SPH4U Unit 1 Project

Name:
Score:

Specific Expectations

B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to dynamics, including, but not limited to:
inertial and non-inertial frames of reference, components, centripetal, period,
frequency, static friction, and kinetic friction [C]
B2.2 solve problems related to motion, including projectile and relative motion, by
adding and subtracting two-dimensional vector quantities, using vector diagrams,
vector components, and algebraic methods [PR, AI, C]
B2.3 analyze, in qualitative and quantitative terms, the relationships between the
force of gravity, normal force, applied force, force of friction, coefficient of static
friction, and coefficient of kinetic friction, and solve related two-dimensional
problems using free-body diagrams, vector components, and algebraic equations
(e.g., calculate the acceleration of a block sliding along an inclined plane or the
force acting on a vehicle navigating a curve)

PART 1: Aspiring Physicist

Assuming you are eager to secure the physicist position, how would you respond to
the three final inquiries posed by the lead scientist during your ultimate interview?
a) Some people say that the “force of inertia” (or “force of momentum”)
throws the passengers forward when a car brakes sharply. What is wrong
with this explanation?
The explanation that the "force of inertia" or "force of momentum" throws
passengers forward when a car brakes sharply is incorrect because it
confuses the
concepts of force and inertia.
Inertia is the property of an object to resist changes in its state of motion. It is
not a
force, but rather a property of matter. On the other hand, force is an external
influence that can cause a change in the motion of an object.
When a car brakes sharply, the passengers in the car continue to move
forward due
to their inertia. This is because, according to Newton's first law of motion, an
object in
motion will continue in a straight line at a constant velocity unless acted upon
by an
external force. The force of friction between the passengers and the car's
seats
provides the necessary force to decelerate the passengers and bring them to
a stop.
Therefore, it is the force of friction between the passengers and the car's
seats that
brings the passengers to a stop, not the force of inertia. Inertia is simply the
property

of the passengers to resist changes in their state of motion, which is why they
continue to move forward when the car brakes sharply.

b) A bullet is dropped from the same height when another bullet is fired
horizontally. If there is no air resistance, which bullet hits the ground first?
Explain
PART 2: Physicist on Action
The invention that I have chosen to research is the Steam Engine. The Steam engine
is an invention that has revolutionized the way we travel and transport goods. It has
significantly impacted the world and an advanced version of this engine is used by
today’s world.
History : The steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working
fluid is separate from the combustion products. It performs mechanical work by
using steam as its working fluid. In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that
produced continuous rotative motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a
wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited
anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that
could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. Steam engines could also be applied
to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives. The stationary
steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution, allowing factories
to locate where water power was unavailable.

Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial

use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an
alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in
Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of
steam. The efficiency of Energiprojekt's steam engine reaches some 27-30% on
high-pressure engines. It is a single-step, 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with
superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.

I. Mechanical Concepts:

1.1. Materials:

All base materials should follow these conditions:

● Easy machining materials

● Should be small to keep material expense down
● Very little machining
2.2. Designs:

2.2.a. Frame :
2.2.b. Cylinder and valve body:
Valve body

2.2.c. Piston and valve:

Piston

Valve
2.2.d. Flywheel and other parts:
Flywheel

2.3 Assembly:

● Two things that we need to remember are Valve and Pivot.-

● Valve needs to be in the intake position to determine the length of the
connecting rod.
 Put the pivot on the flywheel at 12 o’clock then put the pivot for the crank
at 9 o'clock or we can put the flywheel at 6 o’clock. We just need to keep
them at 90 degrees to start out.

Flywheel at 12 o’clock

Crank at 9 o'clock

Clean everything really well. Flush out the valve and cylinder bodies with solvent to
remove any specs of metal. Flush the piston and valve. Set everything on clean
paper towels to avoid getting dirt or grit into the moving parts. Assemble the engine
and spin the flywheel. If everything is right we should get 3 to 4 revolutions with a
flick of our finger. Track down and resolve any friction, interference, or binding
issues. After it is running smoothly try moving the timing in both directions and see if
there is a spot where it runs the best and tighten the set screw there. Run it pretty
wet with oil for some time then take it apart and clean out all the stuff and then just
give it a thin coat of light oil.

III. Conclusion:
We have met some problems in this work such as pressure leakage through
valves and we don’t know how much the steam pressure that the system needs.
Steam engines hold many basic physical concepts in mechanics and
thermodynamics which are used for designing machines today. In the past, steam
engines have contributed significantly to the industry worlds and scientific research.
Despite the rivals of internal combustion engines, diesel engines and electrical
engines, steam engines are known as a clean machine that produces clean energy
with no wastes.We came up with the idea of designing a steam engine because it is
a simple engine but containing the basic concepts of machine designs and we
believe that the steam engine is an example that engine designers should follow its
mechanical concepts, theories and environmental impacts.
Student Name:

Level 1: 50%-59% Level 2: 60%-69% Level 3: 70%-79% Level 4: Grade

80%-100%

Knowledge: How well did you demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of Physics?

Many errors while Followed Followed Followed

simplifying, and little simplification steps simplification steps simplification
attempt to show properly with properly with mostly steps properly
your work. incorrect solutions. correct solutions. with no errors.

No ability to identify Little ability to Reasonable ability Amazing ability to

relevant facts identify relevant to identify relevant identify relevant
facts facts facts

Thinking: How well did you demonstrate your critical thinking and creativity when discussing
ideas?

Very little critical Critical thinking Critical thinking Critical thinking

thinking can be seen. displayed in some displayed in most displayed in all
solutions. solutions. solutions.

Very little creativity Some creativity Creativity is often Creativity is

demonstrated when demonstrated demonstrated when always
needed. when needed. needed. demonstrated
when needed.

Communication: How well did you communicate your learning with full explanations?

Almost no work is Some ideas are Most ideas are Full, complete
shown. included. included presentation is
provided.

No scientific Some scientific Good use of Proper use of

language. language. scientific language. scientific
language.

Application: How well did you apply your learning and skills to solve real-world problems?

Not able to solve any Could not solve Solved most Solved all
real-world problems. most real-world real-world problems. real-world
problems. problems.