvent particles are very pure.
Useful chemical
Soluble impurity
The soluble impurities mostly stay in solution
Insoluble impurity because they are not so concentrated and do
not crystallise.
Some of the impurities do not dissolve.
This is how chemicals for laboratories or for
These can be removed by filtration.
medicines can be made 99.999% pure.

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Worksheet 3
Separating Mixtures Student Name...........................................
Choose the best method to achieve
the separation described 5. some clear water from
muddy water? .........................
Which method of separation would you use,
if you want to collect... 6. sawdust, which has
been mixed with sand? .........................
1. some sugar from
a sugar solution? ......................... 7. copper oxide, from a
suspension in water? .........................
2. rice grains, which have
accidentally been mixed 8. pure water from a solution
with flour? ......................... of copper sulfate. .........................
3. some pure water from 9. the steel buttons that are mixed
salty water? ......................... in with plastic buttons? .........................
4. some salt from 10. clear water from a mixture

salty water? ......................... containing insoluble solids.......................
Worksheet 4 Student Name.............................................

Methods of Separation 2. Fred is learning to cook, but he’s better at
1. Science than cookery. He’s accidentally
A student was given a mixture containing mixed the icing sugar with the corn flour and
copper oxide (insoluble) and copper sulfate spilled some rice into it as well.
(soluble) and asked to separate them. Firstly, (Icing sugar and cornflour are both fine powders. Icing sugar
she stirred the mixture into water, then filtered is soluble, corn flour is not.)
it. Next, she evaporated the filtrate. To separate this mess, he firstly sieved it.
What went through the sieve he stirred into
a) What substance was the water, and let it stand overnight. In the
morning a sediment had formed. He carefully
residue in the filtration?..........................
poured the clear liquid into a tray and put it
b) Describe what the filtrate was. into the warm oven to evaporate.
.................................................................... a) What was caught by
c) What difference in properties allows the sieve? ....................................
substances to be separated by filtration? b) What difference in properties allows
substances to be separated by sieving?
....................................................................
d) What substance was ....................................................................
collected by evaporation?........................
e) What difference in properties allowed c) What was the sediment? ........................
this separation?...................................... d) What solid will be in the
f) The copper sulfate collected was found to oven tray when dry? .........................
e) What other method might Fred have
be impure. What process could be used
used to collect the substance which
to purify it? .............................................. was a sediment? ....................................

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Skills Worksheet 5
Student Name.............................................
Flowcharts of Separations
Problem 2
Example A mixture of pebbles, fine sand and salt was sieved.
The following diagram is a flowchart of What passed through the sieve was mixed with water
the method used to separate the mixture and allowed to stand. A sediment formed. The clear
described in Worksheet 4, Question 1. liquid was poured off and evaporated. The sediment
was also dried.
Study it to get the idea, then try to make Use a flowchart to show the procedure
your own flowcharts for the separations and what was collected.
described.
Mixture of copper oxide
and copper sulfate
Stir into water
Residue
Filter
copper oxide
Filtrate
Evaporation copper sulfate

Problem 3
Problem 1 A mixture of salt, water and chalk dust (insoluble)
Dirty, salty water was filtered. The filtrate was was filtered. The residue was dried. The filtrate was
then distilled.
divided into 2 parts. One part was evaporated, the
Use a flowchart to show what was
other part was distilled.
collected at each step.
Construct a flowchart and show what
was collected at each step.

®
Separating Mixtures to Obtain Resources

Most of the substances around us (land, sea, air and living things) are mixtures.
To obtain the many resources we need, we often have to separate
the things we want from the mixtures in which they occur.
The following are just a few examples.
Sieving Distillation
(already mentioned)
Distillation is used to in the production of
Sieves are used to separate flour from the
ethanol, which is now being added to petrol to
wheat husks in a flour mill.
make supplies last longer.
Sieves are used to separate different sizes
To make ethanol, corn starch or cane sugar is
of gravel for making concrete and for
first fermented. This process is basically the
road-building.
same as the making of beer or wine.
Gravel is a very simple natural resource,
The fermented “brew” contains 15% ethanol.
and we use millions of tonnes of it.
Distillation is used to separate almost pure
ethanol from the water mixture.
Sedimentation & Filtration
These separation methods are often involved Magnetic Separation
in collecting our most important natural You know that iron and steel are
resource... water! attracted to magnets, while other
substances are not.
In many places, the water supply comes from a
Scrap metal, about to be
river, lake, or from underground. Often the separated by an
water is “dirty” and is not safe for drinking. electromagnet
Water is usually pumped into a large reservoir

where it stays long enough for some of the
“dirt” to settle to the bottom as a sediment.
The water may then be pumped through huge

filters to trap any remaining suspended solids, This difference in properties is used
so it is clear and clean for human uses. in the re-cycling industry to separate
the “ferrous metals” from other re-
cycled metals such as aluminium.
Evaporation
Salt is separated from sea water by
evaporation.
Sea water is pumped into wide, shallow

ponds. Over a period of weeks, the heat
of the Sun evaporates the water leaving
solid salt behind.
If necessary, the salt can be purified by

crystallisation.

®
Topic Test - Mixtures Student Name.............................................

Answer all questions
in the spaces provided. Score / 26
1. (8 marks) 3. (5 marks)
For each pair of items, state clearly what What substance would be collected if:
is the difference between them.
a) you kept the filtrate after filtering a
a) A mixture and a pure substance suspension of sand in water?
b) salt water is distilled?
b) A solution and a suspension

c) an impure sample of copper sulfate was
dissolved in hot water and re-crystallised?
c) A solvent and a solute d) pure water was evaporated?
e) you dry the residue after filtering dirty

d) a dilute solution and a concentrated water?
solution
4. (5 marks)
A mixture of sand, salt and sawdust was
stirred into water and the mixture was
allowed to stand.
2. (8 marks) a) How might you collect “pure” sawdust?
True or False? (T or F?)
a) For most substances, solubility
increases at higher temperature. ........
b) Filtration will separate a b) What is the sediment which forms?
suspension mixture. ........
c) Sieving works because of a
difference of solubility. ........ c) The clear liquid was poured off and divided
d) Evaporation collects the solvent into 2 parts. One part was evaporated, and the
from a solution. ........ other was distilled.
e) The solid in a solution will form a i) What substance would be collected by
sediment. ........ distillation?
f) Distillation is involved in making
ethanol for use as a fuel. ........ ii) What would be collected from the
g) Crystallisation can separate the evaporation?
different dyes in some ink. ........
h) Oxygen gas is more soluble in iii) What difference in properties allows the
hot water than cold water. ........ separation in both evaporation and
distillation?
®
Answer Section Skills Worksheet 5

1.
Mixture dirty,
Worksheet 1 salty water
a) particles b) identical
c) mixture d) gases Residue
Filter
e) water and salt f) minerals dirt
g) Natural h) wool, cotton
i) water, sand j) made
Filtrate
Match the Lists
1. C 2. F 3. A 4. E 5. B
Distillation water
Worksheet 2
1. solution 6. solvent 2.
2. solute 7. concentrated Mixture of pebbles,
sand, & salt
3. dilute 8. soluble
4. suspension 9. saturated
5. insoluble 10. increases it Pebbles caught
Sieving
in sieve
Worksheet 3
1. evaporation 6. flotation in water Stir into water Sediment dried
2. sieving 7. filtration
3. distillation 8. distillation
4. evaporation 9. magnetic attraction
Liquid sand
5. filtration 10. filtration evaporated
Worksheet 4 salt
1.
a) copper oxide 3.
b) A solution of copper sulfate Mixture of salt, water &
c) Particle size chalk
d) Solid copper sulfate
e) Boiling points Dried residue.
Filtration
f) Crystallisation Chalk
2.
a) Rice Filtrate
b) Particle size
c) Corn flour
d) Icing sugar (or just sugar)
e) Filtration Evaporation Distillation
salt water

®
Topic Test Answers 2.

1. a) T e) F
a) A pure substance is made up of b) T f) T
particles which are all identical. A c) F g) F
mixture contains different particles d) F h) F
(which are not chemically combined).
3.
b) In a solution the solute is dissolved, a) water
and will never separate by b) water
sedimentation. In a suspension the c) pure copper sulfate
solid is not dissolved and will form a d) nothing
sediment (or float). e) dirt
c) A solvent is the liquid part of a 4.

solution, while a solute is the dissolved a) It floats, so scoop it off and dry it
substance. b) sand
c) i) water
d) a dilute solution has a very small ii) salt
amount of solute, while a concentrated iii) difference in boiling points
solution has a large amount of solute.


04 Mixtures

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Copying is permitted according to the

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Year 11-12 Science Courses

“Mind-Map” Outline of Topic

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 3

Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Scientists have good

A mixture is NOT PURE.

Exactly what “chemically combined” means will be

We have many good reasons to believe that

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 5

We Use the Earth’s Resources

Solutions & Suspensions

The solid is not dissolved in

You should learn to recognise solutions and suspensions.

If the solid is “soluble” in this liquid it will If this solid is “insoluble”

The different particles cling to each other so The “clumps” will

Solute, Solvent, Solution Dilute & Concentrated

Solubility The Effect of Temperature

Oil will not dissolve in water, but is

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 9

The Importance of Water as a Solvent

Human Uses of Solvent Water

Plants need many minerals so they can grow

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 10

As well as learning more about the properties of matter,

Separating Solid Mixtures by Sieving

Gravel is used in making concrete, or for

The sand grains fall through the wire

Can you see which property of sand and

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 11

Flotation & Sedimentation

Centrifuging Copper Refining

Filtration is really the same as sieving.

An Experiment You Might Do

The mixture could be

Filter first, then evaporate & distil

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 15

4. some salt from 10. clear water from a mixture

Worksheet 4 Student Name.............................................

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 16

Stir into water

Evaporation copper sulfate

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 17

Separating Mixtures to Obtain Resources

Water is usually pumped into a large reservoir

The water may then be pumped through huge

Sea water is pumped into wide, shallow

If necessary, the salt can be purified by

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 18

Topic Test - Mixtures Student Name.............................................

b) salt water is distilled?

b) A solution and a suspension

c) A solvent and a solute d) pure water was evaporated?

e) you dry the residue after filtering dirty

Answer Section Skills Worksheet 5

Year 7-8 Topic 4 Separating Mixtures 20

Topic Test Answers 2.

c) A solvent is the liquid part of a 4.