Gaza Training Center

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Unit 2: DC Machines
Prepared By
Eng. Zaher Hunaif
▪ Direct-current (DC) machines are divided into dc generators and dc motors.

▪ Most DC machines are similar to AC machines: i.e. they have An voltages and

current within them.

▪ DC generators are not as common as they used to be, because direct

current, when required, is mainly produced by electronic rectifiers.

▪ While dc motors are widely used, such automobile, aircraft, and portable

electronics, in speed control applications…

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▪ DC Machines consists of the following essential parts:

1) Magnetic Frame or Yoke.

2) Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes.
3) Pole Coils or Field Coils.
4) Armature Core.
5) Armature Windings or Conductors.
6) Commutator.
7) Brushes and Bearings

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The outer frame or yoke serves double
purpose:
▪ It provides mechanical support for the poles
and acts as a protecting cover for the whole
machine.
▪ It carries the magnetic flux produced by the
poles.
▪ The feet and the terminal box etc. are
welded to the frame afterwards. Such yokes
possess sufficient mechanical strength and
have high permeability.

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The field magnets consist of pole cores and
pole shoes. The pole shoes serve two
purposes:
▪ They spread out the flux in the air gap and
also, being of larger cross-section, reduce the
reluctance of the magnetic path.
▪ They support the exciting coils (or field coils).
▪ The complete pole cores and pole shoes are
built of thin laminations of annealed steel
which are rivetted together under hydraulic
pressure.

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▪ The field coils or pole coils, which consist of
copper wire or strip, are former-wound for
the correct dimension.
▪ Then, the former is removed and wound coil
is put into place over the core.
▪ When current is passed through these coils,
they electro-magnetise the poles which
produce the necessary flux that is cut by
revolving armature conductors.

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▪ An armature is defined as the component of the
electric machine that carries alternating current
(AC).
▪ The armature conducts AC even on DC (Direct
Current) machines via the commutator (which
periodically reverses current direction).
▪ The armature provides housing and support to
the armature winding. In electrical machines,
the magnetic field is generated by a permanent
magnet or electromagnet.
▪ The armature winding interacts with the
magnetic field formed in the air gap.
▪ The armature is made up of a core, winding,
commutator, and shaft.

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▪ It houses the armature conductors or
coils and causes them to rotate and
hence cut the magnetic flux of the
field magnets.

▪ In addition to this, its most important

function is to provide a path of very
low reluctance to the flux through the
armature from a N-pole to a S-pole.

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▪ It is cylindrical or drum-shaped and is built up
of usually circular sheet steel discs or
laminations. It is keyed to the shaft.
▪ The slots are either die-cut or punched on the
outer periphery of the disc and the keyway is
located on the inner diameter as shown.
▪ In small machines, the armature stampings are
keyed directly to the shaft. Usually, these
laminations are perforated for air ducts which
permits axial flow of air through the armature
for cooling purposes. Such ventilating channels
are clearly visible in the laminations

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▪ The armature winding is inserted into slots of the
armature core.
▪ The armature winding is insulated to avoid direct
contact of the coil with the core.
▪ Generally, the winding is made up of copper. But in
some cases, it is made up of aluminum to reduce
the cost of the machine.
▪ According to the design of the armature winding,
it can be lap wound or wave wound.

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▪ The function of the commutator is to facilitate
collection of current from the armature conductors.
▪ Commutator converts the alternating current
induced in the armature conductors into
unidirectional current in the external load circuit.
▪ It is of cylindrical structure and is built up of
wedge-shaped segments of high-conductivity hard-
drawn or drop forged copper.
▪ These segments are insulated from each other by
thin layers of mica.
▪ The number of segments is equal to the number of
armature coils. Each commutator segment is
connected to the armature conductor by means of a
copper lug or strip.
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▪ The shaft of the machine is used to transfer mechanical energy. It is a stiff rod
mounted between two bearings.
▪ The length, speed, and bearing points are decided to minimize the harmonic
distortions.
▪ The thickness of the shaft is chosen enough to transmit the torque required by the
machine, and it must be stiff enough to control any out of balance forces.

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▪ The brushes, whose function is to collect
current from commutator, are usually made of
carbon or graphite and are in the shape of a
rectangular block.
▪ These brushes are housed in brush-holders
usually of the box-type variety. The brush-
holder is mounted on a spindle and the brushes
can slide in the rectangular box open at both
ends.
▪ The brushes are made to bear down on the
commutator by a spring whose tension can be
adjusted by changing the position of lever in
the notches.
▪ A flexible copper pigtail mounted at the top of
the brush conveys current from the brushes to
the holder

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▪ Because of their reliability, ball-
bearings are frequently employed,
though for heavy duties, roller
bearings are preferable.
▪ The ball and rollers are generally
packed in hard oil for quieter
operation and for reduced bearing
wear, sleeve bearings are used
which are lubricated by ring oilers
fed from oil reservoir in the bearing
bracket.

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▪ All generators are driven by a source of mechanical power, which is usually called
the prime mover of the generator.
▪ A prime mover for a dc generator may be a steam turbine, a diesel engine, or even
an electric motor.

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▪ Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction stated that that “If a flux passes
through a turn of a coil of wire; a voltage will be induced in the turn of wire
that is directly proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect to
time”.
▪ In equation form,
𝑑∅
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
Where
▪ 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = voltage induced in the coil.

▪ 𝑁 = number of turns of wire in coil.

▪ ∅ = flux passing through coil.

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 𝑑∅
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
▪ The minus sign in the equations is an expression of Lenz' law, Lenz' law states

that “The direction of the voltage buildup in the coil is such that if the coil ends
were short circuited, it would produce current that would cause a flux opposing
the original flux change”,
▪ Since the induced voltage opposes the change that causes it, a minus sign is

included in past Equation

▪ In terms of a conductor rotating with respect to a stationary magnetic field, the

instantaneous voltage is:

𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 sin 𝜃

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▪ Fleming's right-hand rule (for generators) shows the direction of induced current
when a conductor attached to a circuit moves in a magnetic field. It can be used to
determine the direction of current in a generator's windings.
▪ When a conductor such as a wire attached to a circuit moves through a magnetic
field, an electric current is induced in the wire due to Faraday's law of induction.
▪ The current in the wire can have two possible directions. Fleming's right-hand rule
gives which direction the current flows.

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▪ The right hand is held with the thumb, index finger and middle finger mutually
perpendicular to each other (at right angles), as shown in the diagram.
▪ The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to
the magnetic field.(‫)إبهام‬
▪ The first finger (index finger)is pointed in the direction of the magnetic field.
(north to south)
▪ Then the middle finger represents the direction of the induced or generated
current within the conductor (from + to -, the terminal with lower electric
potential to the terminal with higher electric potential, as in a voltage source)

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