East Asia Part 1.ppsx

EAST ASIAN
ARCHITECTUR
E
ARC 1425
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
• Background
ANCIENT • Architectural Influences
CHINA • Architectural Character

• Examples
The Forbidden City, Beijing, China

Image source: https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-architecture
Chinese civilization originated in the Neolithic period in
the cool temperate provinces of the north-east
Primary locus in the Huang Ho (Yellow River) valley and

later around the Changjiang
• Background
• Architectural Influences
ANCIENT CHINA • Architectural Character
• Examples
Image source: ChinaFashioNation
Image source: ChinaFashioNation
• Background
• Examples
Image source: Ching, 2017
Image source: Ching. F. (2017). A global history of architecture.
Banpo village and

typical house
• Background
• Examples
Image source: Ancient China. Retrieved from
https://ancientchinaadks.weebly.com/environmentclimate-and-how-life-was-based-around-
it.html
• Background
• Examples
Image source: https://inhabitat.com/the-2500-year-old-bracket-that-protects-chinas-forbidden-city-against-
earthquakes/
Dougong, translated as
"cap (and) block," is a
system of wooden
brackets that can support
the overhanging roofs
commonly found in
The underlying physics are simple: The interlocking
Chinese architecture.
brackets transfer weight to vertical columns, lessening the
strain on the horizontal beams. Nails or fasteners are not
required.
• Background
• Examples
The five main characteristics of Chinese architecture which emerged in these periods
were:
1. Unity of structure with architectural art
2. Good anti-seismic function
3. A high degree of standardization
4. Bright colors
5. Systemic grouping of buildings.
• Background
• Examples
FORBIDDEN CITY (Ming and Qing Dynasties),
Beijing
• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Shrines
• Architectural Influences • Daoist Temples and Palaces
• Mausolea
• Houses and Private Gardens
• Buddhist Temples
• Examples • Bridges
• Halls, Pavilions and Monasteries
SUMMER PALACE (Qing Dynasty), Beijing

• Shrines
• Mausolea
TIANTAN SHRINE (Ming and Qing Dynasties),
Beijing

• Shrines
• Mausolea
SHISANLANG TOMBS (Ming Dynasty),
Changping county, north of Beijing

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Two types of Buddhist temples:
1. First type combined a tall, symbolic feature (a stupa or a pagoda)

with a temple-hall
2. Second and later type consisted of buildings arranged

around courtyards

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Six types of Pagoda temples:
1. Pagodas with closely layered eaves
Image source: alamy.com
Songyue Temple, Henan Province (520) Lesser Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an,
Image source: HelloTravel.com
Shanxi province (Tang dynasty)

• Shrines
• Mausolea
2. Storeyed pagodas
Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda, Quanzhou (1241 – 52) Bao'an Temple Pagoda, Suzhou (1131 - 62)
Image source: enquanzhou.com Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/

• Shrines
• Mausolea
3. Vase-shaped pagodas
The White Pagoda, Temple

of Miaoying, Beijing (1271)
Image source: Diary of a Rambling Antiquarian,

• Shrines
• Mausolea
4. Groups of pagodas honoring Buddha’s warrior attendants
Zin Gang Bao Zuo Pagoda at

Zheng-jue Temple, Beijing province
Image source: TribHobo

• Shrines
• Mausolea
5. Single-storey pagodas
Pagoda Forest at Lingyan Temple in

Changqing of Shandong Province
Image source:
http://www.china.org.cn/english/TR-e/42675.htm

• Shrines
• Mausolea
6. Wooden tower pagodas
Shijia Pagoda, Shanxi province (1056), also

named Sakyamuni Pagoda of Foguang Temple
Image source: Chinaculture.org

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Main Hall of Foguang Monastery, Wutai Details of bracket system
Mountain, Shanxi Province (857) Image source: Ching, 2011
Image soure: China Dragon Tours

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Puning Monastery, Chengde, Hebei
province: Dacheng Pavilion
Image source: China.org
Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet (1645 - 95)

Image source: Google Maps image by Roger Gardner

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Yungang Grotto, Shanxi province (sixth
to tenth centuries)
Image source: visitourchina.com

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Daoist architecture applies two architectural styles:
1. Traditional Architectural Style

2. Bagua Architectural Style
Tianshidong Daoist Temple, Guanxian, Sichuan province

Image source: http://www.mafengwo.cn/poi/6325182.html

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Variation of dwellings in China:
1. Beijing’s ‘siheyuan’ (compounds with

houses around courtyards)

• Shrines
• Mausolea
2. Houses or compounds south of the Changjiang 3. Houses of the mountainous regions south of the Changjiang River
(Yangtze) River
Houses in Sichuan mountainous

region, south of the Changjiang River
Houses at Anhui, south of the Changjiang River

• Shrines
• Mausolea
4. Cave dwellings, yurts, Tibetan block houses, houses on stilts or

bamboo houses in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces
5. Adobe multi-storeyed houses in Fujian
6. Flat-roofed houses in Xinjiang
Adobe houses at Fujian

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Humble Administrator's Garden (1509) Wangshi Garden, Suzhou (Ming and Qing dynasties)
Image source: Chinatourguide.com Image source: China Discovery

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Four Categories of Chinese Gardens
 Imperial gardens
 Private gardens
 Monastic gardens
 Garden architecture in scenic resorts

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Forms and structural systems for bridges:
1. Wooden bridges
2. Arched stone bridges
3. Beam bridges (including those with wooden beams carried on

stone pillars)
4. Bamboo, rattan and steel cable bridges

Jade Belt Bridge, Summer Palace, Beijing

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Anji Bridge, Zhaoxian, Hebei province (605 - 71) Wanan Bridge, Quanzhou, Fujian province (11th C)
Image source: China.org Image source: Chinadaily.com

• Shrines
• Mausolea
Guangji Bridge, Chaozhou (Song dynasty) Great Wall (seventh to fifth centuries BC)
Image source: Trip Advisor Image source: https://www.archdaily.com/

• Shrines
• Mausolea
COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL
CHINA
• Background
• Architectural Character
• Examples
SINO-FRENCH (1884) and SINO-JAPANESE WARS (1894) marked
the opening of ports for foregin trades
OPIUM WAR (1840) marked the beginning of modern

history in China
COLONIAL AND • Background
POST-COLONIAL • Architectural Character
CHINA • Examples
1900 to 1950
• 1916 – steel-framed structures were used in Shanghai

• first buildings referred to as 'Chinese Classical were the work of foreign architects
• 1920s – reinforced concrete frames were introduced in buildings up to ten storeys in height
• 1930s and 1940s – houses became more comfortable and their forms more Westernized
• terrace houses with small gardens and multi-storeyed apartment houses appeared
• high-quality private houses with gardens in various styles were built for officials
• traditional Chinese architecture as whole tended to decline
• 1940s – International Style had appeared in Shanghai
CHINA • Examples
1950 to present
• 1950s – development of architecture in mainland China developed in the context of urgent post-war
reconstruction
• main building materials were masonry and concrete or reinforced concrete
• owing to the lack of steel, brick and timber, and even rammed earth, were used as structure materials
• 1950s – most of the new public buildings reflected the influence of the International Style of the Modern
Architecture
• 1953 – in response to an ardent patriotism aroused by the founding of a new China and the influence of the
Soviet revivalism, a so-called 'National Style' emerged
• 1955 – 'National Style' was subject to nationwide criticism because of its expense
CHINA • Examples
1950 to present
• 1970s – China's 'open-door policy' stimulated architectural development to an unprecedented degree
• Since 1980s – young architects played an important role in the modernization of Chinese architecture,
remaining in their own country but kept in touch with international architectural developments
• obtained new information mostly from architectural publications
• Architects from Taiwan and Hong Kong begun to take part in construction projects in mainland China and
introduced a certain amount of Western expertise
CHINA • Examples
1950 to present
• Exchanges of scholars and specialists between the mainland and Hong Kong constantly took place
• Foreign architects and architectural firms invited to practice in China

• Their work introduced new means of architectural expression and prompted the modernization of Chinese
architecture
• Architectural education developed greatly in recent years
• 1994 – Architects Registration carried out in China and the first experimental Registration Examination was
undertaken
• In order to enhance the quality of architectural design and to enable architects to meet the new demands put
upon them by the changing world
CHINA • Examples
1900 to 1950
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Shanghai Post Office Building, Shanghai (1924)
Building, Shanghai (1921 - 1923) Image source: https://www.tripstoshanghai.com
Image source: https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/hsbc-building-22956.html
CHINA • Examples
1900 to 1950
Continental Bank, Beijing (1924) Sun Yet-sen's Mausoleum, Nanjing (1926-31)

Image source: www.drben.net Image source: Getty Images
CHINA • Examples
1900 to 1950
National Hall, Nanjing (1935) The Grand Theatre, Shanghai (1933)

Image source: Wikimedia Commons Image source: Trip.com
CHINA • Examples
1900 to 1950
The Palace Hotel, Shanghai (1906) Broadway Mansions, Shanghai (1930-34)

Image source: Wikimedia Commons Image source: http://www.ecns.cn
CHINA • Examples
1950 to present
Cultural Palace of the Nationalities, Beijing (1958) Xingiao Hotel, Beijing (1954)
Image source: https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/the-cultural-palace-of- Image source: www.tripadvisor.com
nationalities/MTMz
CHINA • Examples
1950 to present
Jianguo Hotel, Beijing (1982) Queli Hotel, Qufu, Shandong Province (1985)
Image source: www.tripadvisor.com Image source: www.tripadvisor.com
CHINA • Examples
1950 to present
Shaanxi Historical Museum, Xi’an (1991) Museum of Nanyue King’s Tomb, Guangzhou (1989)
Image source: www.ChinaDiscovery.com Image source: Pinterest
CHINA • Examples
1950 to present
Kang-le Residential Quarter, Shanghai (1992), Ju'er Hutong New Courtyard House, Beijing (1989-92)
Image source: www..dreamstime.com Image source: ResearchGate
CHINA • Examples

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EAST ASIAN

CHINA • Architectural Character

The Forbidden City, Beijing, China

Primary locus in the Huang Ho (Yellow River) valley and

Image source: ChinaFashioNation

Image source: Ching. F. (2017). A global history of architecture.

Banpo village and

2. Good anti-seismic function

3. A high degree of standardization

5. Systemic grouping of buildings.

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

1. First type combined a tall, symbolic feature (a stupa or a pagoda)

2. Second and later type consisted of buildings arranged

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

1. Pagodas with closely layered eaves

Image source: alamy.com

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

The White Pagoda, Temple

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

4. Groups of pagodas honoring Buddha’s warrior attendants

Zin Gang Bao Zuo Pagoda at

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

Pagoda Forest at Lingyan Temple in

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

6. Wooden tower pagodas

Shijia Pagoda, Shanxi province (1056), also

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet (1645 - 95)

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

1. Traditional Architectural Style

Tianshidong Daoist Temple, Guanxian, Sichuan province

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

1. Beijing’s ‘siheyuan’ (compounds with

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

Houses in Sichuan mountainous

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

4. Cave dwellings, yurts, Tibetan block houses, houses on stilts or

5. Adobe multi-storeyed houses in Fujian

6. Flat-roofed houses in Xinjiang

Adobe houses at Fujian

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

 Garden architecture in scenic resorts

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

2. Arched stone bridges

3. Beam bridges (including those with wooden beams carried on

4. Bamboo, rattan and steel cable bridges

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

• Background • Palaces and Villas • Grottoes

OPIUM WAR (1840) marked the beginning of modern

COLONIAL AND • Background

POST-COLONIAL • Architectural Character

• 1916 – steel-framed structures were used in Shanghai

• 1940s – International Style had appeared in Shanghai

COLONIAL AND • Background

POST-COLONIAL • Architectural Character

COLONIAL AND • Background