medical physics

by dr maida
electrical components of current

• electric current
• the flow of charge in a conductor is called EC
• essentials for the production of current
1. potential difference
2. pathway along with CURRENT CAN MOVE.
current carriers
• charged particles whose flow in a definite direction constitutes the electric
current called CC.
• CC in solids
• e.g metals because of thier valence electron because it do not remain
attach to the atoms but move freely in conductor
• CC in liquid
• positively and negetively charged ions.
• CC in gases
• they are insulators but can be conductor by ionizing when applied a high
potential difference at low pressures (because ionized gas contain postive
and negetive ion)
energy is the ability to do
work.energy can niether be
produce nor can be destoyed
but can covert from one form
to another.
chemical effects of current
• when current is passed through solid it will produe heating
effect and magnetic field but no chemical effect will produce
• on the other hand on liquids
• it may or may nor allow current to pass
• divided into 3 categories
• insulators (do not allow crrent to pass e.g vegetable oil
distilled water),good conductors(current can pass but do
not dissociate into ion e.g mercury
• electrolytes can dissociate into ions salts acids basis
alcohol.
cell

• devise by which chemical • types

energy is converted into • 2
chemical energy • primary
• secondary /storage cells
primary secondary

• voltalic cell • lead acid accumulator

• daniel cells • alkali accumulator /edison
• leclanche cell cell
• dry cell
voltalic cell

• A voltaic cell is an
electrochemical cell that
uses a chemical reaction
to produce electrical
energy.
 daniel cell
• A Daniell cell is the best
example of a galvanic cell
which converts chemical
energy into electrical energy.
The Daniell cell consists of
two electrodes of dissimilar
metals, Zn and Cu; each
electrode is in contact with a
solution of its own ion; Zinc
sulphate and copper
sulphate respectively.
• In a lead-acid accumulator,
the anode and cathode are
made of lead dioxide and
lead respectively. The
electrolyte is dilute
sulphuric acid. As power is
discharged from the
accumulator, both the
anode and cathode
undergo a chemical
reaction that progressively
changes them into lead
sulphate
• Alkaline batteries are used
in many household items
such as MP3 players, CD
players, digital cameras,
toys, flashlights, and
radios.
advantages of alkali accumulator
disadvantage
• The cells are said to be
connected in series if the
positive terminal of the first
cell is connected to the
negative terminal of the
second cell and the
negative terminal of the
second cell is connected
to the positive terminal of
the third cell. The same
current flows through each
cell.
• Cells are in parallel
combination if the current
is divided among various
cells. In a parallel
combination, all the
positive terminal are
connected together and all
the negative terminal are
connected together.
electronic tube

An electron tube (also known as a 'Vacuum tube', or

a 'Valve' ) is a glass or metal enclosure in which
electrons move through the vacuum or gas from one
metal electrode to another. The vacuum tube is often
used to amplify weak currents or act as a one-way
valve (rectifier) for electric current.
types
slow wave
fast wave
Electrolysis
• Electrochemical cell which
convert electrical energy
into chemical energy is
called as electrolytic cell.
Electrochemical cell which
converts chemical energy
into electrical energy is
called as Galvanic or
Voltaic cell.
• Electrical burns and
injuries happen when
electric currents pass
through the body. The
currents can damage the
skin, tissues, and major
organs. The damage can
range from minor to
severe. Sometimes it is
fatal.
The most common shock-related, nonfatal injury is a burn. Burns caused by
electricity may be of three types: electrical burns, arc burns, and thermal contact
burns. Electrical burns can result when a person touches electrical wiring or
equipment that is used or maintained improperly.
slow wave devises

• diode • a semiconductor device with two

terminals, typically allowing the
• triode flow of current in one direction only.
• electron tube consisting of three
electrodes—cathode filament,
anode plate, and control grid—
mounted in an evacuated metal or
glass container. It has been used
as an amplifier for both audio and
radio signals, as an oscillator, and
in electronic circuits.
Thank
You