Republic of the Philippines

WESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY

GRADUATE SCHOOL

COURSE: Master in Public Administration (MPA)

TOPIC: Gender and Development
SUBJECT: Current Issues in National Development

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

“An extremely important part of an individual’s identity, and the one that begins
at least at birth, is gender.” -Dr. Kenneth Cushner, American Professor

What is the difference between Gender and Sex?

Downtoearh.org defines and differentiates gender from sex as gender is a

complex variable that is part of the social, cultural, economic and political
contexts. Gender refers to socially constructed differences between men and
women, while sex refers to the biological differences between men and women.

SEX GENDER
Categorised as male or female Masculinity and femininity
Biological Socially, culturally and historically
determined
Fixed at birth Learned through socialization
Does not change across time and Varied over time and space
space
Equally valued Unequally valued (masculinity as the
norm)

Gender and Development 1

What is Gender and Development or GAD and its purpose?

Gender and Development, or GAD, is an approach which focuses on the

socially constructed basis of differences between men and women and
emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations.

According to the Philippine Commission on Women, GAD is defined as the

development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering,
equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, and
supportive of self-determination and actualizing human potential.
RA No. 9710, also known as “The Magna Carta of Women” recognizes the
economic, political and sociocultural realities that affect women’s current
condition. The State also affirms women's role in nation-building and ensures the
substantive equality of women and men.

RA No. 9710 defines gender and Development (GAD) as a development

perspective and process that is participatory and empowering, equitable,
sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, and supportive of self-
determination and actualizing human potential. It seeks to achieve gender
equality as a fundamental value that should be reflected in development
choices. It aims to transform society’s social, economic and political structures
and questions the validity of the gender roles they ascribed to women and men.
It also contends that women are active agents of development and not just
passive recipients of development assistance. It stresses the need for women to
organize themselves and participate in political processes to strengthen their
legal rights.

RA No. 9710 mandates non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality and

equity measures to enable women’s participation in formulating, implementing
and evaluating policies and plans for national, regional and local development.

The purpose of GAD is to ensure that both men and women can participate
in, and benefit from, development equitably. (Molyneux from Moser, 1993)

Policies Supporting GAD implementation

CEDAW- Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against

women
RA 7192 – An act promoting the Integration of women as fully equal partners of
men in development and nation building
RA 7811 – Anti-sexual harassment law in 1995

Gender and Development 2

ODA (Official Development Assistance) – supports programs and activities for
women
RA 6949 – declared March 8 of every year as a working holiday known as National
Women’s Day.
RA 7322 – Increases the maternity benefits of women in the private sector
RA 7655 – Increases in the minimum wage of domestic helpers

What are Gender Equality and Gender roles?

RA No. 9170 defined gender equality as the principle asserting the equality
of men and women and their right to enjoy equal conditions realizing their full
human potential to contribute to and benefit from the results of development,
and with the State recognizing that all human beings are free and equal in dignity
and rights.

According to International Labour Organization, gender equality is

considered a critical element in achieving Decent Work for All Women and Men
to effect social and institutional change that leads to sustainable development
with equity and growth. Gender equality refers to equal rights, responsibilities and
opportunities that all persons should enjoy, regardless of whether one is born male
or female.

Gender roles are generally neither positive nor negative. They are inaccurate
generalizations of the male and female attributes. Gender roles can be affected
by race, ethnicity, social class, religion and geographical region.

In the context of the World Bank, equality between women and men includes:
1. Equality of opportunity and treatment in employment
2. Equal remuneration for work of equal value
3. Equal access to safe and healthy working environments and social security
4. Equality in association and collective bargaining
5. Equality in obtaining meaningful career development
6. A balance between work and home life that is fair for both women and
men
7. Equal participation in decision-making at all levels

The Society before GAD

Gender and development were developed in the 1980s as an alternative to the

Women in Development (WID) approach. Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not

Gender and Development 3

concerned primarily with women but with how society assigns roles, responsibilities
and expectations to men and women.

Gender involves the differentiations attributed by a given culture to women and

men in the following aspects:

1. Social Roles
2. Capacities
3. Traits and characteristics

Gender stereotypes are generalizations about the roles of each gender.

ASPECTS/GENDER Men Women

Provides financially for Takes care of the house
the family and children
Gender Stereotype in Works as manager,
Works as a nurse,
social roles construction builder,
teacher, secretary
engineers
Portrayed as leaders Portrayed as followers
Good in math and Good in arts and less
science intellectual pursuits
Physically weaker and
Gender Stereotype in Physically strong
fragile
capacities
Wishy-washy or fickle-
Firm decision-makers minded in decision-
making
Active Passive
Gender Stereotype in Aloof Loving
traits and Aggressive Peaceful
characteristics Independent Dependent
brave fearful

Gender and Development 4

Global Gender Gap Index

The global gender gap index was first published in 2006 by the World
Economic Forum. The 2020 report covers 153 countries. Global Gender Gap Index
is an index designed to measure gender equality. The index is designed to
measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries
rather than the actual levels of the available resources and opportunities in those
countries. (wikipedia.org)

In the same report, the Philippines ranked 16 among 153 countries. At rank
1 is Iceland, and at rank 153 is Yemen. In East Asia and the Pacific, the Philippines
ranked second next to New Zealand.

Gender and Development 5

Gender and Development 6
Gender and Development 7
Update on Women and Men in the Philippines
Republic of the Philippines
Philippine Statistics Authority on Women and Men
in the Philippines
www.psa.gov.ph March 5, 2020 FS-202003-PHDSD-01
UPDATES ON WOMEN AND MEN IN THE PHILIPPINES
Indicator Women Men Ref. Period/Source
1. Population
Population Projections a/ 53.8 M 54.9 M 2020/ P o pulatio n P ro j., P SA
Projected Life Expectancy at Birtha1/ 75.9 years 69.6 years 2015 - 2020/ P o pn P ro j., P SA
2. Education
Functional Literacy Rate (%) 10-64 years old 92.0 88.7 2013/ FLEMMS, PSA
Basic Literacy Rate (%) 10 years and over 97.0 96.1 2013/ FLEMMS, PSA
Distribution of the Population 6 Years Old and Over 2019/ LFS, PSA b1/
b/
by Highest Educational Attainment (%)
No Grade Completed 3.8 4.3
Elementary Undergraduate 19.4 23.3
Elementary Graduate 11.4 12.0
Junior High School Undergraduate 14.2 15.2
Junior High School Completed 22.2 21.2
Senior High School Undergraduate 2.1 2.0
Senior High School Graduate 1.9 1.7
Post Secondary Undergraduate 1.4 1.2
Post Secondary Graduate 3.3 3.2
College Undergraduate 6.8 6.4
College Graduate 13.4 9.4
c/
Most Common Field of Study Enrolled in Tertiary Education (as o f Business Administration Information Technology 2018 - 2019/ CHED
A ugust 8, 2019)
Enrolment in Tertiary Education c1/ (as o f A ugust 8, 2019) 1,777,643 1,434,899 2018 - 2019/ CHED
STEAM c2/(as o f February 13, 2020) 527,180 710,057
Non-STEAM/Others 1,250,463 724,842
Most Commonly Registered Program by Sector of Technical Tourism (Hotel and Tourism (Hotel and 2019/ TESDA
Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Restaurant) Restaurant)
Number of Certified Persons of TVET 811,042 705,039 2019/ TESDA
Number of TVET graduates 1,213,837 1,026,913 2019/ TESDA
3. Health and Nutrition
Proportion of Obese d/
(%) 11.4 6.5 2018/ ENNS,FNRI
Proportion e/ 19.2 19.1 2018/ ENNS,FNRI
Proportion of
of Underw
Underw eight
eight Children
Children 0-5 Years
5.08-10 Old (0-60months)
Years Old (61-120
months) e/ 22.0 27.9 2018/ ENNS,FNRI
Proportion of Stunted Children 0-5 Years Old (0-60months) f/ 29.4 31.1 2018/ ENNS,FNRI
f/
Proportion of Stunted Children 5.08-10 Years Old (61-120 months) 22.6 26.5 2018/ ENNS,FNRI
g/
Proportion of Overw eight for height Children 0-5 Years Old 3.7 4.4 2018/ ENNS,FNRI
Proportion of Overw eight/Obese Children 5.08-10 Years Old h/ 10.4 13.0 2018/ ENNS,FNRI
Household Population w ith Disability i/ 708,807 733,779 2010/ CPH, PSA
Most Common Type of Functional Difficulty for Household Population Difficulty in seeing, even if Difficulty in seeing, even if 2010/ CPH, PSA
Five Years and Over i1/ w earing eyeglasses w earing eyeglasses
i2/
Percentage Dirstribution of Age 15 and Older by Disability Level 2016/ NDPS, PSA
Severe disability 14.6 9.2
Moderate disability 48.5 44.9
Mild disability 20.0 25.1
No disability 16.9 20.7
Percentage of Children 12-23 Months Old Who Received 70.8 69.2 2017/ NDHS, PSA
All Basic Vaccinations at Anytime Before the Survey (%) j/
Neonatal Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) for the 5-year 14.0 13.0 2017/ NDHS, PSA
period preceding the survey
Postneonatal Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) for the 7.0 8.0 2017/ NDHS, PSA
5-year period preceding the survey
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) for the 5-year 21.0 21.0 2017/ NDHS, PSA
period preceding the survey
Child Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) for the 5-year 6.0 7.0 2017/ NDHS, PSA
period preceding the survey
Under-Five Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) for the 5-year 26.0 28.0 2017/ NDHS, PSA
period preceding the survey
Percentage of Currently Married Women Aged 15-49 years 54.3 k/ 2017/ NDHS, PSA
Percentage
using contraception
of household
(%) population w ith health insurance coverage
(%) 69.8 67.0 2017/ NDHS, PSA
4. Family Income and Expenditures
l/
Average Annual Income by sexbyofsex
Expenditures Household Head (in
of Household thousands)
Head (in PhP 334 PhP 307 2018/ FIES, PSA
thousands) l/ PhP 254 PhP 234 2018/ FIES, PSA
Average Annual Savings by sex of Household Head (in thousands) l/ PhP 80 PhP 73 2018/ FIES, PSA
N o t es:
a/ Updat ed Project ed M id-Year Populat ion based on 2015 Census-based Populat ion of PSA in collaborat ion wit h t he Int eragency Commit t ee on Populat ion and Housing St at ist ics.

Gender and Development

a1/ 2010 Census-based Populat ion Project ions (M edium assumpt ion) of PSA in collaborat ion wit h t he Int eragency Working Group on Populat ion Project ions.
b/ Highest Educat ion At t ainment groupings adopt ed t he Republic Act 10533 " Enhanced Basic Educat ion Act of 2013" known as K - 12 Program of Depart ment of Educat ion. 8
b1/ These est imat es were based on t he f inal result s of January, April and July rounds of t he LFS and preliminary result s of Oct ober 2019 round.
c/ Based on t he submission of higher educat ion inst it ut ions, as compiled by OPRKM -Knowledge M anagement Division. Includes baccalaureat e programs only.
c1/ Based on t he submission of higher educat ion inst it ut ions, as compiled by OPRKM -Knowledge M anagement Division. Includes pre-baccalaureat e up t o doct oral programs.
c2/ STEAM - Science, Technology, Engineering, Agri/ f isheries, M at hemat ics.
d/ Covers adult s aged 20 years old and over and based on World Healt h Organizat ion - Body M ass Index e/ WHO-Child Growt h St andards weight -f or-age classif icat ion
Gender and Development 9
 UPDATES ON WOMEN AND MEN IN THE PHILIPPINES
Indicator Women Men Ref. Period / Source
5. Work and Economic Participation
Labor Force Participation Rate (%) 47.6 74.8 2019/ LFS, PSA b1/
Unemployment Rate (%) 4.9 5.1 2019/ LFS, PSA b1/
Proportion of Unpaid Family Workers (%) 8.9 3.9 2019/ LFS, PSA b1/
m/
Proportion of Poor Families by Sex of Family Head (%) 6.8 13.8 2018/ PSA
Proportion of Poor Women (%) 22.5 k/ 2015/ PSA
Most Common Occupation Service & Sales Worker Elementary occupations 2019/ LFS, PSA b1/
Major Industry Division Where Most are Employed Wholesale & Retail;Repair of Agriculture, hunting and forestry 2019/ LFS, PSA b1/
Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles
& Personal & HH Goods
Number of Overseas Filipino Workers (in thousands) 1,284 1,016 2018/ SOF, PSA
Age Group w ith the Largest Proportion of OFWs 30-34 30-34 2018/ SOF, PSA
Most Common Destination of OFWs Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 2018/ SOF, PSA
Most Common Occupation of OFWs Elementary occupations Plant and machine operators 2018/ SOF, PSA
and assemblers
Total remittance in cash and in kind (in million pesos) n/ 100,857 135,002 2018/ SOF, PSA
Average remittance in cash and in kind per OFW (in thousand 86 143 2018/ SOF, PSA
pesos) m/
6. Agriculture
No. of Holders of Emancipation Patent (EP) 94,680 417,195 as of Dec. 2019/DAR
No. of Holders of Cert. of Land Ow nership Agreement (CLOA) 617,584 1,374,760 as of Dec. 2019/DAR
o/
7. Public Life
Proportion of Occupied Elective Positions (%) 23.1 76.9 2019/COMELEC
Number of Elected Women and Men by Position o1/ 3,977 13,249 2019/COMELEC
President 0 1 2016/COMELEC
Vice-President 1 0 2016/COMELEC
Senators 2 10 2016/COMELEC
Senators 5 7 2019/COMELEC
Congressmen 68 174 2019/COMELEC
Governors 12 69 2019/COMELEC
Vice-Governors 13 67 2019/COMELEC
Mayors 415 1,219 2019/COMELEC
Vice-Mayors 316 1,317 2019/COMELEC
Sangguniang Panlungsod and Bayan 3,148 10,396 2019/COMELEC
Total Number of Elected, by Sex COMELEC
1998 2,810 14,593
2001 2,999 14,480
2004 2,922 14,651
Proportion of Underw eight Children 5.08-10 Years Old (61-120 months) e/ 3,040 14,442
2010 3,305 14,498
2013 3,580 14,331
2016 3,849 14,092
2019 4,180 13,887
p/
8. Sustainable Development Goals
Seventeen Goals to Transform Our World
Baseline Data Source
Goals/Targets/Indicators
Data Year Agency
Target 4.3 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and
vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons w ith disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable
situations.
4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top w ealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous
peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated
Ratio of girls to boys in primary education (as o f September 2019) 0.9 2018 DepED
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education (as o f September 2019) 1.0 2018 DepED
Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education (as o f A ugust 8, 2019) 1.2 2018 CHED
Target 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all w omen and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking
and sexual and other types of exploitation.
5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered w omen and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual, or
14.7 2017 NDHS, PSA
psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months.
5.2.1.1 Proportion of ever-partnered w omen and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical violence by a
4.4 2017 NDHS, PSA
current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months
5.2.1.2 Proportion of ever-partnered w omen and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by a
2.2 2017 NDHS, PSA
current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months
5.2.1.3 Proportion of ever-partnered w omen and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to psychological violence by
12.9 2017 NDHS, PSA
a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months
5.2.1.4 Proportion of ever-partnered w omen and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical or sexual
5.5 2017 NDHS, PSA
violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months
5.2.2 Proportion of w omen and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an
0.1 2017 NDHS, PSA
intimate partner in the previous 12 months
Target 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
5.3.1 Proportion of w omen aged 20-24 years w ho w ere married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18
Married or in a union before age 15 2.2 2017 NDHS, PSA
Married or in a union before age 18 16.5 2017 NDHS, PSA
Target 5.5 Ensure w omen’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of
decision-making in political, economic and public life.
5.5.1. Proportion of seats held by w omen in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments
5.5.1.1 Proportion of seats held by w omen in national parliaments (as o f Octo ber 30, 2019) 28.7 2019 COMELEC
5.5.1.2 Proportion of seats held by w omen in local governments p1/ (as o f Octo ber 30, 2019) 29.1 2019 COMELEC
5.5.2 Proportion of w omen in managerial positions 52.7 2018 LFS, PSA

Gender and Development 10

 UPDATES ON WOMEN AND MEN IN THE PHILIPPINES
Indicator Wom en Men Ref. Period/Source
9. Tourism
Percent Share of Visitors, by Country of Residence 2019 Visitor Sample Survey/ DOT
ASEAN
Brunei 21.7 78.3
Cambodia 7.7 92.3
Indonesia 27.3 72.7
Laos 36.4 63.6
Malaysia 18.0 82.0
Myanmar 26.7 73.3
Singapore 18.3 81.7
Thailand 14.1 85.9
Vietnam 17.9 82.1
q/
Top Five Main Purpose of Domestic Trip 2016 HSDV/PSA
Pleasure/Vacation 41.2 42.1
Visit Friends/Relatives 31.4 32.9
Religion/Pilgrimage 7.3 5.0
Business/Prof essional Work 3.0 5.6
Medical Health Reasons 5.0 3.1
10. Social Welfare and Development (as o f February 21, 2020)
Total Number of Clients Served by DSWD 2019/DSWD
Children 31,951 28,605
Youth 52,769 36,049
Children in Conf lict w ith the Law (CICL) 150 2,157
k/
Women 443,488
Persons w ith Disabilities (PWDs) 8,228 7,544
Senior Citizens 111,552 45,780
k/
Other Needy Adults 167,242
11. Trade and Industry (as o f December 31,2019)

Services to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Program Related Services
Number of Trainees per Activity: 2019 Number of Beneficiaries: 2019
Activity Total Wom en Men Program Total Wom en Men
Industry Cluster Enhancement 62,114 36,407 25,707
Product design related 429 250 179
(ICE) Program
Export related trainings 3,459 2,064 1,395
Co mprehensive A grarian Refo rm 699,669 351,179 348,490
All other trainings (PTTC) 18,576 12,088 6,488 P ro gram (CA RP )
Proportion of Underw eight Farmer-beneficiaries 699,669 351,179 348,490
Children 5.08-10 Years Old (61- 22,464 14,402 8,062
120 months) e/
r/ k/ k/ k/
Business Name Registration: as of December 2019 Lando wners

New Business Name 550,096 316,934 233,162

Business Name Renew al 71,792 35,247 36,545 Total 761,783 387,586 374,197
12. Violence against Women
Age Group
Form s of Violence
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Total Reference
Percentage of Wom en Age 15-49 Who Have Experienced Various Form s of Physical and Sexual Violence, Period/Source
by Current Age
Physical violence only 12.0 15.2 13.4 13.0 13.3 13.3 2017/ NDHS, P SA

Sexual violence only 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.7 2017/ NDHS, P SA

Physical and sexual violence only 1.3 2.6 3.5 4.6 4.6 3.5 2017/ NDHS, P SA

Physical or sexual violence 14.7 19.4 18.9 19.4 19.5 18.5 2017/ NDHS, P SA

Number of Women 3,453 3,048 2,708 4,770 3,989 17,968 2017/ NDHS, P SA
No. of Cases Reported to No. of Cases Served by
2018 2019 Inc. / Dec. (%) 2018 t/ 2019 Inc. / Dec. (%)
PNP DSWD (as o f February 21, 2020)
Total 18,947 21,366 12.8 Total 5,883 3,418 (41.9)
Physical Injuries s/ 14,116 16,251 15.1 Physically Abused/ 237 198 (16.5)
Rape 1,656 2,162 30.6 Maltreated/Battered
Acts of Lasciviousness 2,020 2,085 3.2 Sexually Abused 215 164 (23.7)
Sexually Exploited 143 222 55.2
Attempted Rape 663 362 (45.4) Prostitution/ Emotionally 255 268 5.1
Abused
s1/
Incestuous Rape 0 0 0 Illegal Recruitment 197 85 (56.9)
Others 492 506 2.8 Armed Conf lict 16 13 (18.8)
Victims of Traf f icking 252 420 66.7
Others t1/ 4,568 2,048 (55.2)
13. Child Abuse
Girls Boys
Num ber of Cases Served by DSWD
(as o f February 21, 2020) t/
2018 2019 Inc. / Dec. (%) 2018 2019 Inc. / Dec. (%)
Total 2,685 1,924 (28.3) 1,402 931 (33.6)
Sexually Abused 804 637 (20.8) 5 7 40.0
Neglected 369 279 (24.4) 395 305 (22.8)
Physically Abused/Maltreated 82 75 (8.5) 66 51 (22.7)
Abandoned 242 98 (59.5) 265 180 (32.1)
Victims of Child Labor 68 16 (76.5) 17 8 (52.9)
Sexually exploited 141 164 16.3 5 10 100.0
Victims of Traf f icking 371 336 (9.4) 61 18 (70.5)
u/
Others 608 319 (47.5) 588 352 (40.1)

Gender and Development 11

 UPDATES ON WOMEN AND MEN IN THE PHILIPPINES
14. The Filipino Youth
a/
Population Teenage Fertility
% of Fem ales
Age Group Wom en Men Ref. Period/Source Indicator Ref. Period/Source
(aged 15 - 19 years old)

15-19 years old 5.1M 5.3M 2020/ P o pn P ro j., P SA Who are mothers 7 2017/ NDHS, PSA

Who are pregnant

20-24 years old 4.8M 5.0M 2020/ P o pn P ro j., P SA 2 2017/ NDHS, PSA
w ith first child
Who have begun
25-29 years old 4.4M 4.7M 2020/ P o pn P ro j., P SA 9 2017/ NDHS, PSA
childbearing
15. Women Empowerment
Women and Marriage Family Planning
Indicator Wom en Ref. Period/Source Indicator Wom en Ref. Period/Source
Age at first menstruation 13 2017/ NDHS, PSA Trends in current use of contraception
40 2017/ NDHS, PSA
Age at first marriage v/ 23 2017/ NDHS, PSA (any modern method)
Source of modern contraceptives
Median age at first sexual intercourse 56 2017/ NDHS, PSA
21 2017/ NDHS, PSA methods. (Public Sector)
according to background characteristics
Cost of modern contraceptive methods 2017/ NDHS, PSA
Age at first birth 24 2017/ NDHS, PSA Private Sector 11,606
Birth Intervals (months) w/ 37 2017/ NDHS, PSA Public Sector 4,948
Decision Making Ownership
% of
F e m a le s % o f F e m a le s
Indicator Ref. Period/Source Indicator Ref. Period/Source
(aged 15 - 49 (aged 15 - 49 years o ld)
years o ld)

Currently married w omen employed in Percentage of w omen w ho ow n a

58 2017/ NDHS, PSA 32 2017/ NDHS, PSA
the past 12 months house: Alone or Jointly
Currently married w omen employed in
Percentage of w omen w ho ow n a
the past 12 months, by type of earnings: 75 2017/ NDHS, PSA 12 2017/ NDHS, PSA
land: Alone or Jointly
Cash only
Percentage of w omen w ho decides on
Wife and husband jointly w ho decides her ow n healthcare,major household
54 2017/ NDHS, PSA 85 2017/ NDHS, PSA
how the w ife's cash earnings are used purchases, visit to her family or
relatives

Mainly w ife decides how her cash Percentage of w omen w ho have and
43 2017/ NDHS, PSA 22 2017/ NDHS, PSA
earnings are used: use a bank account

Percentage of currently married w omen

Percentage of w omen w ho have and
w ho can say no to their husband if they 87 2017/ NDHS, PSA 86 2017/ NDHS, PSA
use mobile phones
do not w ant to have sexual intercourse
x/
Women and Men Among ASEAN Countries

Ratio of Girls to
Adult Literacy Rate Net enrolm ent ratio in Secondary Life Expectancy at Birth
Population (000) x1/ Boys in Secondary
in % x2/ Schools in years x3/
Country Schools

2018 2018 2018 2018

2017
Wom en Men Wom en Men Wom en Men Wom en Men
Brunei Darussalam 209 233 96.0 98.1 89.8 88.1 93.0 78.5 76.4
Cambodia 8,186 7,796 - - - - 108.9 72.7 68.6
Indonesia 138,138 126,878 94.0 97.3 79.9 77.9 - 73.2 69.3
Lao PDR 3,434 3,453 - - - - - - -
Malaysia 15,663 16,722 93.5 96.1 - - 109.5 77.6 72.7
Myanmar 27,877 25,748 - - 61.0 54.6 109.1 - -
Philippines 52,826 53,773 - - - - - - -
Singapore 2,038 1,956 95.9 98.9 - - 100.0 85.4 81.0
Thailand 34,779 33,052 - - - - - - -
47,881
Proportion of Underw eight Children 46,785
5.08-10 Years 93.2months) e/96.5
Old (61-120 - - - 76.2 70.9
ASEAN 331,031 316,397

Gender and Development 12

Gender Issues in the Philippines

Though the Philippines has done remarkably well in the global gender gap
index, there are still many issues circling gender and development. In a report
released on March 2018, according to PSA, one (1) in four women have
experienced spousal violence. Based on the 2017 National Demographic and
Health Survey (NDHS) preliminary findings, one in four (26%) ever-married women
aged 15-49 have ever experienced emotional violence. 14% have experienced
physical violence, and 5% have experienced sexual violence by their current or
most recent husband or partner.

References:

Ilo.org/global/topics/economic-and-social-development/gender-and-
development

Gender and Development by Mylene B. Garcia, slideshare.net

Philippines Statistics Authority

Global Gender Gap Report 2020 by World Economic Forum

Gender and Development 13