Basic GAD Concepts

SESSION 2:
BASIC GAD CONCEPTS

Presented by: DR. JHAMIE TETZ I. MATEO, Member, PCW-NGRP
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July
22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
2
SEX & GENDER: WHAT ARE THEY

AND HOW THEY DIFFER
• SEX refers to:
The biological characteristics that categorize someone as
having either a female or male body
The act of mating between two organisms (COITUS)
This categorization is made according to reproductive
function
o the female produces the egg cell, or ovum
o the male provides the sperm that fertilizes it
o a rare category exists - the INTERSEXED: people born
with both male and female, or incomplete genitalia –
but these form a very small proportion of the human
population
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster) 7/22/2014
3
SEX & GENDER: WHAT ARE THEY

AND HOW THEY DIFFER
• Gender refers to:
The socially determined ideas and
practices of what it is to be female or
male, how a person’s biology is culturally
valued and interpreted into locally
accepted ideas of what it is to be a woman
or man
A term that implies the cultural roles
expected of a person
4
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENDER

AND SEX
SEX GENDER
Biologically determined Constructed by society
Multi-faceted differs within and

Universal for all human beings
between cultures
Unchanging Dynamic, changes over time
Inborn Acquired
5
ATTRIBUTES OF SEX AND GENDER
SEX GENDER
Maleness Masculinity
Femaleness Femininity
6
SEX & GENDER… AND MORE
SEX
7
ORIENTATION
8
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Refers to each person’s capacity for profound emotional,
affectional and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual
relations with, individuals of a different gender or the same
gender or more than one gender
Heterosexual—towards members of the opposite sex.
Bisexual—towards members of both sexes.
Homosexual—towards members of the same sex.
9

IDENTITY
10
GENDER IDENTITY
Defined by the INDIVIDUAL
Refers to each person’s deeply felt internal and
individual experience of gender, which may or may
not correspond with the sex assigned at birth,
including the personal sense of the body (which may
involve, if freely chosen, modification of bodily
appearance or function by medical, surgical or other
means) and other expressions of gender, including
dress, speech and mannerisms.
11
EXPRESSION
12
IS GENDER ROLE INBORN???
13
GENDER ROLE IS LEARNED
“Gender role is the behaviors, attitudes values,

beliefs and so on that a particular cultural group
considers appropriate for males and females on
the basis of their biological sex.
Gender ROLES and EXPECTATIONS are
learned.”
14
THE PROCESS OF LEARNING

AND INTERNALIZING
CULTURALLY APPROVED WAYS OF:
Thinking
Feeling and
Behaving
according to one’s gender

is...
Gender Role Socialization
15
GENDER ROLES
Activities carried Activities needed to
out by M/W in order ensure the
to produce goods & reproduction of
services to meet society’s labor
the subsistence force, mostly done
needs of the family Productive Reproductive by women
Activities primarily Activities primarily

undertaken by undertaken by men
women as an at the community
extension of their Community level; usually may
reproductive role; Community be paid directly or
voluntary unpaid Managing Politics result in increased
work in “free” time power & status
16
Feminine Masculine
Weak, emotional, Strong, rational,
perception secondary, can’t primary, can’t
think feel
No hard work,
no leadership, Hard work,
roles not a boss, leader, boss,
no decision-making no care-giving
Stay at home, just Don’t make women do

expectations obey, don’t assert, hard work, always be
don’t participate smart, get the best,
in deciding don’t cry
17
THUS GENDER ROLES, EXPECTATIONS & PERCEPTIONS BOX MEN

& WOMEN INTO SITUATIONS THAT CONSTRAINTS THEIR
Capacity TO DO : ability or power

 to do productive and satisfying work
to have control over one’s income and benefit from it
to enjoy nature and the natural environment
Capacity TO BE : a right and opportunity

to be knowledgeable and skillful, confident of own
abilities & comfortable with achievements,
independence and power
well-nourished
18
SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE

GENDER DIFFERENCES
SOCIAL – Different
perceptions of women’s and
men’s social roles
The man seen as head of the
household and chief bread-
winner who deals with the public
sphere
The woman seen as nurturer and
care-giver who deals with the
private sphere
19

POLITICAL – Differences in the GENDER DIFFERENCES
ways in which women and men
assume/share power and
authority
Men more involved in
national/higher level; Women
involved at the local level linked
to their domestic roles
Men use violence and weapons as
tools to further their own power;
Women do not have access to such
tools & are often the victims
20

GENDER DIFFERENCES
EDUCATIONAL – Differences
in educational opportunities &
expectations of girls and boys
Family resources directed to boy’s
rather than girl’s education
Girls streamed to less-challenging
academic tracks
21

GENDER DIFFERENCES
ECONOMIC – Differences in
women’s and men’s access
to:
Lucrative careers & control of
financial and other productive
resources
Credit and Loans
Land Ownership
22
Learning of Gender Begin in the Early Male and Female

Roles Stages of Childhood Gender Roles
Jokes, wolf-whistles 23
Peeking, 'chancing' or making sexual

passes
MANIFESTATIONS OF Sexual harassment
Domestic violence
GENDER BIAS Rape
Prostitution
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Commodification- the act of treating
women as a commodity or object, not
Acts of instilling fear and as a person
inflicting pain with the aim to
injure or abuse a person,
usually women.
It may be verbal, psychological
or physical in nature.
MANIFESTATIONS OF 24
MARGINALIZATION (ECONOMIC) GENDER BIAS

The process which forces women out
into the periphery of economic and social life
on the periphery of decision-making process
as well as diminishing the value of the activities in
which they engage and through which they contribute
to the national development process
Under or non-valuation/recognition of women's work
Women have less access to and control over resources
and benefits
Unequal pay for work of equal value
last to be hired, first to be fired
limited opportunities
exacting sexual favors
GENDER BIAS
SUBORDINATION
One sex is inferior to the other; gender
subordination is the institutionalized
domination by men of women
Position - very few women in politics
and top positions
Status - weaker sex
Decision-making - women are not
included in planning and decision-
making processes
Process of socialization
26
WOMEN MEN
Weak Strong
Oppressed Dominating
Followers Leaders
Second Class Always on Top
Owned Owner
GENDER BIAS
GENDER STEREOTYPING
Child rearing
The process of
Religion
attributing a set of
Occupation
characteristics, roles
Education
and traits, favorable
or unfavorable to all Language
members of a social Behavior
group based on sex. Gov't programs
Media
Popular culture
28
MANIFESTATIONS OF
GENDER BIAS
MULTIPLE BURDEN
Involvement in the three
spheres of work: reproductive,
productive and community work
Parenting
Housework
Community Work
Work in the public
sphere/informal sector
29
FAMILY
WHO SCHOOL
PERPETUATE In the family,
S GENDER LANGUAGE throughout childhood
BIASES??? CHURCH
and adolescence,
parents orient their
children about
MEDIA acceptable gender roles
WORKPLACE and standards
30
FAMILY
SCHOOL
LANGUAGE
The school further
CHURCH widens the
differentiation between
MEDIA boys and girls
WORKPLACE
31
FAMILY
SCHOOL
LANGUAGE The use of sexist term
– no matter how subtle,
CHURCH is the most pervasive
institution of
MEDIA socialization
WORKPLACE
32
FAMILY
SCHOOL
Religious teachings
LANGUAGE that depict women as
Martyrs, Self –
CHURCH Sacrificing and
reinforcing the belief
MEDIA that women’s place is
in the home & to be a
WORKPLACE good mother and wife
33
FAMILY
SCHOOL
The Tri- Media do not
LANGUAGE usually portray women
in all her diverse roles,
CHURCH thus their images tend
to emphasize her
MEDIA physical appearance
WORKPLACE rather than her ability
34
FAMILY
Women are few and far
SCHOOL between managerial
and policy-making
LANGUAGE positions. Majority of
them are in the
CHURCH informal sector where
the minimum wage law
MEDIA rarely applies and there
is hardly any social
WORKPLACE security protection
35
WHAT SHOULD WE DO???
36
PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY
Freedom from violence

Freedom from harassment
• VIOLENCE
AGAINST WOMEN Effects on personhood
Personhood development/self-
esteem
Control over one's body
37
Equal pay for work of equal

value
• MARGINALIZATION
Economic independence
Economic Opportunities
38
Quality participation in
• SUBORDINATION decision-making
Recognition of capabilities
39
Liberation from stereotyped

• GENDER images
STEREOTYPING Non-sexist child-rearing
Non-sexist language
40
Gender Division of Labor: the

assignment of tasks and roles
• MULTIPLE to men and women on account
BURDEN sex
shared parenting
shared housework
shared breadwinning
41
VIOLENCE NON-VIOLENCE
• Physical Negotiation and Fairness
Using coercion and threats Economic Partnership
Using economic abuse Shared Responsibility
Using male privilege
Responsible Parenting
Using children
Non-Threatening Behavior
• Sexual
Using intimidation Respect
Using emotional abuse Trust and Support
Using isolation Honesty and
Minimizing, Accountability
Denying and
Blaming
42

Basic GAD Concepts

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SESSION 2:

BASIC GAD CONCEPTS

SEX & GENDER: WHAT ARE THEY

SEX & GENDER: WHAT ARE THEY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENDER

Multi-faceted differs within and

Unchanging Dynamic, changes over time

ATTRIBUTES OF SEX AND GENDER

SEX & GENDER… AND MORE

SEX & GENDER… AND MORE

SEX & GENDER… AND MORE

SEX & GENDER… AND MORE

IS GENDER ROLE INBORN???

GENDER ROLE IS LEARNED

“Gender role is the behaviors, attitudes values,

THE PROCESS OF LEARNING

according to one’s gender

Activities primarily Activities primarily

Stay at home, just Don’t make women do

THUS GENDER ROLES, EXPECTATIONS & PERCEPTIONS BOX MEN

Capacity TO DO : ability or power

Capacity TO BE : a right and opportunity

SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE

SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE

SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE

SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE

Learning of Gender Begin in the Early Male and Female

Peeking, 'chancing' or making sexual

MARGINALIZATION (ECONOMIC) GENDER BIAS

Second Class Always on Top

WHAT SHOULD WE DO???

PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY

Freedom from violence

Equal pay for work of equal

Liberation from stereotyped

Gender Division of Labor: the

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