BATTERY TWO TYPES OF CELLS

- Device that converts chemical energy Primary cell

contained within its active materials
directly into electric energy by means of
an electrochemical oxidation-reduction
(redox)
- ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION-
REDUCTION is type of reaction that
involves the transfer of electrons from
one material to another via an electric
circuit.
FIRST BATTERY
• irreversibly that transform chemical
energy to electrical energy.
• When the initial supply of reactant is
exhausted, energy cannot be readily
restored to the battery by electrical
means.
Advantage
• Has only one chemical reaction
Disadvantage
• Can be only used once.

- Invented by ALESSANDRO VOLTA in

1799 Types of Primary Cell
• Mercuric Oxide 1.35 V
- 1780 in building on Galvani’s, the • Carbon –zinc (Leclanche) 1.5 V
discovery of how a circuit of two metal’s • Zinc Chloride 1.5 V
frog leg can cause the frog’s leg • Manganese Dioxide (Alkaline) 1.5 V
respond. • Zinc air 1.5 V
- 1791 Volta demonstrated when two • Silver Oxide 1.5 V
metals and brine-soaked doth or • Lithium 3.0 V
cardboard are arranged in a circuit they
produce an electric current. - Lead- Acid Cell
- 1800 Volta stacked several pairs of - Nickel-Cadmium cell
alternating copper (silver) and zinc discs - Solar Cell
(electrodes) separated by cloth or
cardboard soaked in brine (electrolyte)
to increase the electrolytic conductivity.
Secondary Cell
BATTERY VS. CELL
- Can be recharged.
Cell - Chemical reactions reversed by
• Is a self contained compartment supplying electrical energy to the cell,
• Is unit which includes Two restoring their original composition.
electrodes and one electrolyte Advantage
Battery • Can be used multiple times.

• Two or more cells are connected Disadvantage

together, the combination is called • Has 2 chemical processes
battery.
 Types of Secondary Cell - Batteries that successfully traverse the
• Solar Cell 0.5 V esophagus are unlikely to lodge to any
• Silver Cadmium 1.1 V location.
• Nickel-Cadmium 1.2 V - Liquefaction necrosis may occur
• Nickel-metal hydride 1.2 V because sodium hydroxide is generated
• Nickel iron (Edison Cell) 1.2 V by the current produced by the battery.
• Nickel Zinc 1.6 V - Perforation has occurred as rapidly as
• Lead-acid 2.1 V 6hrs after ingestion.
• Lithium-Ion 3.7 V

HYDROMETER
- A device used to check the state of
charge of a cell within a lead- acid
battery.
EXPLOSIONS
- Caused by misuse or malfunction of a
battery, such as attempting to recharge
a primary battery.
- Car batteries, explosions occur when a
short circuit generates very large
currents.
- Car batteries liberate hydrogen when
they are overcharged (because of
electrolysis of the water in the
electrolyte).
SWITCHES
- Flick it one way to go on and the other
way to go off.
TWO STATES OF A SWITCH
Open
- No electrical connection
- There is a very high resistance between
a wire coming into the switch and the
wire going out of the switch.
Closed
- There is an electrical connection.
- There is a very low resistance between a
wire coming into a switch and the wire
coming out of the switch.

3 IMPORTANT FEATURES TO CONSIDER WHEN

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS SELECTING A SWITCH

- Widespread batteries can cause toxic
metal pollution.
- Consumes resources and often involves
hazardous chemicals.
- Contributes electronic waste.
- Contacts (single pole, double throw)
- Ratings (maximum voltage and current)
- Method of operation (toggle, slide, key)
SWITCH CONTACTS
Pole- number of switch contact sets.

INGESTION AND DEATH Throw- number of conducting positions, single

- Small button/ disk batteries can be
swallowed by kids.
- Battery electrical discharge can burn the
tissues and can be serious enough to
lead to death.
or double.
Way- Number of conducting positions, three or
more.
Momentary- switch returns to its normal
position when released.
Open- off position, contacts not conducting.

Closed- on position, contacts conducting, there

may be several on positions.
ON-(OFF)Push-to-break = SPST Momentary
SWITCH CONTACTS RATINGS
- A push-to-break switch returns to its
- Switch contacts are rated with normally closed (on) position when you
maximum voltage and current, and release the button.
there may be different ratings for AC
and DC. The AC values are higher
because the current falls to zero many
times each second and an arc is less
likely to form across the switch
contacts.
- For low voltage electronics projects the ON -ON Single Pole, Double Throw = SPDT
voltage rating will not matter - This switch can be on in both positions,
- The maximum current is less for switching on a separate device in each
inductive loads (coils and motors) case. It is often called a changeover
because they cause more sparking at switch. For example, a SPDT switch can
the contacts when switched off. be used to switch on a red lamp in one
position and a green lamp in the other
STANDARD SWITCHES position.
- A SPDT toggle switch may be used as a
ON-OFF Single Pole, Single Throw = SPST simple on -off switch by connecting to
COM and one of the A or B terminals
- A simple on-off switch. This type can be
shown in the diagram. A and B are
used to switch the power supply to a
interchangeable, so switches are usually
circuit. When used with mains
not labeled.
electricity this type of switch must be in
the live wire, but it is better to use a
DPST switch to isolate both live and
neutral.

ON -OFF -ONSPDT Centre Off A special version

(ON)-OFF Push-to-make = SPST Momentary of the standard SPDT switch.

- A push-to-make switch returns to its - It has a third switching position in the

normally open (off) position when you center which is off. Momentary (ON) -
release the button, this is shown by the OFF -(ON) versions are also available
brackets around ON. This is the where the switch returns to the central
standard doorbell switch. off position when released.
Dual ON-OFF Double Pole, Single Throw = DPST SPECIAL SWITCHES

- A pair of on-off switches which operate Push-Push Switch (e.g. SPST = ON-OFF)
together (shown by the dotted line in
- This looks like a momentary action push
the circuit symbol). A DPST switch is
switch but it is a standard on-off switch:
often used to switch mains electricity
push once to switch on, push again to
because it can isolate both the live and
switch off. This is called a latching
neutral connections.
action.

Micro switch (usually SPDT = ON-ON)

- Micro switches are designed to switch

fully open or closed in response to small
movements. They are available with
levers and rollers attached.

Key switch
Dual ON-ON Double Pole, Double Throw =
- A key operated switch. The example
DPDT
shown is SPST.
- A pair of on-on switches which operate
Tilt Switch (SPST)
together (shown by the dotted line in
the circuit symbol). - Tilt switches contain a conductive liquid
- A DPDT switch can be wired up as a and when tilted these bridges the
reversing switch for a motor as shown in contacts inside, closing the switch. They
the diagram. can be used as a sensor to detect the
position of an object. Some tilt switches
contain mercury which is poisonous.

Reed Switch (usually SPST)

- The contacts of a reed switch are closed

by bringing a small magnet near the
switch. They are used in security
circuits, for example to check that doors
are closed. Standard reed switches are
SPST (simple on-off) but SPDT
(changeover) versions are also available.

Warning: reed switches have a glass

body which is easily broken
Multi-pole Switch
- The picture shows a 6-pole double
throw switch, also known as a 6-pole
changeover switch. It can be set to have
momentary or latching action. Latching
action means it behaves as a push-push
switch, push once for the first position,
push again for the second position etc.
Multi-way Switch
- Multi-way switches have 3 or more
conducting positions. They may have
several poles (contact sets). A popular
type has a rotary action and it is
available with a range of contact
arrangements from 1-pole 12-way to 4-
pole 3 way.
- The number of ways (switch positions)
may be reduced by adjusting a stop
under the fixing nut. For example, if you
need a 2-pole 5-way switch you can buy
the 2-pole 6-way version and adjust the
stop.
- Contrast this multi-way switch (many
switch positions) with the multi-pole
switch (many contact sets) described
above.
Tactile switch
- This is a type of momentary pushbutton
switch. Tactile switches are rated by the
amount of force needed to push the
button and are often flat so that they
can be easily inserted within a surface
without protruding.
Relays
- An electrical switch that opens and
closes under the control of another
electrical circuit. The switch is operated
by an electromagnet to open or close
one or many sets of contacts.
- Relays enable a low voltage circuit to
switch on a high voltage or high current
circuit.
Solenoid
- Electromagnetic are used in solenoids
to activate a plunger. When the solenoid
is switched on, the plunger is attached
to the coil.
Motor
- Motors are often used to turn wheels,
gears, cams, or pulleys. Motors have
two terminals that connect to a battery.
The direction of the turning depends on
the way the battery wires are connected
to the terminals.
Stepper Motor
- Stepper motors are very precise motors
that can be made to turn through an
exact number of steps.