Q1 - SETS

Important Terms to Remember

The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.

1. A set is a well-defined group of objects, called elements that share a common characteristic.

Example: The set of multiples of 3 less than 16 can be written as M ={3,6,9,12,15}

Remember:

3  {3, 6,9,12,15} is read as “3 is an element of a set which has elements 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15.”

4  {3, 6,9,12,15} is read as “4 is not an element of a set which has elements 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15.”

2.The cardinality of a set A is the number of elements contained in A.

Example: M ={3,6,9,12,15}, n( M )=5 is read as “the cardinality of set M is 5.”

Two ways of writing a set:

A. Roster Method or Tabular form – putting all elements inside the braces separated by comma. The
order or arrangement of the elements does not affect the set.

B. Rule Method or Set-Builder Notation – using a descriptive phrase in a set.

Example Roster Method Rule Method

The set of counting C={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } C={x∨x is a counting number ¿ 1 ¿10 }
numbers from 1 to 10.
The set of even numbers E={4,6,8} E={x∨x is an even number between 3∧9 }
between 3 and 9.
The set of multiples of 5 F={20,25,30 , … } F={x∨x is a multiple of 5 greater than 19}
greater than 19.

Kinds of Sets According to the Number of Elements

A. Finite Set- a set with limited number of elements. Example: C={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 }

B. Infinite Set- a set with unlimited number of elements. Example: F={20,25,30 , … }

Kinds of Set According to Relation

A. Equivalent Sets- sets having the same number of elements.

Example: A={ 1,2 } and B= {happy , sad }, therefore A B

B. Equal Sets- sets having the same exact elements regardless of order or arrangement.

Example: A={ 1,2, 3 } and B= {3,1,2 } , therefore A=B

3. The universal set U is the set that contains all objects under consideration.
Example: A={ 1,2,3,4 } ; B={ 5,6,7,8 } , therefore U ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 }

4. The null set is an empty set. The null set is a subset of any set. The symbol is ∅ or { }.

5. The set F is a subset of set A if all elements of F are also elements of A.

Example: : A={ 1,2,3,4 , 5,6,7,8,9,10 } ; F= {5,6,7,8 } , therefore F ⊂ A but A ⊄ F

Subsets Number of Subsets Formula

A={ 1 } {}, { 1 } 2 2
A={ 1, 2 } {}, { 1 } , { 2 } ,{1,2} 4 2 ×2=4
A={ 1, 2 , 3 } {}, { 1 } , { 2 } , {3 } , {1,2 } , {1,3 } , { 2,3 } , {1,2,3 } 8 2 ×2 ×2=8

6. F is a proper subset of A if F does not contain all elements of A.

If A={ 1,2,3,4 , 5,6,7,8,9,10 } , therefore ALL SUBSETS except { 1,2,3,4 , 5,6,7,8,9,10 } is a proper
subset of A.

Example: { 1,2,3,4 , 5 } ⊆ A

VENN DIAGRAMS
In dealing with relations between sets, it is helpful to make use of pictorial representations.
Various relationships that may exist between sets can be illustrated using Venn Diagrams, named after
the English logician James Venn (1834-1883). Venn diagrams are drawings in which sets are
represented by geometric figures and can be used to illustrate relationship between sets.

The elements of A={3,4,8,9 } The elements of B={1,2,4,7 } The elements of C={1,5,6,10 }

Representation: Representation: Representation:

Example 1: The elements of U ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}∨{1,2,3, ...12 }

A={1,5,7,8,10 }
The elements of The elements of B={4,6,8,9,10 } The elements of

C={2,3,7,9,10 }
Representation: Representation: Representation:
Example 2:

The elements of the U ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}∨{1,2,3 ,...10 }

Important Terms/Symbols to Remember

1. UNION OF SETS. Let A and B be sets. The union of sets A and B, denoted by A ∪B , is the set that
contains those elements that are either in A or in B, or in both. An element x belongs to the union of the
sets A and B if and only if x belongs to A or x belongs to B. This tells us that A ∪ B = {x l x is in A or x is
in B}.

The cardinality of the union of two sets is given by the following equation:
n ( A ∪ B )=n ( A ) +n ( B ) – n ( A ∩ B ) .
2. INTERSECTION OF SETS. Let A and B be sets. The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B,
is the set containing those elements in both A and B. An element x belongs to the intersection of sets A
and B if and only if x
belongs to A and x belongs to B. This tells us that A ∩ B = {x l x is in A and x is in B}.

3. COMPLEMENT OF A SET. The complement of set A, written as A ’ , is the set of all elements found in
the universal set, U, that are not found in set A. The cardinality n( A ’ ) is given by n ( A ’ ) =n ( U ) – n ( A ) .

4. DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS. A−B is the set of elements that are in A, and not in B and B− A is
the set of elements that are in B, and not in A.
 There are things to remember when solving problems involving sets using Venn diagram:
(1) You must know the English terms used for the different operations on sets.
(2) You have mastered representing sets in each Venn diagram.

A. The number of students who like ice cream and chocolate is given.
1. How many students like chocolate? 12+15=27
2. How many students like ice cream or chocolate? The numbers in set
“Ice cream or chocolate” are 16, 15, and 12. Therefore, 16 + 15 + 12 = 43
3. How many students like both ice cream and chocolate? 15
4. How many students like ice cream only? 16
5. How many students do not like ice cream? 12

B. The number of students who enrolled in three subjects is given below. Set A represents Algebra, set P
represents Physics and set C represents Chemistry. Use the diagram to answer the questions.

1. How many students were enrolled in Algebra only?

10 students were enrolled in

Algebra only.

2. How many students were enrolled in Chemistry?

25
25 students were
were enrolled
enrolledinin
Algebra only.
Chemistry.

3. How many students were enrolled in Algebra and Physics?

25
11 students were
were enrolled
enrolledinin
Algebra
Algebra and only.
Physics.

4. How many students were enrolled in Physics or Chemistry?

25
33 students were
were enrolled
enrolledinin
Algebra
Physics only.
or Chemistry.

5. How many students were enrolled in Algebra and Physics

but not Chemistry?

6 students were enrolled

Algebra and Physics but not
Chemistry.

6. How many students did not enroll in any of the three subjects?

7 students did not enroll in any of the three subjects.

7. How many students did not enroll in Algebra or Chemistry?

9 students did not enroll in Algebra or Chemistry.

25
students
8. How many students werewere
enrolled in exactly one subject?
enrolled in
Algebra 16 students were enrolled in exactly one subject.
only.
25 students
were enrolled in
Algebra only.