Attitudes and Values of a

Scientists
 1. Curiosity- He must have keen observation of things and
events in the environment.
 2. Logic and System. He uses step by step experimental
method and keeps accurate record.
 3. Open-mindedness- He has readiness or willingness to
change ideas or principle when necessary.
 4.Intellectual honesty- He acknowledges contribution of
others to one’s success.
 5. Hardwork and Persistence- He works industriously and has
willingness to continue study despite problems or obstacles.
 6. Creativity and Critical thinking- He has the ability to use
the imagination to develop new ideas or things and processes
disciplined intellectual criticism that combines research,
knowledge of historical context, and balance judgment.
 Two major divisions of Science

 Natural Sciences and Social Sciences

 Natural Science disciplined designed to explain and
predict events in our natural environment.
 3 CATERGORIES OF NATURAL SCIENCE
 1. life science- biology , botany, zoology and etc.
 2.Earth Science-Paleontology,geology, mineralogy
 3. Physical Science-it includes physics, chemistry,
astronomy

 Social Sciences- the fields of academic scholarship which

explore aspects of human society(through controlled and
repeated observations.(Psychology, Sociology,History
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

 1. Nicolaus Copernicus
 One of the Renaissance men, particularly in the field of
Science is Nicolaus Copernicus.
 Mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of
the universe that placed the sun rather than the Earth at the
center of the universe.
 Polyglot and Polymath.
 Copernicus was a busy man. His duty as a canon and as a
doctor affected his time to formally publish his work and
advance his career in astronomy, The publication of his book
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start of the
Scientific Revolution
 Canon –staff of the cathedral
 Copernicus is also a courageous man. Although the
Copernican model makes sense now, during those
times, it was judged to be heretic and therefore it was
an unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. The
Catholic church banned the Copernican model and
was Ignored by Rome for the 16th century.
 2. Charles Darwin
 was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best
known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
 Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution.
 Evolution is a change in the heritable characteristics of
biological populations over successive generations.
 Johnson described Darwin as a genius who came from a
line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family. He
developed his interest in natural history during his time
as a student at Shrewsbury School. He would also spend
time taking long walks to observe his surroundings while
collecting specimens and he pored over books in his
father’s library.
 According to Johnson, Darwin went to the best schools
but was observed to be mediocre student. He struggle in
his study in medicine and ministry, which his father has
imposed to him. Darwin’s life soon changed when one of
his professors recommended to join a five-year voyage
through the HMS beagle on the Island of Galapagos
 Darwin published his book The Origin of Species .in
1589. This book is considered to be the one of the most
important works in Scientific literature. His book
presented evidence on how species evolved over time and
presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species.
 3. Sigmund Freud
 -Austraian neurologist and the founder of
Pyschoanalysis.
 For freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific
way to study the human mind and neurotic illness
 Freud is a famo.us figure in the Field of Psychology
 Pyschoanalysis-is a set of theories and therapeutic
techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind,
which together form a method of treatment for mental
health disorder. The core idea at the center of
psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess
unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
 Psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a theory. It is
commonly used to treat depression and anxiety
disorder.
 In Psychoanalysis therapy Freud would have a
patient lie on a couch to relax and he would sit
behind them and taking notes while they told him
about their dreams and childhood memories.
 Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process involving
many sessions with the Psychoanalyst.
 Example of Psychoanalytic therapy

 April broke up with adam, and three months later

went on a date with Mark. While at the restaurant,
April accidentally called Adam by Mark’s name.
While this could have just been a simple accident,
pyschoanalytic theory says that there is a deeper
reason for April’s slip-for example, she still has
feelings for Mark and her mind is on him, and
therefore she called her new date by her old
boyfriend Mark’s name.