1.

Direct Proof
The sum of two even integers is also even.

Proof:
Let P = 2a and Q = 2s
P + Q = 2a + 2s
= 2 (a + s) let W = (a + s)
P + Q = 2W

∴ The sum of even integers P and Q is also even.

2. Indirect Proof
Show that if the square of an integer n is even, then n itself is even

Proof:
Assume n itself is odd and 𝑛2 is odd.
Since n is odd, let n = 2k + 1 for some integer k.

We will square n = 2k + 1
𝑛2 =(2𝑘+1)2
𝑛2 = (2𝑘+1) (2𝑘+1)
𝑛2 =(4𝑘2+2𝑘+2𝑘+1)
𝑛2 =4𝑘2+4𝑘+1
𝑛2 =2(2𝑘2+2𝑘) +1 let W = (2𝑘2+2𝑘)
𝑛2 =2𝑊+1

∴ 𝑛2 is odd.
3. By Contradiction
Show that if the square of an integer n is even, then n itself is even

Proof:
Let 𝑛2 be an even integer, suppose n is an odd integer.
Since n is odd, let n = 2k + 1 for some integer k.

𝑛2 =(2𝑘+1)2
𝑛2 = (2𝑘+1) (2𝑘+1)
𝑛2 =(4𝑘2+2𝑘+2𝑘+1)
𝑛2 =4𝑘2+4𝑘+1
𝑛2 =2(2𝑘2+2𝑘) +1 let W = (2𝑘2+2𝑘)
𝑛2 =2𝑊+1
∴ 𝑛2 is odd by contradiction.