SOME INTELLECTUALS

AND THEIR
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
 Scientists are ordinary people doing
extraordinary things. Some of them are not
given credit and some are even prosecuted
by churches due to their works.

There are numerous people who have

made their mark in the world, few are going
to be discussed here. But note that these
men, through their ideas have shaken the
world (Serafica et al. 2018).
NICOLAS COPERNICUS
 Unlike Greek philosophers,
Copernicus did not invite people to test
his ideas, he engaged on what we now
call as “thought experiments”.

His book, De revolutionibus orbium

coelestium ( On the Revolutioins of the
Heavenly Sphere) is often cited as the
part of the scientific revolution.
 His most famous contribution was his radical view
of the universe, he wanted a model of the universe
where the sun was at the center and planets
revolving around it while the moon still orbits the
earth.

In his model he outlined 2 kinds of planetary

motion;
1. Venus and Mercury’s orbit lay inside the orbit of
the earth,
2. the orbits of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn lay outside
the orbit of the earth.
He then used this to calculate the total orbit of time
it takes for a planet to orbit around the sun.
THE COPERNICAN MODEL
CHARLES DARWIN
 Since he was little, Charles Darwin was always
fascinated by the natural world. This fascination
peaked when his professor recommended him to join
a five-year voyage to the Galapagos, which resulted
in the creation of one of his most important works,
the Theory of Evolution.

His book entitled “The Origin of Species” in 1589

is considered to be one of the most important works
in scientific literature. In his theory, he presented
that species evolved over time to adapt to their
surroundings causing species variation (speciation).
He collected many pertinent materials to substantiate
his claims and present his theory with overwhelming
evidence.
 “The Descent of Man”, another book published by
Darwin, was considered to be controversial. In this
book he contended that man’s origin is that of
evolution directly challenging the church’s claims of
man’s divine origin.

Darwin is truly a remarkable scientist, he was not

afraid in challenging unscientific views that are
deemed prominent during his time, not only that he
also introduced a new framework in doing scientific
activities, that is a science marked by observation
and experimentation.
SIGMUND FREUD
 Sigmund Freud is a prominent personality
in the field of psychology. His most
recognized contribution, the method of
psychoanalysis, allowed him to gather
reliable data about a person’s inner life
through observational methods.

This method is a scientific way to study the

minds’ underlying illnesses, thus creating a
great impact on the scientific way of
understanding human nature.
 His method of psychoanalysis was
useful in explaining neurological
conditions that medicine could not
identify during that time.

Some individuals found his ideas

uneasy because he mostly dabbled on
the sexuality and the evil nature of man
 Freud was born in a later time when
the scientific revolution started but his
contributions are still relevant.

Whether one sees him as a

psychologist or a scientist is for them
to decide, what is certain, is that
Freudian ideas and theories are great
methods in examining the human mind
and behavior scientifically (Serafica et
al. 2018).
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