COGNITIVE SCIENCE

Cognitive science

∙ is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the
nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition.

∙ study intelligence and behavior, with a focus on how nervous systems represent,
process, and transform information.

∙ mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists

include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to
understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such
as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience,
and anthropology.
∙ the typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization,
from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to
modular brain organization.

∙ the fundamental concept of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be

understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and
computational procedures that operate on those structures
Computer Science
- deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together
with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these
foundations.
- is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for
the design and use of computers.

- It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and
the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of
the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition,
representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to, information.
- computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that
scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the
design of computational systems. Its fields can be divided into a variety of
theoretical and practical disciplines.
- Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in making
computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to
humans
Anthropometry
-The field of ergonomics employs anthropometry to optimize human interaction with
equipment and workplaces.
- (from Greek anthropos, "human", and metron, "measure") is the measurement of the
human individual. An early tool of physical anthropology, it has been used for
identification, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation,
in paleoanthropology and in various attempts to correlate physical with racial and
psychological traits.

- Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the

human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape.

- Auxologic is a broad term covering the study of all aspects of human physical growth.
Clinical psychology- is an integration of science, theory and clinical
knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving
psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote
subjective well-being and personal development.

- Central to its practice are psychological assessment, clinical

formulation, and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also
engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and
program development and administration. In many countries, clinical
psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
- Clinical psychologists - are expert in providing psychotherapy, and generally train
within four primary theoretical orientations—psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive
behavioral therapy (CBT), and systems or family therapy.

Measurement Domains

Intelligence & achievement tests – These tests are designed to measure certain
specific kinds of cognitive functioning (often referred to as IQ) in comparison to a
norming-group. These tests, such as the WISC-IV, attempt to measure such traits as
general knowledge, verbal skill, memory, attention span, logical reasoning, and
visual/spatial perception. Several tests have been shown to predict accurately certain
kinds of performance, especially scholastic.
∙ Personality tests – Tests of personality aim to describe patterns of behavior,
thoughts, and feelings. They generally fall within two
categories: objective and projective. Objective measures, such as the MMPI, are
based on restricted answers—such as yes/no, true/false, or a rating scale—which
allow for computation of scores that can be compared to a normative group.
Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, allow for open-ended
answers, often based on ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing non-conscious
psychological dynamics.
∙ Neuropsychological tests – Neuropsychological tests consist of specifically
designed tasks used to measure psychological functions known to be linked
to a particular brain structure or pathway. They are typically used to assess
impairment after an injury or illness known to
affect neurocognitive functioning, or when used in research, to contrast
neuropsychological abilities across experimental groups.
∙ Clinical observation – Clinical psychologists are also trained to gather data
by observing behavior. The clinical interview is a vital part of assessment,
even when using other formalized which is often used in psychiatry as a
screening tool for treatment or further medication
Experimental Psychology

- examines relationships between human behavior and the mind.

- Experimental psychology is centered on fact-based, scientific research and

experimentation.

- Experimental Psychologists manipulate research variables in order to discover

relationships between cognition and behavior.

- explores basic concepts, such as memory and motivation, in many areas, such as child,
social and educational psychology.

- solely focuses on controlled experiments with designated variables, test subjects and
statistical results.
Murphy's law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as:
"Anything that can go wrong will go wrong".
Group Responsibility is that we-mode groups, namely, groups in
which a substantial number of the members are collectively
committed to the group (to its ethos and to each other concerning
ethos promotion), are normatively responsible—in a control-based
sense of responsibility—for their actions and for what their members,
also violators and dissidents
Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management (HRM or HR)

- is the strategic approach to the effective management of organization

workers so that they help the business gain a competitive advantage

- it is designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer's

strategic objective.
HR is primarily concerned with the management of people within organizations,
focusing on policies and on systems. HR departments are responsible for
overseeing employee-benefits design, employee recruitment, training and
development, performance appraisal, and rewarding. HR also concerns itself
with organizational change and industrial relations.

- Human resources purpose is to ensure that the organization is able to achieve

success through people.

- HR professionals manage the human capital of an organization and focus on

implementing policies and processes. They can specialize in recruiting, training,
employee-relations or benefits. Recruiting specialists find and hire top talent
- These human-resources professionals could work in all areas or be labor-relations
representatives working with unionized employees.

Crew Resource Management or Cockpit Resource Management (CRM)

- is a set of training procedures for use in environments where human error can have
devastating effects.

- used primarily for improving air safety.

-CRM focuses on interpersonal communication, leadership, and decision making in

the cockpit of an airliner.
Five Senses
Sense

- is a physiological capacity of organisms that provides data for perception.

- The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics
studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive
psychology (or cognitive science), and philosophy of perception. The nervous
system has a specific sensory nervous system, and a sense organ, or sensor,
dedicated to each sense.
Humans have a multitude of sensors. 1. Sight (vision), 2. hearing (audition), 3. taste
(gustation), 4. smell (olfaction), and 5. touch (somatosensation).

- The ability to detect other stimuli beyond those governed by these most broadly
recognized senses also exists, and these sensory modalities include temperature
(thermoception), kinesthetic sense (proprioception), pain (nociception), balance
(equilibrioception), vibration (mechanoreception), and various internal stimuli (e.g. the
different chemoreceptors for detecting salt and carbon dioxide concentrations in the
blood, or sense of hunger and sense of thirst).