18 February 2023 10:57 AM

1.What are the different interrupt sources?

2.Explain difference between interrupt and polling?

S.NO Interrupt Polling
1. In interrupt, the device notices the CPU that it requires its Whereas, in polling, CPU steadily checks whether the device needs attention.
attention.
2. An interrupt is not a protocol, its a hardware mechanism. Whereas it isn’t a hardware mechanism, its a protocol.
3. In interrupt, the device is serviced by interrupt handler. While in polling, the device is serviced by CPU.
4. Interrupt can take place at any time. Whereas CPU steadily ballots the device at regular or proper interval.
5. In interrupt, interrupt request line is used as indication for While in polling, Command ready bit is used as indication for indicating that device
indicating that device requires servicing. requires servicing.
6. In interrupts, processor is simply disturbed once any On the opposite hand, in polling, processor waste countless processor cycles by
device interrupts it. repeatedly checking the command-ready little bit of each device.

From <https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-interrupt-and-polling/>

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3.Explain memory organisation (program memory and data memory) of PIC
18f Controller?

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4.Compare Microcontroller Vs Microprocessor

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5.Explain Internal bus structure of PIC 18 F controller?

6.Draw and explain generic block diagram of microcontroller?

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 Timers/ Counters
PIC microcontroller has four
timer/counters wherein the one 8-bit
timer and the remaining timers have
the choice to select 8 or 16-bit mode.
Timers are used for generating
accuracy actions, for example, creating
specific time delays between two
operations.
From <https://www.watelectronics.com/pic-microcontroller-architecture-and-applications/>

Serial Communication
Serial communication is the method
of transferring data one bit at a time
sequentially over a communication channel.
From <https://www.watelectronics.com/pic-microcontroller-architecture-and-applications/>
It includes following protocol of communication
USART -->> universal synchronous and asynchronous receiver and transmitter
SPI protocol -->> Serial peripheral interface
I2C protocol-->> Inter integrated circuits

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7.Explian asynchronous and synchronous serial communication?

IN SYNCHRONOUS METHOD
A synchronous serial interface always pairs its data line(s) with a clock signal,
and all devices on a synchronous serial bus share a common clock. This
makes for a more straightforward, even faster serial transfer, but it also
requires at least one extra wire between communicating devices. In simple
terms which interface required SCK, SCLK pin the synchronous .
In synchronous method, for example in SPI there are 4 pins used, 2 pins are
for MISO & MOSI (Master In Slave Out & Master Out Slave In), 1 pin for
fixed Clock (from single master device) and 1 Data pin for each slave device.
Here SS1, SS2, SS3 are data pins for 3 slave devices.

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 Examples of synchronous interfaces include USART, SPI, and USB etc.
IN ASYNCHRONOUS METHOD
This is also Serial communication but data transfer without any support
from an external clock signal or in other words in this you do not need a
clock for communicating with other devices. For example UART, RS232 etc.
are Asynchronous serial communication methods.
Usually RS232, RS422 & RS485 have two wires RX and TX with predefined
data rate (also called baud rate) and no predetermined master or slave device.

A few Synchronous and Asynchronous communication protocols or interfaces

are follows
SYNCHRONOUS
• USART (Universal Synchronous-Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter)
• USB (Universal Serial Bus)
• RS232 () : The RS-232 spec provides for
both synchronous and asynchronous but PC’s use a UART chip such as a
16450, 16550A, or 16650 and can’t deal with sync.
• I2C or I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit, pronounced as “I squared C” or “I two C”)
• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
ASYNCHRONOUS
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) (used in Arduino)
• RS232 (used in PC)
• CAN (Control Area Network Bus) : According to Wikipedia, CAN does not
include a clock in the data transmission. All nodes on the CAN network must
operate at the same bit rate, and the error between each node’s internal clocks
must be within tolerance, for the nodes on the network to communicate. This
is the same as a PC’s RS-232 serial port which is considered
as asynchronous.
Note : It is possible to write programs in our microcontroller to use either of
these communication protocols/interfaces (SPI, UART etc.). But the programs
will become tedious and lengthy. So it is better to use these special IC chips
made by many manufacturers for serial communications.

From <https://pijaeducation.com/communication/serial-communication-
methods-synchronous-asynchronous/>

8.Draw and explain simple I/o device (LED ) interface with Microcontroller

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9.Explain different data bus and address bus for PIC18F controller

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