Basic GAD Orientation May 2023

GENDER SENSITIVITY
ORIENTATION
Maria Daryl L. Leyesa

NGRP Batch 5
25 MAY 2023
National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
Kamusta ka? WHY are you here?
• Learning mindset

Kamusta ka? WHY are you here?
• Learning mindset

Take down notes….
• AHA moments !!!

• Questions ???
• Needs further info on …
https://mustansarjavaid.medium.com/why-learning-is-hard-exploring-the-science-
behind-acquiring-new-knowledge-and-skills-1bfeafa86477
We are just starting!
• Gender Sensitivity Orientation (May 25)
• The Basics of Gender Analysis (June 1)
• GAD Legal Mandates (June 8)
• Gender Fair Language (June 15)
• GAD Agenda Orientation (June 22)
• Gender-Based Violence (July 6)
• Gender Planning & Budgeting Orientation (July 13)

Learning Objectives
• Acquire understanding of Sex, Gender, and SOGIESC
(Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, Sex
Characteristics)
• Understand the vision of Gender and Development (GAD)
• Reflect critically on personal beliefs on gender from the

principles of human rights, diversity, and intersectionality.

HUMAN RIGHTS
DIVERSITY
INTERSECTIONALITY

Human Rights
“All human beings are born

free and equal in dignity
and rights”
-Universal Declaration ‘fundamental’

‘inherent’
of Human Rights
‘inalienable’
‘universal’
‘indivisible’
‘interdependent’
Diversity
• Ways in which people

differ
• Identity-based
dimensions at the
different levels

Philippine Commission on Women https://ces101wsu2014fall.files.wordpress.com/
2014/08/diversitywheel_small.jpg
Intersectionality
• interconnected nature of
social categorizations
• overlapping and
interdependent systems of
discrimination or
disadvantage
• characterized by power
relations

Principles Topics for Discussion
Human Development
Rights for All
Sex, Gender,
Diversity
SOGIESC
Power Relations
Intersectionality
& Gender issues

Vision of a Rights-based Development
Fairness and equity demands that

EVERYONE in society – in all their diversity -
has the right to the same opportunities
to achieve a full and satisfying life.
Difference between Equality and Equity
Equality ?? Equity
Or Inequality
https://www.iucn.org/fr/node/18270
Equality refers to the outcomes

Look beyond the picture….
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/03/equity-equality-women-iwd/
Magna Carta of Women (RA9710):
• “Gender Equality” refers to the principle

asserting the equality of men and women
and their right to enjoy equal conditions
realizing their full human potentials to
contribute to and benefit from the
results of development, and with the
State recognizing that all human beings are
free and equal in dignity and rights.

Magna Carta of Women (RA9710):
• “Gender Equity” refers to the policies,
instruments, programs, services, and
actions that address the disadvantaged
position of women in society by providing
preferential treatment and affirmative
action. Such temporary special
measures aimed at accelerating de facto
equality between men and women shall
not be considered discriminatory but
shall in no way entail as a consequence
the maintenance of unequal or separate
standards.

Gender and Development
GAD refers to the development perspective and process that are

participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from
violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination
and actualization of human potentials.
(MCW RA9710)
Questions/ Reflections
• How can we ensure that everyone’s included in

development? That potentials are being actualized
National GAD Resource Program especially from the “gender” perspective?
Let’s take a quiz!
1.Noong pinanganak ka, ano ang sinabi ng doctor o ng nagpa-anak
tungkol sa iyong kasarian (Male, Female, may iba pa ba)?
2.Noong lumalaki ka na, paano mo tinitingnan ang iyong kasarian?
3.Paano mo naman ilalarawan ang kilos mo at pananamit? Masasabi mo
bang ikaw ay “Masculine” o “Feminine” o “Iba pang deskripsyon”
4.Sa iyong sunod na birthday/party, may pagkakataong imbitahan ang
lahat ng taong nakarelasyon mo, nakasiping mo, nagustuhan mo,
kinalibugan mo (maaring walang commitment at maaari ding seryoso),
sino-sino sila? Maaring meron, maaring walang sagot.

Philippine Commission on Women Adapted from AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL-Phiilppines
LAHAT TAYO
MAY SOGIESC!

WHAT IS SEX?
• Sex assigned at birth refers to the categories of being Male and
Female that are biologically determined based on the external
genitalia or sex organ, chromosomal make-up, qualities of
hormones;
• Intersex refers to a person born with physical or biological sex
characteristics that do not fit the typical definition of male or
female

Sexual Characteristics
Are biological characteristics,
such as genitalia, chromosomes,
gonads, hormones and internal
reproductive organs
Primary: often present at birth

Secondary: often developed
during puberty

WHAT IS GENDER?
Gender refers to the differentiated social roles, behaviors,
capacities, intellectual, emotional and social characteristics
attributed by a given culture to women and men.
Gender is socially determined and a learned behaviour such as

that related to “masculinity” and “femininity”
Gender changes across time, places and cultures

SEX or GENDER reveal?

Sex and Gender Roles
• SEX roles - roles that male or female assumes (or expected to
assume) because of basic physiological or anatomical
differences
• GENDER roles - roles assigned to men and women based on

the social relations of gender and what is often considered
appropriate and acceptable for boys or girls, men or women. It
is society’s evaluation of behavior as masculine or feminine.

Reproductive Roles: Is it only “Sex”? Is it also “Gender”?
Reproductive Function
MALE FEMALE
Ovum fertilization Gestation
Sperm determines sex of Child Bearing

child
Lactation
ANO ANG KADALASANG NARIRINIG SA LIPUNAN NA MAY

KINALAMAN SA PAGBUBUNTIS O HINDI PAGBUBUNTIS?
Relationship of sex and gender

27
Who is saying this? Man or woman?
I DRIVE THE TRACTOR.
I WANT TO JOIN THE POLICE FORCE.
I HAVE TO STOP MY SCHOOLING SINCE WE’RE HAVING A BABY.
I HAVE MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS.
I USE FORCE TO GET WHAT I WANT.
I’M CHANGING MY NAME AFTER GETTING MARRIED.
I NEED TO GO HOME AFTER WORK TO PREPARE FOOD FOR THE FAMILY.
I’M SAD BECAUSE I CAN’T GIVE MY PARTNER A BOY.
I MENSTRUATE EVERY MONTH.

Gender as a Social Construct
• Gender norms – way by which a society expects men and
women to behave and the different values associated with
being a boy or a girl, man or woman.
• Gender-based behavior – socially constructed according to

what they believe to be differences in male/female behavior;
transmit such belief to future generations and perpetuate
Gender stereotypes

Gender Socialization Do you remember what you were
Allowed and Not Allowed to do as
Boys and Girls?
individual learns to conform to

the norms of the group where
one
• is born with
• internalizes these norms
• acquires status
• plans corresponding roles
Role of Social Institutions
• Perpetuate the assignment of characteristics associated
with women and men
• Influences gender socialization
• Mechanism of social control that maintains

gender roles

Social Institutions
WORKPLACE/ CHURCH
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
FAMILY
MARKET
National GAD Resource Program STATE
Philippine Commission on Women MEDIA
Impossible Dream

Gender Roles
Gender Division of Labor
• Production - activities that result in the generation of marketable
goods and services
• Reproduction - activities carried out to reproduce labor and to

care for and maintain the household
• Community management - roles or activities that produce results

for the community's collective consumption, use, or benefit
• Leisure - activities that do not pertain to productive or

reproductive work but are instead related to rest and recreation
5/25/2023
GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR
GENDER ROLES
MALE FEMALE
Productive Role Reproductive Role
Community Role
RECAP!
SEX GENDER
Biological Fact Socially and culturally constructed
Natural attribute that a person is Created, produced, reproduced

born with and maintained by social
institutions
Uses terms like male and female Uses terms like masculine and
feminine
Fixed. Sex roles can be performed Interchangeable. Gender roles can
by only the male or the female be performed by both sexes

• In Philippine history, how did gender roles change

over time?
Gender roles in Philippine History
How are men and women portrayed in the different historical
periods of the country?
• Pre-colonial
• Spanish colonization
• American colonization
• Japanese occupation
• Current

Women in history as healers, freedom lovers and
fighters…
• Hilot
• Babaylanes/ (traditional
Catalonas birth
attendants)

Women as healers, freedom lovers and
fighters…
• Women in the Philippine revolution
• Gabriela Silang – “Gabriela”
• Gregoria de Jesus – “Oriang”
• Melchora Aquino -- “Tandang Sora
• Agueda Kahabagan
• Trinidad Tecson
• Teresa Magbanua
• Salud Algabre
fighters…
• Aguada Kahabagan
• Trinidad Tecson
• Teresa Magbanua
• Salud Algabre
fighters…
• Trinidad Tecson
• Teresa Magbanua
• Salud Algabre
fighters…
• Trinidad Tecson
• Teresa Magbanua
• Salud Algabre
fighters…
• Trinidad Tecson
• Teresa Magbanua
• Salud Algabre
fighters…
• Trinidad Tecson
• Teresa Magbanua
• Salud Algabre
fighters…
• Trinidad Tecson
• Teresa Magbanua
• Salud Algabre
fighters…
Anti-Spanish revolts
• Trinidad Tecson
• Teresa Magbanua
• Salud Algabre
“No uprising fails.
Each one is a step
in the right direction....“

We are survivors and we seek justice…
WORLD WAR II: women joined the HUKBALAHAP
(People’s Army against the Japanese). Nieves
Fernandez demonstrated below how she handled her
captors
MALAYA LOLAs demand for justice, reparations

and acknowledgement for the war crime during
WWII. They were systematically raped and
used in sexual slavery by the war soldiers, and
later to be called the “comfort women.”
“Babaylan (Visayan) and Katalonan
(Tagalog) were spiritual leaders during
the pre-colonial times. Only women were
allowed to become a babaylan or a Mentefuwaley Libun from the
katalonan (Brewer, 2004; Garcia, 2004). Teduray tribe
On the occasion that men were chosen
Mentefuwaley –one who
as spiritual leaders, they had to live the
becomes
life of a woman—some of them even had
male partners! “ Libun – woman
Lagey – man
SOGIESC101 Primer, UP CWGS 2022
Schegel, Wisdom from the Rainforest, 1998
Gender Identity & Expression
• refers to each person’s deeply felt
internal and individual experience of
gender, one’s concept of self as
woman, man, and/or other gender/s,
which may or may not correspond
with the sex and gender assigned to
them at birth, including personal
sense of the body and other
EXPRESSIONS of gender like
dress, speech, and mannerisms Binary & Non-binary genders
(Yogyakarta Principles, 2007)

SOGIESC 101: A PRIMER
Philippine Commission on Women UPCWGS 2022
Sexual Orientation
• Refers to each person’s capacity for profound emotional,
affectional, and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual
relations with, individuals of a different gender or the same
gender or more than one gender (Yogyakarta Principles, 2007)

What do you call WHEEL
• https://spinnerwheel.com/wheels/Nfo
c2mPhNy1IeZcZam3W

• We have learned about SEX, GENDER, SEXUAL

ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY & EXPRESSION, SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS? So what?
Intersectionality
• interconnected nature of
social categorizations
• overlapping and
interdependent systems of
discrimination or
disadvantage
• characterized by power
relations

Manifestations of Gender Bias
What’s in the News?!

KAMUSTA BA ANG MGA KABABAIHAN
NGAYON?
• Maglaro po tayo!
May ipapakitang statements/pahayag.
Sasabihin ng kalahok kung ang mga pahayag
ay FACT o BLUFF.
Halimbawa, 100 taon pang mahigit bago

magpantay ang lalaki at babae at iba pang
kasarian

STATEMENT 4
Lubusan nang pantay ang

kababaihan at
kalalakihan sa loob ng
pamilya

Mataas pa rin ang
diskriminasyon sa
loob ng pamilya, ang
Pilipinas ay nasa 56.9
ang score sa
diskriminasyon.
0 ang walang
discrimination
100 ang absolute
discrimination

SOURCE: OECD SIGI
STATEMENT 4
Mas maraming oras ang

ginugugol ng kababaihan
sa gawaing pag-aalaga
kumpara sa kalalakihan

MAY pagtingin na “kapag nagtrabaho ang
babae ay mapapabayaan ang mga bata”

Dahil sa pananaw na ang mga babae ang dapat
manatili sa tahanan….mababa rin ang
partisipasyon ng kababaihan sa lakas paggawa

STATEMENT 1
Nuong lockdown, napilitang tumigil sa

bahay ang parehong lalaki at babae,
dahil dito
nagpantay na ang oras ng babae at lalaki
sa pag-aalaga

STATEMENT 2
Magaan lang naman ang gawaing bahay,

kaya hindi ito trabaho.

STATEMENT 3
Ang gawaing pag-aalaga ay may

kinalaman sa karanasan ng VAW
o pang-aabuso laban sa
kababaihan

STATEMENT 2
Pantay na ang pagtingin ng lipunan sa

kakayanang mamuno sa pagitan ng lalaki
at babae.

Namamayani pa rin ang pagtingin na ang lalaki ay mas
magaling na lider kaysa sa kababaihan……

• Stereotyping - tendency or attitude
to ascribe particular traits,
characteristics and roles distinctly to Violence
men and women
• Marginalization – act of being Personal
excluded or given lesser importance

in society and development
• Subordination – being treated as
lowly, secondary or someone with
no/little decision-making power
• Multiple Burden – being assigned
multiple tasks of productive,
reproductive/care work, community
work as part of their expected gender
roles
• Violence Against Women (VAW ) – any
act of gender-based violence that
results to physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to
women, including threats of such acts,
coercion or arbitrary deprivation of
liberty
Manifestation of gender bias is

Violence
brought about by unequal power
relations embedded in the:
Personal
• Patriarchal system
• Cisnormative/Heteronormative
culture
• Capitalist system
• Other forms of oppression
Example of intersectionality of class & gender: Who are
the hungry and malnourished?
“…while women contribute

significantly to the food produced
worldwide,
women and girls are
disproportionately affected by
hunger and food insecurity,
in part as a result of gender
inequality and discrimination”
CSW62 Agreed Conclusions

“It will take 132 years to reach gender parity across dimensions of Economic
Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival,
and Political Empowerment….”
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/gender-equal-
countries-gender-gap
WHAT CAN WE DO?

GENDER AFFIRMATIVE TERMS
• USE “SEXUAL ORIENTATION” INSTEAD OF “SEXUAL PREFERENCE.” .
• USE “[BEING] GAY / LESBIAN” INSTEAD OF “HOMOSEXUAL[ITY].”
• USE “HETEROSEXUAL” INSTEAD OF “STRAIGHT.”
• USE THE TERMS “ASEXUAL,” “BISEXUAL,” AND “GAY” AS ADJECTIVES INSTEAD OF NOUNS
• USE THE INITIALISM “LGBTQIA+” TO DESCRIBE A GROUP OF PEOPLE OF DIVERSE SOGIESC
INSTEAD OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERSON
• AVOID “HOMOSEXUAL / GAY / LESBIAN COUPLE,” “HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONS,” AND
“HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIP.” Ask the people themselves how they would like to be described
as.
• . USE “MARRIAGE EQUALITY” INSTEAD OF “GAY MARRIAGE” OR “SAME-SEX MARRIAGE.
• U S E “ H E T E R O S E X I S M ” A N D “ M O N O S E X I S M ” INSTEAD OF “HOMOPHOBIA” AND
“BIPHOBIA,” RESPECTIVELY.
• USE “TRANSGENDER” AS AN ADJECTIVE INSTEAD OF A NOUN OR A VERB.
National GAD Resource Program SOGIESC 101: A PRIMER
GENDER AFFIRMATIVE TERMS
• U S E “ B E I N G T R A N S G E N D E R ” I N S T E A D O F “TRANSGENDERISM.”
• USE “TRANS MAN” AND “TRANS WOMAN” INSTEAD OF “TRANSMAN” AND “TRANSWOMAN.”
• AVOID “SAME-SEX COUPLE,” “SAME-SEX RELATIONS,” AND “SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIP.”
• USE “GENDER-AFFIRMING SURGERY” INSTEAD OF “SEX REASSIGNMENT SURGERY (SRS).”
• USE “MEDICAL TRANSITION” INSTEAD OF “SEX CHANGE OPERATION.” AVOID “PRE-OPERATION”
AND “POST-OPERATION” AS WELL.
• USE “VISIBLY TRANSGENDER” AND “NOT VISIBLY TRANSGENDER” INSTEAD OF “CLOCKABLE,”
“(NOT) PASSING,” “STEALTH,” AND “TRAP.”
• U S E “ C R O S S - D R E S S E R ” I N S T E A D O F “TRANSVESTITE” OR “TRANNY.”
• USE “INTERSEX” INSTEAD OF “HERMAPHRODITE.”
• USE “INTERSEX CHARACTERISTICS” INSTEAD OF “DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT (DSD)” AND
“INTERSEX CONDITIONS.”
SOGIESC 101: A PRIMER

Sources :
• Kindernothilfe “Gender in Self Help group Approach (SHA) Modules,” 2018; Jiah sayson slides on SOGIESC, 2020
• OXFAM, ”2017 Household Care Survey Report”, https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/infrastructure-and-equipment-for-
unpaid-care-work-household-survey-findings-fro-620431/
• Philippine Commission on Women, Basic GAD Concepts powerpoint
• Schegel, Stuart, “Wisdom from a Rainforest: The Spiritual Journey of an Anthropologist,” Ateneo University Press, 1998
• Doble, James Montilla, “SOGIESC 101: A Primer,” UP Center for Women and Gender Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman,
2022
• World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women
Images
• Intersectionality image: https://images.app.goo.gl/Zi3NY6knppNXjNbB9
• Malaya image: UPCWGS SOGIESC 101
• Uka image: https://images.app.goo.gl/U3FiETrx6yQGy5de6


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GENDER SENSITIVITY

Maria Daryl L. Leyesa

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• AHA moments !!!

National GAD Resource Program

• Understand the vision of Gender and Development (GAD)

• Reflect critically on personal beliefs on gender from the

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

“All human beings are born

-Universal Declaration ‘fundamental’

• Ways in which people

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Fairness and equity demands that

Equality refers to the outcomes

• “Gender Equality” refers to the principle

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

GAD refers to the development perspective and process that are

• How can we ensure that everyone’s included in

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Primary: often present at birth

National GAD Resource Program

Gender is socially determined and a learned behaviour such as

Gender changes across time, places and cultures

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• GENDER roles - roles assigned to men and women based on

National GAD Resource Program

Sperm determines sex of Child Bearing

ANO ANG KADALASANG NARIRINIG SA LIPUNAN NA MAY

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• Gender-based behavior – socially constructed according to

National GAD Resource Program

individual learns to conform to

• Mechanism of social control that maintains

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• Reproduction - activities carried out to reproduce labor and to

• Community management - roles or activities that produce results

• Leisure - activities that do not pertain to productive or

Productive Role Reproductive Role

Natural attribute that a person is Created, produced, reproduced

National GAD Resource Program

• In Philippine history, how did gender roles change

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

MALAYA LOLAs demand for justice, reparations

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• We have learned about SEX, GENDER, SEXUAL

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Halimbawa, 100 taon pang mahigit bago

National GAD Resource Program