STATICS & DYNAMICS

Total number of Questions in Statics & Dynamics is :

(i) Solved Examples ......................................................... 67
Total no. of questions..............................................................67
 COMPOSITION & RESOLUTION OF THE FORCES
1. COMPOSITION OF FORCES 4. If P and Q are in the opposite direction then
 = 
It is the method of finding a single force whose
effect on the body is same as the joint effect of P  Q if P  Q
all the given forces.  R = |P – Q| = 
Q  P if P  Q
In vector notations, the resultant PQ of two forces = (least value of resultant force)
AB and CD is written as Note :
PQ = AB + CD The angle made by the resultant with the
direction of Q is  – 
2. LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES
 P sin  
 
If two forces acting at a point are represented in i.e. tan–1  Q  P cos  
magnitude and direction by two sides of a
parallelogram drawn through that point, then their
resultant is represented in magnitude and 3. RESOLUTION OF FORCES
direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram The process of breaking a f orce into its
passing through that point. component forces in given direction such that
their joint effect on a body is same as the effect
of the given force, is called the resolution of forces.

Components of a force in two given

directions :
The components of a force R in two given
directions making angles  and  with the line of
If two forces P and Q are acting at a point at an action of R on opposite sides of it are P & Q,
angle , then the magnitude R of their resultant
is given by R sin 
then P = ,
sin (  )
R = P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos 
and the angle  which the resultant R makes R sin 
with the direction of force P is given by Q = sin (  )

 Q sin  
 = tan–1  P  Q cos  
 

Particular cases :

1. If P and Q are perpendicular, then

 = /2

R = P2  Q2
 = tan–1 (Q/P)

2. If forces P and Q are equal then Resolved parts of a force :

Components of a f orce in two mutually
  perpendicular direction is known as resolved part
R = 2P cos and  =
2 2 of the force.
3. If P and Q are in the same direction i.e.  = 0°
R = P + Q (greatest resultant force)
 = 0°

A force F, making an angle  with the x- axis
then resolved part of force F , along OX = Fcos
and along OY = F sin 
Note :
1- The resolved part of a force of magnitude F in a
direction perpendicular to its direction is zero
because F cos  = F cos 90° = 0
2- If the resolved part of a force in a direction is
zero then either the force is zero or the direction
of the force is perpendicular to the given
direction.
4. CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES
If the resultant of a number of forces acting on a
particle is zero, the particle is said to be in
equilibrium.
Triangle law of forces : If three forces, acting
at a point can be represented in magnitude and
direction (but not in position) by the three sides
of a triangle taken in order, the forces are in
equilibrium.
Let the three forces P, Q, R are acting at O in
the direction OX, OY and OZ. Let P, Q and R be
represented in magnitude and direction by three
sides BC, CA and AB of triangle ABC then
BC + CA = BA
or BC + CA = – AB
or BC + CA + AB = 0
 P + Q + R = 0
Converse of the triangle law of forces :
If the three forces acting at a point be in
equilibrium, then any triangle drawn with its sides
parallel to the lines of action of the forces shall
have its sides proportional to the forces.
Note :
If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium,
the sum of any two can not be less than the
third.
 5.  -  THEOREM
The resultant of two forces, acting at a point O
along OA and OB and represented in magnitude
by OA and OB, is represented by a force
(+ ). OC, where C is a point in AB such that
CA = CBi.e. C divides AB in the ratio  : 
In vector notation
. OA + . OB = ( + ). OC
Note :
If  = , then C becomes the mid point of AB,
then
OA + OB = 2 OC
6. LAMI'S THEOREM
If three forces acting at a point be in equilibrium
then each force is proportional to the sine of the
angle between the other two.
 Converse of Lami's Theorem :
If three forces acting at a point be such that
each is proportional to the sine of the angle
between the other two, then the three forces are
in equilibrium.

P Q R
= =
sin  sin  sin 
 PARALLEL FORCES
The force having the parallel lines of action are
known as parallel forces.
(i) Like Parallel forces : Two or more parallel
forces are said to be like parallel forces, if
they act in the same direction.

(ii) Unlike parallel forces : Two parallel forces

are said to be unlike parallel forces if they
act in the opposite directions.

1. RESULTANT OF LIKE PARALLEL FORCES

(i) The magnitude of R = P – Q
If P and Q be two like parallel forces acting on
(ii) The direction of R is same as that of P.
a right body at two points A & B respectively
then (iii) Point of application of R, divides the line
joining the point of application of P and Q
Let say their resultant |R| is acted at point 'C'
externally in the inverse ratio of forces
then :
i.e. P. AC = Q. BC
AC Q
or =
BC P

 AB   AB 
 AC =   Q and BC =  P
PQ PQ

(i) The magnitude of R is P + Q 3. EQUILIBRIUM OF A BEAM OR ROD RESTING

i.e. R = P + Q ON PEGS
(ii) The direction of R is same as that of P and Q
If a uniform beam or rod of weight W is placed
(iii) Points of application of R divides the line
on two pegs A and B, then we have the following
joining the points of application of P and Q,
forces act on it :
internally in the inverse ratio of forces.
i.e. P. AC = Q. BC

AC Q
or =
BC P

 AB   AB 
 AC =  P  Q  Q and BC =  P  Q  P
    (i) Weight W of rod acts at its mid point in
Note : vertically downward direction.
(ii) There are reactions, say R1 and R2 of pegs
If P = Q i.e. the forces are equal then the
at A and B on the rod, acting in vertically
resultant is equal to twice the given forces and
upward direction when beam rests in
acts parallel to the forces at the mid point
equilibrium on A and B then R1 + R2 = W
between them.
and pressure at peg A (Pa)  = R1 
2. RESULTANT OF UNLIKE PARALLEL
and pressure at peg B (Pb)  = R2 
FORCES
If P and Q be two unequal, unlike parallel forces
acting on a rigid body at point A and B and
P > Q, then their resultant R is acted at point C
(nearer to P), then
 MOMENTS AND COUPLES
1. MOMENTS
The tendency of rotation of a force to turn the
body about a fixed point is known as the moment
of that force about that point.
It is measured by the product of the force and
the perpendicular distance of the fixed point from
the line of action of the force.
Moment of force (F) about point O is
M = F × p
Note :
(i) The moment of a force about any point on its
line of action is zero because in such case
p = 0
(ii) If moment of a force F about a point O is
zero then either F = 0 or p = 0.
2. SIGN OF THE MOMENT
When the tendency of the force (F1) is to rotate
the body about the given point (O) in the
anticlockwise direction, then the moment is taken
as positive but the tendency of the force (F2) is
to rotate the body about same point in the
clockwise direction, then the moment is taken
as negative.
Units of moment :
In S.I.system the unit of moment is Newton -
metre.
3. COUPLE
Two equal and unlike parallel force not having the
same line of action are said to form a couple.
A couple does not produce any translatory motion
(motion in a straight line) but it produces rotation
in the body on which it acts.
Arm of the couple :
The perpendicular distance (p) between the lines
of action of the forces forming the couple is known
as the arm of the couple.
4. MOMENT OF A COUPLE
The moment of a couple is defined as the product
of the magnitude of each force forming the couple
and the arm of the couple. i.e.moment of couple
= Force × arm of the couple
Note : Moment of couple can never be zero.
Sign of the moment of a couple :
If the forces forming the couple tend to produce
rotation in the body in anticlockwise direction,
the moment of the couple is positive.
If the forces tend to produce rotation in clockwise
direction then moment of couple is negative.
 SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
1. DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Uniform velocity :
Let there be a moving particle such that initially If a particle moves in a constant direction and
it is at a point A and after time t it is a point B. covers equal distances in equal intervals of time,
Distance = length of path ACB then we say that it is moving with uniform velocity.
Acceleration :
The rate of change of velocity of a moving particle
is called its acceleration.
dv d  dx  d2 x
i.e. acceleration a= =   =
dt dt  dt  dt 2
it is also a vector quantity.
 Notes : Negative acceleration is called the
Displacement = AB = the segment joining the retardation.
initial and final position.
Note : 2. PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VELOCITIES
Distance is a scalar but Displacement is a If a moving particle has two simultaneous
vector quantity. velocities represented in a magnitude and direction
Speed : by the two sides of a parallelogram drawn from
an angular point, then their resultant is
It is defined as the rate of change of distance represented in magnitude and direction by the
along its path, straight or curved. It is also known diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that
as instantaneous speed. point.
ds Let u and v be two velocities inclined at  angle
Speed= = Instantaneous speed
dt and if  is the resultant inclined at  with u then
Speed is a scalar quantity.
 = u2  v 2  2uv cos 
Average Speed :
The average speed of a moving particle in a time
v sin   v sin  
interval is defined as the distance travelled by tan  =   = tan–1  
the particle divided by the time interval. u  v cos   u  v cos  
s
Average speed=
t
Uniform Speed :
The speed is uniform it is describes equal lengths

–

of its path in any equal intervals, however small.



s
i.e. =  (constant)
t Note :
Velocity : The angle made by the direction of the resultant
The rate of change of displacement o moving velocity with the direction of v is
particle is called its velocity
 u sin  
i.e. V =
dx tan–1  v  u cos  
dt  
It is a vector quantity.
Particular cases :
Average velocity : (1) When  = 0
The average velocity of a particle in a given interval then  = u + v = maximum velocity
of time is defined as its displacement divided by (resultant) and  = 0º.
the time interval.
(2) When  =  Components of velocities in given direction:

u  v if u  v
Components of velocity  in two given direction
  = | u – v | =   and  with  is u and v then
 v  u if v  u
= minimum resultant velocity.
 sin 
(3) When  = /2 u =
sin (  )
v
 = –1  
u2  v 2 and  = tan u  sin 
v =
sin (  )
 
(4) If u = v then  = 2 u cos and  =
2 2
 RECTILINEAR MOTION WITH UNIFORM ACCELERATION

1. RECTILINEAR MOTION Distance travelled in a particular time :

If a particle starts with initial velocity u m/sec
When a particle or a body moves in a straight and uniform acceleration f m/sec2, the distance
line, the motion is said to be rectilinear motion. travelled in nth sec. is given by-
Equation of Motion 1
Sn = u + f ( 2 n – 1)
A particle moves along a straight line with initial 2
velocity 'u' and constant acceleration 'f' from a or distance travelled in nth sec is given by –
fixed point. If 'v' be the velocity required in time = (Distance travelled in first n sec.) – (Distance
't' and 's' be the distance travelled by the particle travelled in first (n – 1)sec.)
in the time 't' then-
(I) v = u + f t t=0 t Average velocity :
s
Suppose a particle moves in a straight line with
1 A B
(II) s = u t + f t2 initial velocity u m/sec and constant or uniform
2 u v acceleration f m/sec2. If v is the velocity of the
(III) v 2 = u2 + 2 f s particle at time t, then its average velocity during
Note : uv
the interval of time t is
Instead of acceleration f, the particle moves in 2
a straight line with retardation f, then replace f by  v = u + f t
(– f) in the given formulae.
uvft 1
(I) v = u – f t  average velocity = = u + f t
2 2
1
(II) s = u t – f t2 t t
2
= u + f   average velocity = velocity at time   .
(III) v 2 = u2 – 2 f s 2 2
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE UNDER GRAVITY

1. EQUATIONS FOR VERTICAL MOTION 2. MOT ION OF A BODY PROJECT ED

VERTICALLY UPWARDS WITH A GIVEN
Equation of motion of a body projected VELOCITY
vertically downwards :
(1) Greatest height attained :
If a body is projected
vertically downwards from a
u2
point O with velocity 'u' and H =
at time 't' it is at a point P 2g
such that OP = h and 'v' is
(2) Time of the greatest height :–
the velocity at P. Then the
equations of motions are:- u
(I) v = u + g t T = g
1
(II) h = u t + g t2 (3) Time to a given height :–
2
(III) v 2 = u2 + 2 g h
u  u 2  2 gh
where 'g' is the acceleration due to gravity. t =
g
In S.I. system, the value of g is 9.8 m/sec2
The direction of g is always in the vertically
downward direction. u  u2  2gh u  u 2  2gh
i.e. t 1 = and t2 =
Distance covered in nth seconds is given by– g g

1 there are two timings to reach at a given height

hnth = u + g (2 n – 1) h. This is due to the reason that the body is
2
twice at the same height, once while going up
If the body falls freely, then the initial velocity u and again when coming down.
will be zero so the equations becomes
(4) Time from any point on the path to the
 v = g t
highest point :–
1
h = g t2 u 2  2gh
2
=
v2 = 2 g h g
1 Note:
hnth = g (2 n – 1)
2
Time from any point on the path to the highest
Equations of motion of a body projected point is same as the time from the highest point
vertically upwards : to the given point when the body is returning.
If a body is projected vertically upwards from a (5) Velocity at a given height :–
point O with a velocity u and at time t it is at a
point P such that OP = h and velocity at P is v Let v be the velocity at given height h then
then equation of motion are-
v = ± u 2  2gh
v = u – g t
the positive sign gives the velocity while body is
1
h = u t – g t2 going up and negative sign while returning.
2
v2 = u2 – 2g h (6) Time of Fall :–
Distance covered in nth Time of fall from the highest point to ground =
seconds is given by time to greatest point
1 u
hnth = u – g (2 n – 1)  T' =
2 g
(7) Time of Flight :– (v) Acceleration of the body relative to the lift
Time of Flight = T + T' = acceleration of body – acceleration of lift
= g – ( – f) = g + f 
u u 2u
= + = (II) When a lift is ascending with uniform acceleration
g g g
of f m /sec2 and after t sec. a body is thrown
(8) Velocity on reaching the ground :– vertically upwards with velocity v m/sec. Then at
that time, we have the following–
Velocity on reaching the point of projection =
(i) Initial velocity of the body = v + velocity of lift
velocity of projection
= (v + f t) 
i.e. v' = u
(ii) Initial velocity of the body relative to the lift
3. MOTION OF A BODY RELEASED FROM A = velocity of body – velocity of lift
BALLOON OR A LIFT = (v + f t) – f t = v m /sec
(I) When a lift is ascending with uniform acceleration (iii) Acceleration of the body relative to the lift
of f m /sec2 and after t seconds a body is dropped = (t + g) 
from it. Then at the time when the body is (III) W hen a lif t is descending with unif orm
dropped. acceleration f m /sec2 and after time t a body is
(i) Initial velocity of the body is same as that of dropped from it. Then at that time:
the lift and is in the same direction. So the (i) Velocity of body = velocity of the lift
velocity of the body is f t m/sec. = f t m/sec 
(ii) Initial velocity of the body relative to the lift (ii) Initial velocity of the body relative to the lift
= velocity of the body – velocity of the lift = velocity of body – velocity of lift
= f t – f t = 0. =f t – f t = 0
(iii) Acceleration of the body = g m/sec2  (iii) Acceleration of the body relative to the lift
(iv) Acceleration of the lift = f m/sec2  = acceleration of body – acceleration of lift
=(g – f) m/sec2 
 LAW OF MOTION
1. FIRST LAW OF MOTION
Newton's f irst law states that every body
continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion
in a straight line except in so far as it is complied
by some external impressed force to change that
state.
The tendency of a body to continue it its state of
rest or of uniform motion in the absence of any
external force is a property of inertia and hence
this law is called the ‘law of inertia’.
First law gives the definition of a force or
information about the existence of force.
2. SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Second law gives us the idea of measuring the
force by the Newton's second law of motion, we
have
Force is proportionate to the rate of change of
momentum of the body.
i.e. F  m f
 F = k m f
when m= 1, f = 1, F = 1, then k = 1
 F  mf
The product of mass and acceleration is called
the effective force.
3. MOMENTUM
The momentum of a moving particle of body at
any time is defined as the product of its mass
and its velocity at that instant.
i.e. momentum = mass x velocity
=m v
Momentum is a vector quantity whose direction
is in the direction of the velocity of the body.
kg. m
Unit of momentum in S.I. system is .
sec .
Weight of a body :
The weight of a body is the force with which it is
attracted by the earth towards its centre by the
Newton's second law.
W = m g
Unit of Force :
In S. I. system unit of force = Newton
In C.G.S. system unit of force = dyne
1 Newton = 105 dynes
4. THIRD LAW OF MOTION
As per Newton's third law, to every action, there
is an equal and opposite reaction i.e. the forces
never exist singly, but always occur in pairs i.e.
an action is always accompanied by a reaction.
It also states that the action and reaction are
always equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
 PROJECTILES
2. EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF A
1. PROJECTILES
PROJECTILE
A particle projected in any direction inclined to
the vertical with a certain velocity does not move If a particle is projected with velocity u in a
in a straight line but describes a certain curve direction makissng  with OX. Let the particle be
under the following assumptions:– at a point P (x,y) after time t and let v be the
velocity making an angle  with OX. Then
(i) The air offers no resistance i.e. the particle
equation of motion for
moves in vacuum.
(ii) The gravitational force is constant.
Y vsin 
q
DEFINITIONS :–
u v
Projectile: – If a particle or a body is projected q

or thrown in any direction into vacuum, then, the v cos q

P (x,y)
particle or body is called a projectile.
Point of Projection:– The point from which the
particle is projected is called the point of
projection. Here 'O' is the point of Projection. 
a
X
O
A
u
(a) Horizontal motion :
(i) v cos  = u cos 
H (ii) x = (u cos ) t
(b) Vertical motion
a
(i) v sin  = u sin  – g t
X
O L B
1
(ii) y = (u sin ) t – g t2
Velocity of Projection:– The initial velocity with 2
which the projectile is projected is called the
velocity of projection. 'u' is the velocity of 3. THE EQUATION OF TRAJECTORY
projection.
Angle of Projection:– The angle which the g x2
y  x tan  
direction of projection makes with the horizon is 2u 2 cos 2 
called the angle of projection. '' is the angle of
Which shows that the path described by the
projection.
projectile is a parabola.
Trajectory:– The curved path described by the
particle or body is called its trajectory. Greatest Height :

Range:– The distance between the point of u2 sin2  (u sin  )2

projection and the point where the projectile H = =
2g 2g
strikes a given plane is called its range. 'OB' is
the range of projectile.
( verticle component of initial velocity)2
Time of Flight:– The time interval between the =
2g
instant of projection and the instant when the
projectile meets a fixed plane through the point Time to greatest height :
of projection is called the time of flight.
u sin  vertical component of initial velocity
Greatest height:– The maximum height reached T= =
g g
by a projectile during its motion is called greatest
height. 'AL' is the greatest height.
Time of Flight : = 2 T
Y u
 u sin   time to the
= 2  g  = 2 highest po int A
  
p –a u
Horizontal Range :– 2
u 2 sin 2 

45
º
R =
g a
X
O
2
= (u sin ) (u cos )
g Velocity of Projectile at any time t :

2 v = u2  2 g y
R = (Initial horizontal component of velocity)
g
× (Initial vertical component of velocity) 1
where y = (u sin ) t – g t2
2
Maximum Horizontal Range :–
direction of velocity :
u 2 sin 2   u sin   gt 
R =  = tan–1  u cos 
g
 
  Time for a given height :
If sin 2  = 1  2   =   =
2 4 1
h = (u sin ) t – gt 2
2
u2
 R max  = gt2 – (2 u sin ) t + 2 h = 0
g
this gives,
4. DIRECTIONS OF PROJECTION FOR A GIVEN
u sin   u2 sin2   g h
RANGE t1 = and
g
For a given velocity of projection and a given
horizontal range there are in general two directions
u sin   u 2 sin2   g h
of projection which are equally inclined to the t2 =
direction of the maximum range and these g

 Thus, the projectile attains the same height at

directions are  and – . two instants of time.
2