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 Niruta Publications

UGC NET / JRF / SET

SOCIAL WORK
(PAPER II and III)

Editors
Ramesha M.H.
Dr. D. Sreenivasa Reddy
Dr. Shashidhar Channappa

UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III 1

Niruta Publications

UGC NET / JRF / SET

Social Work (Paper II and III)
Edited By: Ramesha M.H., Dr. D. Sreenivasa Reddy, Dr. Shashidhar Channappa

Published by: Niruta Publications, Bangalore.

ISBN : 978-81-923326-9-7

Copyright : Publisher

Pages : 496
First Impression : 1000 copies
First Edition : 2014
Paper : Maplitho 70 GSM
Price : Rs. 750-00
Cover Page : Shivakumar, Niratanka.

Publishers :
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MPM Layout, Mallathahalli, Bangalore-560056.
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2 UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III

 Niruta Publications

Dedicated to

H.M. Marulasiddaiah
A Pioneer of Social Work
Literature in Karnataka

UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III 3

Niruta Publications

A Note to the Readers

It gives me immense pleasure to publish a book on UGC NET in Social work by Niruta Publications.
This book has taken a lot of time and effort which has been exclusively prepared for the aspirants of the
NET examination for social work. I believe this book not only helps UGC- NET aspirants but also social
work students. An attempt has been made to enable the reader to prepare well for the examination. It is
a collective and group effort of young and energetic professional social workers.
I received tremendous help from the co-editors Dr. D. Sreenivasa Reddy and Dr. Shashidhar Channappa
who have reviewed all the articles in this book and worked hard towards realising the final step of
publishing the book successfully. I also thank all the contributors who have spent their valuable time and
effort in bringing out this book.
I am deeply indebted to my parents, brother for their encouragement and support in my endeavour.
I invite criticism and suggestions for improving the book.

Ramesha M.H.
Publisher
Niruta Publications

4 / A Note to the Readers UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III

Our Authors
Amrita Mukher jee Ms. Amrita Mukherjee is
presently working as an Assistant Professor
in the Department of Social Work, The
Oxford College of Arts, Bangalore. She
completed her B.A. (honors) in Sociology
from Lady Shri Ram College for Women,
Delhi University and Post Graduation in
Social Work from Acharya Institute of
Management and Sciences, affiliated to
Bangalore University with Rank 1 in
Bangalore University in 2011. She has
qualified NET/JRF in December 2011. She
worked as a projec t c oordinator for
Nirantara Social Welfare Society for Sarva
Shikshana Abhiyana project and National
Child Labor project. She has a couple of
publications in National and International
journals and paper presentations at National
level Conferences.
Ananda N.L Completed his Post Graduation in
Social Work from Bangalore University and
pursued M.Phil degree from Sri Krishna
Devaraya University, Anantapura, Andhra
Pradesh. He cleared Junior Research Fel
lowship in 2012. He is an author of the book,
‘Neladodala Chiguru’-Life and Thoughts of
Nadoja L. Narayana Reddy, a renowned
Organic Farmer from Karnataka; he is also
a co-author of the book, ‘Samaja Karyada
Kanasugara’- A Biography of Prof. H M
Maralasiddiah, well known Social scientist
from Bangalore. He has written extensively
in Kannada on a wide variety of Social Is
sues with a view to find social awareness
among the masses. He is a Founder Direc
tor of the NGO, ‘Samrudhi Seva Samste’
working for empowering rural communities
in Bangalore Rural Dist. He has 7 years of
teaching experience in various institutions.
UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III
Niruta Publications
Since 2009, he is working as a Assistant Pro
fessor in Department of Social Work, CMR
Institute of Management Studies (Autono
mous), Bangalore.
Gangadhara Reddy N, M.S.W, M.Phil, born in
Chalakayalaparthy, Chickaballapur district
of Karnataka. He has completed his Under
Graduation in Arts (BA) in 2005 from
Gover nment First Grade College,
Chickaballapur, Post Graduation in Social
Work (MSW) in 2007 and M.Phil in 2010
from Bangalore and Pondic herry
Universities respectively.
He is ac tively involving with various
organisations and networks working for
Human and Child Rights. He held different
positions in various organisations as
Programme Co-ordinator for Child Labour
Projec t at Community Development
Foundation, Bangalore, Program Assistant
at Child Rights Trust, Bangalore, Research
Consultant at HLPPT, Bangalore, Resource
Person and Consultant at CACL-K,
Belgaum, Programme coordinator for RTE
programme at SICHREM, Bangalore and
also headed Social Audit Exercise on RTE
at SICHREM supported by National
Commission for Protection of Child Rights.
Currently he is working as Full Time Guest
Faculty in De pt of Soc ial Work,
Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore
University, Bangalore.
He is author of bilingual Hand Book
(Kannada and English, Telugu and English)
on Right of Children to Free and
Compulsory Educ ation Act 2009 and
Shikshana Makkala Hakku in Kannada
published by SICHREM. He is founder
member of RTE Taskforce which existed in
Our Authors / 5
Niruta Publications
2012 to help people to clarify their doubts
about RTE. As a resource person, he has
conducted state level training of trainers
and regional level workshops on RTE,
Human Rights, Child Rights, Child Labour
and Child Marriage. He has also contributed
some articles on child marriage and child
labour to CACL-K’s newsletter Update. His
areas of interest are Human and Child
Rights, RTE, Research and Development.
Lakshman G Sagar, Dr. Lakshmana G, is an
Assistant Professor, in the Department of
Soc ial Work, Central University of
Karnataka, Gulbarga. He has graduated his
B.A with 32nd Rank in the University and Post
Graduation in Social Work (MSW) from
Bangalore University. He obtained his
M.Phil and Ph.D from National Institute of
Mental Health and Neuro-Sc ienc es
(NIMHANS), Bangalore. He also obtained
PGDHRM from Bangalore University. He
has many publications in national and
international journals including “Indian
Journal of Social Work” and has presented
many papers at National and International
Conferences. He has UGC major research
project to his credit. He has also worked
as co-investigator in two research projects
and involved in many workshops as
organizing c ommittee member and
organized many workshops. He has
delivered many Guest Lectures and was a
resource person on various issues in different
places including few companies as well.
He has won Gold Medal for the best paper
presentation at a National Conference. His
researc h and teaching interests are
Psychosocial Intervention with Families and
Children, Community Care and Mental
Health, Rural development, Corporate
Soc ial Responsibility, HIV/AIDS and
working with vulnerable population.
6 / Our Authors
Laxman Toli Laxman Toli is a Post Graduate from
Karnatak University, Post Graduate Center
Bijapur.
He is presently a Research Scholar in the
Department of studies and Research Social
work, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya
university P G Centre Nandihalli, Sandur,
Bellary. Previously, he has worked as
Projec t Fellow under the UGC Major
Research Project, at Karnatak University,
Post Graduate Center Bijapur. He has also
worked as a Lecturer in SSAC College,
chadachan, Bijapur. He has presented
Several Papers in the National Seminars
and has more than 3 publications to his
Credit.
Nagaraj Naik M, M.S.W, M.Phil, is Currently
working as Guest Faculty in Dept of Social
Work, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore
University, Bangalore. He completed his
Post Graduation in Master of Social Work
in 2004 from Bangalore University and
M.Phil, from National Institute of Mental
Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in
the year of 2008.
He has worked in Industries and also
published several articles in the national
and international Journals.
His area of interest is Human Resource
Management, Mental Health, School
Mental Health, and Life skills education.
Shanivaram Reddy K, M.S.W, M.Phil, Ph.D, is
Currently working as Guest Faculty in Dept
of Social Work, Jnanabharathi Campus,
Bangalore University, Bangalore. He
completed his Post Graduation in Master
of Social Work in 2005 from Bangalore
University. M.Phil, and Ph.D from National
Institute of Mental Health and
Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in the year of
2008 to 2012.
He has developed two standardized tools
for Indian Population called “Schedule of
UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III

Factors Inluenceing Adherance” (SOFIA) and
“Schedule of Factors Inf luencing to Access”
(SOFIAc) to psychiatric care persons with
Schizophrenia. He has also published
several original articles in the national and
international Journals.
His area of interest is Community Mental
Health, School Mental Health, Women
Mental Health and Life skills education.
Shashidhar Channappa Dr. Shashidhar C, is
presently heading the Department of Social
Work, The Oxford College of Arts,
Bangalore. He completed his Bachelor’s
Degree in Arts from National College,
Jayanagar and Post Graduation in Social
Work from Lorven Educational Centre
affiliated to Bangalore University. He
recently was awarded with a PhD from
Bangalore University. He has many
public ations to his c redit in various
National and International level Journals
and he has presented academic papers in
numerous International and National
Conferences. He has more than 10 years of
experience in the field of teaching, training
and development. His researc h and
teaching interest include studies of the
Informal Sec tor, HIV/AIDS, Women’s
Hygiene and CSR to name a few. He has
worked as a trainer for BESCOM
(Parivarthana Dhare Module) where he
trained around 2000 people in various
districts of Karnataka like Bangalore and
Tumkur. He was also a resource person
who conducted a 2 day workshop on Field
Work Supervision: A key fac tor for
Strengthening Field Work Program funded
by Asia Foundation which was organized
at Talawa, Anuradapura, Sri Lanka.
D. Sreenivasa Reddy did his MSW from
Aacharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, AP,
M.Phil from Delhi School of Social Work,
UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III
Niruta Publications
University of Delhi. He obtained his PhD
from Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Anantapur, AP and MBA from Sikkim
Manipal University, Gangtok. As a research
officer he served for three years at LBS
National Academy of Administration,
Mussoorie. Later, he started his teaching
career as Principal-cum-Lecturer in Social
Work at CVLNR Degree & PG College,
Anantapur, A.P. Then, he worked as a guest
faculty in the Department of Studies in
Social Work, VSK University, Nandihalli
PG Centre, Sandur, Bellary, Karnataka.
Currently he is working as a faculty in the
De partment of Soc ial Work, Sri
Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, AP.
He has twelve years of experience in
teaching and research. He is an active life
member in Indian Society of Professional
Social Work (ISPSW). He has written many
research papers and articles, presented in
various national and international seminars
& c onferences and some of them were
published in national journals and books. He
has organised many training modules,
seminars, conferences, consultations in the
field of rural development and social work.
He has authored two books on social work
namely “A Handbook of Social Work” and
“Readings in Social Work Practice”.
Suma K G , Smt. Suma K G is a Post Graduate
in Social work from Bangalore University,
Bangalore. She is Presently working as an
Assistant Professor, Department of studies
and Research in Social work, Vijayanagara
Sri Krishnadevaraya university, P G Centre
Nandihalli, Sandur, Bellary. She started her
social work career as an ICTC Counselor
in Victoria hospital, Bangalore.She also
worked as a Lecturer in the Department of
studies in Social Work, Rani Channamma
University, Post Graduate Centre ,Bijapur.
Our Authors / 7
Niruta Publications
She has presented several papers in the
National seminars, organized workshops.
She is a Life Member of Many professional
Social Work Associations and has more
than 6 publications to her Credit.
Venkatesh Murthy S, M.S.W., M.Phil (Ph.D)
Working as a Head of the Department,
Department of Social Work, CMR Institute
of Management Studies (Autonomous),
Bangalore. He has got a total of 15 years
of experience in the field of social work (9
years teaching and 6 years of practicein
the field of HRM and Development sector).
He has published 15 artic les in edited
volumes, journals, proceedings etc. and
presented about 15 papers at the National
8 / Our Authors
and International c onferenc es. He is
assoc iated with several professional
bodies/assoc iations namely Associate
Secretary for KAPSW and Life member for
ISPSW, NIPM, KCRO etc. He is also a
member, Board of Examinations for the
De partment of Soc ial Work,Christ
University and St.Jose ph College,
Bangalore. He has been actively involved
in various Consultation services in Policy
Formulation, Planning and organizing the
programmes on many social aspects and
in the various ac tivities of Niratanka
organisation and Social Work Foot Prints
(Monthly and Quarterly Journal).
UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III
 Niruta Publications

Contents

A Note to the Readers -4

Our Authors -5
Syllabus - 10

Part - 1
Unit – I
History and Philosophy of Social Work in India and Western Countries
- Gangadhar N., Nagaraj Naik - 13

Unit – II
Community and Society - Venkatesh Murthy S. - 47

Unit - III
Psychology - Amrita Mukherjee - 137

Unit – IV
Social Case Work - Shashidhar Channappa - 165

Unit – V
Social Group Work - D. Sreenivasa Reddy - 193

Unit – VI
Community Organization & Social Action - Ananda N.L. - 221

Unit – VII
Social Work Research - D. Sreenivasa Reddy - 259

Unit – VIII
Social Policy in India - Lakshman G Sagar - 299

Unit – IX
Social Justice - Suma KG, Laxman Toli - 367

Unit – X
Social Development - Shanivaram Reddy K. - 435

Part - 2
Solved Question Papers - 449

UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III Contents / 9
Niruta Publications
Syllabus
PAPER- II & PAPER-III (A)
(Core Group)
Unit-I
Evolution of Social work Profession-Impact of
Social Reform Movements; Factors that influenced
the emergence of method approach in Social Work
Practic e; Soc ial Work profession and Human
Rights.
Philosophy and Principles of Social Work and
their application.
System Approach to social Work practice; Role
of Social Work in the Remedial, Preventive and De-
velopmental Models.
Definition, Relevance and Scope of Integrated
Approach to Social Work Practice, Skills and Tech-
niques.
Social Work Education- Content, Traning, Super-
vision, Problems and Challenges.
Unit-II
Meaning and Characteristics of Society, Com-
munity, Social Group and Social Institution; Social
Structure and Social Stratification; Theories of So-
cial Change and Social Disorganisation.
Tribal, Rural and Urban Communities, weaker
and Vulnerable Sections and Minoriy Groups.
Population, Poverty,Unemployment, Underdevel-
opments; Problems of Developing Economies and
Consequences of New Economic Policy.
Concept of Welfare State, Indian Constitution-
Features, Problems, Fundamental Rights and Direc-
tive Principles and Planning in India- Five - Year
Plans.
Concept and Causative Factors of Indian Social
Problems-Analysis.
Intervention in Social Problems - Government
and Voluntary Efforts at Micro and Macro levels.
Role of the Social Workers in identifying social
problams and development of appropriate strate-
gies.
10 / Syllabus
Unit- III
Human Behaviour, Human Needs, Human Moti-
vation and Problems of Humam Beheviour and Cop-
ing Mechanisms.
Human Growth and Development in the Lifespan
of Individual.
Learning, Socialisation and theories of person-
ality
Unit-IV
Case work - Concept, Objectives and Principles.
Social Case Work Process- Intake, Study, So-
cial Diagnosis Treatment, Termination and Evalua-
tion.
Approaches in Case Work - Psycho - analytical,
Psycho- Social, Problem Solving, Behaviour Modi-
fication, Crisis Intervention, Eclectic Approach.
Techniques and skills in Social Case Work.
Interviews, Home visit, Resource Mobilisation,
Referral, Environmental Modification, Case Work
Relationship, Communication, Types of Record-
ings in Case Work.
Role of Social Case Worker in Various Settings.
Unit-V
Concept of Group Work- Assumptions, Defini-
tion and Goals of Group Work.
Principles, Skills and Values of Social Group
Work.
Stages of Group Development and Use of
Programmes for Group Development : Orientation
Stage, Working Stage, Termination Stage,
Programme Planning, Implementation and Evalua-
tion.
Study of Group Process - Group Dynamics,
Member’s behaviour, Leadership and Role of the
Worker in Various Settings.
UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III
 Niruta Publications

Approaches and Models in Group Work Prac- (Government and voluntary) - Home relation, Fi-
tice - Therapeutic/Social Treatment. Development nancial relation and Physical relation.
Group and Task - oriented Group. Programme and Project Management - Identify-
ing Overall and Specific Needs, Project Formula-
Unit-VI tions, Monitoring and Evaluation, Recording and Ac-
Concept, Principles and Objectives Community countability
Organisation.
Approaches in Community Organisation - Mod- Unit- IX
els, Strategies and Role of Social Worker in each Concept of Social Justice - Its relationship with
of the Approaches. Social Legislation; Civil Rights; Human Rights; and
Community Development and Community Issues of Social Justice.
Legislations pertaining to women and Children.
Organisation.
Legislation pertaining to Social Defence, Social
Social Action in Community Organisation - Con-
Security nd Social Assistance.
cept, Purpose and Techniques.
Legislations pertaining to people with Disabil-
Community Organisation as a Para-political Pro-
ity, the Underprivileged and Health related Legis-
cess-Networking, Conscientisation, Planning and
lations.
Organising, Role and Strategies of Soc ial
Role of Social Worker in promoting Social Leg-
Movemens - Types and Role of NGOs.
islation and Social Justice.

Unit-VII
Definition, Nature, Scope and purposes of So-
cial Work Research.
Research Designs, Types and Methods.
Steps in Social Work Research- Problem Formu- Minimum Needs, Quality of Life.
lation Operationalisation of Variables, Sampling,
Tools and Techniques of Data Collection, Data of Sustainable Development.
Analysis and Report Writing.
Role and Responsibilities of the Researcher.
Statistics - Its use and limitation in Social Work
Research (measures of central tendency, chisquare
test, t-test, correlation).
Unit-VIII
Social Policy - Concept and Scope, Distinction
between Social and Economic Policies, Place of
Ideology and Values.
Evolution of Social Policy in India; Review of
Major Policies and Programmes, viz., Education,
Health, Shelter, Environment, Social Security, Em-
ployment, Family, Child, Women and Youth Wel-
fare, Welfare of the Weaker Sections, Elderly and
Disabled.
Characteristics of Social Welfare Organisations
- Size, Nature, Design, Legal Status, Rules and Pro-
cedure and Overall Policy.
Management of Social Welfare Organisations -
Unit-X
Social Development - Meaning, Concept and
Indicators.
Approaches and Strategies - Growth and Equity,
Global efforts for Human Development, Concept
Social Work and Social Development.
Problems of Social Development in India.
PAPER-III (B)
(Elective/Optional)
Elective-I
Labour Welfare and Human Resource Manage-
ment - Concept, Principles and Approaches.
Problems concerning Industrial Labour in India -
Absenteeism, Migratory Character, Indebtedness
and Exploitation.
Concept of Collective Bargaining, Workers’ Par-
ticipation in Managament, and HRD Subsystems.
Legislations - Factories Act, 1948 and other Leg-
islations relating to Trade Union, Industrial Disputes,
Employees’ State Insurance, Wages, Gratuity, P.F.,
Bonus, Plantation, Mines and Others.
Role of Welfare Officer - Use of Social Work
Knowledge and Skills.

UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III Syllabus / 11
Niruta Publications
Elective- II
Evolution of Social Work Practice in the field of
Medical and Psychiatric Social Work in India,
Emerging Trends and Scope.
Health/ Mental Health Care System-Policies,
Programmes, Analysis of existing Health Policies,
Major Health Concerns of Disadvantaged Groups.
Social and Psychological Factors and Physical
and Mental Disorders.
Role of Social Work in Health Care Delivery
System and in Institutions for the Disabled.
Social Work Practice in Hospitals, Specialized
Medical and Mental Health Institutions Child Guid-
ance Clinics, Stress and Crisis Intervention Centres.
Elective-III
Concept, Goals, Process and Models of Com-
munity Development.
Needs and Problems Related to Urban, Rural and
Tribal Development.
Institution of Panchayati Raj - Philosophy, Role
and Functions.
Government Programmes and Service For the
Development of Tribals, Schedule Castes, Women
and Children in Urban, Rural and Tribal Areas.
Role of NGOs in Urban, Rural, Tribal Develop-
ment.
12 / Syllabus
Elective-IV
Changes in Demographical and Social Situa-
tions of Families, Women, Youth, Aged and Chil-
dren in India.
Problems of Families Women, Yonth, Aged and
Children in India.
Social Legislation for Families, Women and
Children.
Policies, Programmes and Ser vices for
Families,Women, Youth, and Children - Govern-
ment, NGO, National and International levels.
Social Work Intervention with Families, Children,
Women, Elderly and People with Special Needs.
Elective- V
Concepts of Crime and Deviance- Theories of
Causation.
Objectives, Forms and Justification of Punish-
ment: Limitations of Punishment.
Correctional Services- Nature and Evolution,
Adult and Juvenile Correctional Programmes, Insti-
tutional and Community Based Treatment, Legal
Provisions, Intervention Programmes for Victims of
Violence, Neglect and Abuse.
Juvenile Delinquency - Nature and Causes, Ju-
venile Justice Law and Organisation.
Role of Social Worker in Correctionel Settings.
UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III
 Niruta Publications

UNIT - I
History and Philosophy of
Social Work in India
and
Western Countries
Gangadhar. N.
Nagaraj Naik

UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III 13


UNIT - I
History and Philosophy of Social Work in
India and Western Countries
Gangadhar. N.
Nagaraj Naik
In India, the term ‘social work’ is generally used
to include almost any activity which intended to
help, restore, or promote some aspects of the
physic al, ec onomic and soc ial well-being of
individuals and groups (Nagpaul, 1988). It is not at
all a new thing and it has been done as it still is.
Social work in India has been practiced as an act
of friendship and in the ordinary course of duty by
the priest, the teacher, the doctor and the lawyer.
Historical analysis of the development of social
work in India on the basis of striking characteristic
feature of particular period is presented under
different following heads.
Social Work in Ancient India
The roots of social work found in the ancient
India. During this period, social work was practiced
as a social service activity in the form of Charity.
The reference of charity is found in the Rigveda
which encourages charity by saying “May the one
who gives shine Most”. The Vedic term Dana
(Charity), which reflects the social philosophy of
those days to help the needy people of the society.
Dana and Dharma are the terms often used during
Vedic period which means not only distribute wealth
to needy people but also scattering bounty all
around in the form of planting trees, building
highways, excavating wells and tanks, and providing
places of shelter and treatment, of whic h all
persons and even animals might avail themselves.
The prevalence of the system Yajna, Havana
and Dana clearly states that it was a society in
which all the members used to participate in the
productive enterprise and fruits of their collective
labour used to be distributed among them. Yajna
was the most popular ritual known in Vedic days
performed for the sustenanc e of its life and
reproduction. It was a collective from a labour
without any division. Each and every person tried
UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III
Niruta Publications
his bit towards the Yagna. Their intention was
common welfare of all and there were no personal
desires to be fulfilled. Havana was the distribution
of the daily proceeds of collective labour among
the individual members who used to consume them.
Dana was the distribution of goods acquired in war
among the people in the community at festive time.
It is a helping process through dana seems to have
found due recognition that period when ‘Rigveda’
declares that “The riches of the one gives do not
diminish ... The solitary eater is also a solitary
sinner”.
In the Bhagwad Gita, Dana, i.e., charity is
described in terms of material aid, knowledge and
protec tion against fear, i.e., ‘Abhayadan’.
Aparigraha and Loksangrah, the terms used in
Gita’s principle which mean that materials and
money should not be collected for self and that one
should work for the welfare of c ommunity
respectively. Gita advises that when any profit
accrued as result of the total dedicated efforts of
the many, is misappropriated by man, than he is a
thief. No single member has a right for a larger
share. The community was sure to succeed in
progress and welfare when it has learned to live
and strive as one entity. The privileged class moral
duty to serve the poor, such persons who served
the society with all their ability are freed from all
sins, but those who cook for themselves or produce
for their own gains are eating sin. In Mahabharata
we find that when Bhishma talked to Yudhishtira,
he described that essence of religion, non-violance,
truth, the conquest of anger and charity.
Upanishads like Brihadaranyaka, Chhandogya
and Taittiriya prescribed that every household must
practised charity.Upanishads concept of Ishats and
Apurtas become socially accepted. Ishats were
individual goods performed by philanthropic and
economically well-off persons and Apurtas were
HPSW in India and Western Countries / 15
Niruta Publications
social goods in the form of wells, rest-houses etc.,
performed by the people for the general welfare
of the public. The concept of individual charity as
an instrument of repayment of various types of
Rinas (debts) also became widely accepted during
this period. The habbit of giving alms was common
and no householder turned away a beggar empty
handed as to do so was considered a s sin.
According to Manusutra, it was his duty to feed his
guests first, then his servants and later he and his
wife might eat last at all.
Hindu scriptures say that the man who helps other
or gives c harity does not show the sense of
superiority. According to Aswalayana Griha, one
must daily perform Pancha Yagnas they are service
to God, ancestors, animals, one’s ownself and one’s
fellowmen. The Chhandogya Upanishad says that
life is succession of Yagnas or service for others.
Charity is not merely a social duty but it is like
prayer. One does it for its own sake, because one
feels it is a privilege because one is serving the
Lord through it. The Taittiriya Upanishad declares
that it is better not help at all rather than help without
showing due respect to the recipient of charity.
According to Shastri, in early Vedic period, the
communitarian republics (society) which functioned
like an extended family, everybody’s needs were
catered by everybody. There was a life of complete
mutuality and reciprocal assistance whether the
needs were basic or special, generic or arising out
of vulnerable situations like disease and external
danger. In knowledge and skills of people differed
only in quantity and everybody did for others in need
what others did for him in similar circumstances.
The whole business of helping people in need was
everybody’s business mainly handled in a collective
way. Thus everybody was client and agent either
on different occasions or for different purposes.
With the development of agrarian society with
private group ownership of land, the concept of
charity came in to existence. Earlier when there
was common ownership of property by the tribe,
dana was a protection as of right, against starvation,
for the sick, the aged, and the weak, who had the
first claim on social property. But during late and
after Vedic period the private property and class
rule came into existence. Dana was converted from
an instrument from an instrument of social insurance
16 / HPSW in India and Western Countries
to a privilege of the ruling of the ruling class and
became now a voluntary virtue and charity of the
kings and Kshatriyas.
By the later vadic period, dana bec ame
institutionalised and acquired the characteristics of
charity with religious ideology. Dana was given to
acquire punya (merit). It was no longer given
merely in celebration of an event or a heroic
personality or in connection with a ceremony.
During the period of Smritis, psychological help
in the form of “Tatwa Jnana” and “Atma Jnana”, in
addition to material assistance was also made
available to the people in order to improve their
soc ial functioning. Buddhists and Jains also
continued the tradition of helping people. Both
Jainism and Buddhism promoted equality and non-
violence. These are institutionalised religions in
terms of Sangha. Sanghas were the centres of
shelters and learning and were responsible for the
spread of literacy. Lord Buddha also talked of
welfare of the masses (Bahujana Hitaya.., Bahujana
Sukhaya).
The evolution of Buddhism during the Magadha
empires changed the charac teristic s of Indian
Society. It was changed from tribal agricultural
settlement to a class-based agrarian economy.
Buddhism also accepted the karma theory which
served the purpose of explaining the origin of social
inequality. Buddhism laid a great emphasis on
punya and dana. Charity was seen not only as a
means of alleviating the sufferings of the materially
poor but also as the giving gifts. Kings like
Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Kanishka and
Harshawardhana influenced by the Buddhism who
initiated the welfare activities for the needy people.
Buddhism is the only Indian religion which crossed
over the frontiers into Asia and then became a world
religion.
Guilds were important corporate organisations
which performed a variety of ec onomic and
welfare functions in ancient India. Guilds played
important role during Buddhist period. Apart from
economic and political functions, these guilds were
providing social security to the oppressed class of
the society. Some part of the funds was utilised for
the relief of deserving persons such as the distressed,
the blind, the idiotic, the infirm, the orphans and
helpless women.
UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III
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Multiple Choice Questions

1. The Social Security Measures, first of all was 8. Who started the Atmiya Samaj in 1815 which
adopted in Ancient India by later grew in to Bramho Samaj?
A) Kautilya A) Rajaram Mohan Roy
B) Shuklacharya B) Keshub Chander Sen
C) King Ashoka C) Dwarakanath Tagore
D) Harshavardhana D) Devendranatha Tagur
2. Who had appointed ‘Goops’ to keep records of 9. Which Institution was founded by Justice M.G
Ranade?
castes, births, marriages and looked after people
A) Arya Samaj
to institutionalise the help process?
B) Sathya Shodhaka Samaj
A) Ashoka
C) Prarthana Samaj
B) Kautilya
D) Atmiya Samaj
C) Samudra Gupta
10.The Servants of India founded in the year
D) Harshavardhan
A) 1928 B) 1905
3. Who was the first Muslim king made a blood C) 1908 D) 1900
attempt to prohibit the Sati system in India? 11.Who formed Widow Remarriage Association
A) Ghias-ud-din Tugalak in 1861 which was aimed at promotion of widow
B) Akbar remarriage?
C) Humayun A) Rajaram Mohan Roy
D) Alla-udd-din-Kilji B) Annie Besent
4. Who was the great Muslim ruler brought many C) Justice Ranade
reforms in Indian society along with abolished D) Rabindranatha Tagur
slavery in 1583? 12.Who founded Anglo-Mohammedan College at
A) Ghias-ud-din Tugalak Aligarh in 1875?
B) Akbar A) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
C) Humayun B) Mohamud Gavan
D) Alla-udd-din-Kilji C) Shastri Jambhekar
5. Regulation XVII of 1829 of Lord Bentinck was D) Sasipada Banerjee
enacted to 13.Who made efforts to culminate in 1929 into
A) Ban Sati enactment of the Sarda Act fixing the minimum
B) Ban Child Marriage age of marriage at 14 years for girls and 18 years
for boys?
C) Encourage Widow Remarriage
A) Rajaram Mohan Roy
D) None of the Above
B) Annie Besent
6. The objective of social reform is
C) Justice Ranade
A) To help a minority group
D) Har Bilas Sharda
B) To assist the marginalised group
14.Who was the founder of The Central Hindu
C) To bring about social change
College at Benaras?
D) None of the above A) D.K Karve
7. Charter Act was passed in the year B) Annie Besent
A) 1973 B) 1983 C) Justice Ranade
C) 1963 D) 1986 D) V. R Shinde

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Niruta Publications

15.Which among the following organisation founded C) Swami Dayanada Saraswathi

in 1881 at Madras by Madame Blavastsku and D) Rabindranatha Tagur
Colonel Olcott? 24.Justice Ranade formed Widow Remarriage
A) Widow Remarriage Association Association in the year
B) Indian National Social Congress A) 1960 B) 1900
C) Prarthana Samaj C) 1861 D) 1876
D) Theosophical Society 25.Who started the first exclusive schools for girls
16.When was Literary and Sc ientific Society in Poona?
founded? A) Rajaram Mohan Roy
A) 1830 B) 1849 B) Annie Besent
C) 1888 D) 1850 C) Savitri-bhai-Pule
17.Which among the following Institute founded D) Sarojini Naidu
under the leadership of Bala Gangadhar Shastri 26. The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act was passed
Jambekar at Bombay in 1830? in the year
A) Elphistone Institute A) 1966 B) 1856
B) Literary and Scientific Society C) 1851 D) 1876
C) Servants of India 27.Matc h the following persons with the
D) The Central Hindu College organizations they associated:
18.Who was the first Indian Woman editor edited List – I List – II
a women journal, Bharati? I) JyotibhaPhule 1) Bharatiya Adimajati
A) Sarala Devi Chaudhurani Sevak Sangh
B) Savitri-Bhai-Pule II) Thakarbappa 2) Servants of India
C) Annie Besant Society
D) Swarnakumari Devi III)Gopal Krishna 3) Harijan Sevak Sangh
19.Which among the following institutions founded Gokhale
by Swarnakumari Devi in 1882 at Culcutta? IV) M.K. Gandhi 4) Satya Sodhak Samaj
A) Ladies Society Codes :
B) The Bharat Stree Mahila Mandal (I) (II) (III) (IV)
C) Bharat Stree Mandal A) (1) (2) (3) (4)
D) Widow Remarriage Association B) (4) (1) (2) (3)
20.When was the first Women’s Indian Association C) (2) (4) (3) (1)
established in Madras? D) (1) (3) (4) (2)
A) 1915 B) 1916 28.Match items in List – I with List – II by choosing
C) 1917 D) 1918 the correct code given below:
21.Who founded The Servants of India? List – I List – II
A) Rajaram Mohan Roy (Movement) (Propounder)
B) Mahatma Gandhi a ) Arya Samaj i) Jotirao Phule
C) Gopala Krishna Gokale b) Brahma Samaj ii) Swami Dayanand
D) Debendranatha Tagur Saraswati
22.When was the first professional school of social c ) Satya Sodhak iii) Mrs. Annie Besant
work, Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Samaj
Social work was set up in Bombay? d) Theosophical iv) Raja Ram Mohan
A) 1930 B) 1936 society Roy
C) 1934 D) 1936 Codes :
23.Who founded Arya Samaj in 1875? (a) (b) (c ) (d)
A) Rajaram Mohan Roy A) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
B) Annie Besent B) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

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C) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) 34.The Indian Journal of Social Work was started
D) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) in the year
29.Match the following: A) 1938 B) 1940
List – I List – II C) 1948 D) 1952
a ) Anna Hazare (i) Narmada Bachaw 35.Who was the first director of Tata Institute of
Andolan Social Sciences (TISS)?
A) Dr. J.M. Kumarappa
b) Baba Amte (ii)‘Ralegansiddhi’
B) Sugata Dasgupta
c ) Medha Patkar (iii)‘CHIPKO’
C) Sir Clifford Manshardt
d) Chandi Prasad Bhatt (iv)‘Anandwaan’
D) Mary Richmond
Codes : 36.The First Review Committee of Social Work
(a) (b) (c ) (d) Education in India was set up by UGC in the
A) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) year
B) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) A) 1965 B) 1972
C) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii) C) 1978 D) 1981
D) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii) 37.Match the following organizations given in List
30.UGC published a Report model curriculum for – I with the professional Journals they are
social work education in the year publishing given in List – II.
A) 1980 B) 2001 List – I List – II
C) 1999 D) 1991 I) NIRD 1) Perspec tives in Soc ial
31.The Book ‘History, Philosophy and Fields of Work
Social Work in India’ is written by II) TISS 2) Contemporary Soc ial
Work
A) M.S. Gore B) S.K. Khinduka
III)University 3) Indian Journal of Social
C) A.R. Wadia D) R.R. Singh
of Lucknow Work
32.In which among the following states in India,
IV)Nirmala (4) Journal of Rural
Community Development Programme was first Niketan Development
initiated in 1952? (Mumbai)
A) Tamil Nadu Codes:
B) Punjab and Haryana (I) (II) (III) (IV)
C) Uttar Pradesh A) (2) (3) (1) (4)
D) Rajasthan B) (4) (3) (2) (1)
33.Match the following legislations with the year C) (1) (2) (4) (3)
of enactment: D) (3) (1) (4) (2)
List – I List – II 38.National Organisation of Women known as
I) The Child Marriage 1) 1929 National Counc il of Woman c ame to be
Restraint Act established in the year
II) The Juvenile Justice Act 2) 1904 A) 1922 B) 1925
C) 1917 D) 1920
III)The Factories Act 3) 1986
39.UGC Sec ond Review Committee of Soc ial
IV)The Cooperative 4) 1948
Work Education in India was set up in the year
Societies Act
A) 1964 B) 1972
Codes : C) 1980 D) 1981
(I) (II) (III) (IV) 40.UGC sponsored “Report of the Curriculum
A) (4) (3) (2) (1) Development Centre in Social Work Education”
B) (3) (2) (1) (4) was published in
C) (1) (3) (4) (2) A) 1980 B) 1987
D) (3) (4) (1) (2) C) 1990 D) 1995

UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III HPSW in India and Western Countries / 41
 Niruta Publications

UNIT-II
Community and Society
Venkatesh Murthy S.

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 Niruta Publications

UNIT-II
Community and Society
Venkatesh Murthy S.

Indian Social Structure Society is the Web of social relationship –

Social Structure is a basic concept in the society. MacIver
Since long several efforts have been made to define Ac c ording to Auguste Comte, all soc ieties
social structure, still there is no unanimity of opinion whatsoever they are from contain both force for
on its definition; Herbert Spencer was the first thinker stability, which he called ‘social relationship –
to throw light on the structure of society. Maclver.
According to MacIver and Page, ‘The various
Ac c ording to Auguste Comte, all soc ieties
modes of grouping together comprise the complex
whatever they contain both force for stability, which
pattern of the social structure’. In the analysis of
he called ‘social static’s’ and forces for change
the social structure the role of diverse attitudes and
called as ‘social dynamics’.
interests of social beings is revealed. MacIver and
Many other sociologists define society as a
Page have also regarded that social structure is
population living in the same geographical area
abstract which is composed of several groups like
family, church, class, caste, state, community etc. that share a culture and a common identity and
After going through the various views on social whose members are subject to the same political
structure, we may conclude as under: context.
a. Social structure is an abstract and intangible
phenomenon. Characteristics of Society
b. Individuals are the units of association and • Society consists of people
institutions who are in turn the units of social • Mutual interaction and mutual awareness
structure. • Society depends on likeness
c . These institutions and associations are inter- • Society rests differences too
related in a particular arrangement and thus create • Cooperation and division of labour
the pattern of social structure. • Social control by informal and formal means
d. Social Structure is a ‘living’ structure which • Society is dynamic
is created, maintained for a time and changes. • Unique culture
• Gregarious nature of man
Society
The term ‘Society’ is derived from Latin word Community
‘Socious’ whic h means c ompanionship Community refers to a group of individuals living
Companionship means ‘sociability’.
in a geographic al area. They aware the same
physical environment and the basic conditions of
Definitions
common living.
‘George Simmel’ pointed out that the society is
Examples are neighborhood, village, tribal etc.,
the element of sociability which defines the true
essence of society. It indicates that man always
lives in the company of other people.
Definitions
“Society is the c omplex or organized Community is “a social group with some degree
associations and institutions with the community” – of ‘we feeling’ and living in a common area”
D.M. Cole – ‘Bogardus’.

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Community is “the smallest territorial group that and Gesellesc haft means assoc iation to refer
can embrace all aspects of social ill” different types of human groupings found in human
– ‘Kingsley Davis’. societies. There are many types of communities,
Community is “an area of social living marked out of those four clearly identified communities are:
by some degree of social coherence” a. Village or rural
–‘R.M.Maclver’. b. City or urban
Community is “a group or collection of groups c . Nation
that inhibits a locality” d. World
- Nimkoff&Ogburn
Community is “any circle of people who live Difference between Society and Community
together and belong together in such a was that they
do not share this or their particular interest only but Society Community
a whole set of interest” i. Society is a web of i. Community consists
– ‘Manheim’. social relationships. individuals who are
There are a lot of living in a particular
Elements of Community assoc iations and geographic al area
• Group of people
institutions. and some degree of
• Locality
ii. Definite geogra- ‘we feeling’
• Community sentiment
phic al area is not ii. Geographical area is
• Permanency or stability
essential very essential
• Naturality
iii.Society is abstract iii.Community is
• Likeness
iv. Society is wider concrete
• Wider ends
v. the likeness and iv. Community is
• A particular name
difference is smaller than a
• No legal status
important society
• Regulation of relation
v. Likeness is very much
• Size of the Community
essential than a
difference
Characteristics of Community
• Community refers to an aggregate of
Community Organization: In order to study
individual
community organization, we have to understand the
• It is associated with a locality
concept of community. The term ‘community’ is
• The members of community have strong
used in different contexts: a religious community,
c ommunity sentiments or a sense of
business community or caste based community etc.,
belongingness or we feeling
but in the context of social work, a community is
• Community as a group of people is created
defined as a group of people lining in a common
spontaneously over a long period of time
• Therefore, it has more permanence or geographical area, sharing common interests and
enduranc e than those groups whic h are having a sense of belonging.
created with a purpose Community Welfare Services: The terms
• Community serves wider ends ‘c ommunity development’ and ‘c ommunity
• A community is usually assoc iated with organization’ are relatively new in India. With the
specific name. launching of the rural development projects as part
of the five – year plans, the term ‘community
Types of Communities development’ came to be used with reference to
F.Tennies Greman Sociologist used two terms these projects, but community development now
such as Gemeinschaft which means community refers to welfare and development work in any

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Multiple Choice Questions

Community And Society
Society 9. Find out the incorrect match
1. In Sociology, ‘Society’ refers to the —— a) Giddings ——structural view of society
a ) Members of a specific in-group b) Cooley —— soc iety is a web of soc ial
b) Pattern of the norms of interaction relationships
c ) Congregation of people c ) Parsons — functional view of society
d) Cooley— ‘we’ feeling.
d) People with laws and customs
10. ‘Man is a social animal.’ Who said this?
2. Society is the total social heritage of folkways,
a ) MacIver b) Freud
mores and Institutions, of habits, sentiments and c ) Aristotle d) Rousseau
ideals. This is a —— view of society. 11. — is a system of relationship between cells
a ) Structural b) Cultural a ) Society b) Aggregation
c ) Functional d) None of the above c ) Organism d) Group
3. Who among the following has given the structural 12. Who has compared society with an organism?
view of society? a ) Darwin b) Durkheim
a ) Durkheim b) Giddings c ) Spencer d) MacIver
c ) MacIver d) Cooley 13. Patriarchal theory has been propounded by —
4. Who among the following has given the functional a ) Tylor b) Henry Maine
c ) Aristotle d) Morgan
view of society?
14. According to — theory, individuals made a
a ) Giddings b) August Comte
mutual agreement and created society
c ) Parsons d) Spencer a ) Patriarchal b) Social contract
5.According to ............. society is a web of social c ) Agreement d) Divine origin
relations. 15. According to ——, the life of man was solitary,
a ) Cooley b) MacIver poor, nasty, brutish and short’
c ) Parsons d) Leacock a ) Rousseau b) Locke
6. The relation existing between a type writer and c ) Plato d) None of the above
a desk can be called— 16. Society is not a make, but a growth. This view
a ) Material b) Cultural is related to ——
c ) Physical d) Structural a ) Patriarchaltheory
b) Matriarchal theory
7. The relationship between fire and smoke is not a
c ) Divine origin theory
social one as the very relationship is not in any
d) Evolutionary theory
way determined by ———
17. Animal society is based on —— whereas human
a ) Co-operation b) Mutual awareness society is based on ——
c ) Integration d) Social compulsion a ) Instincts, reason
8. According to Giddings, society rests on — b) Sex drives, cultural needs
a ) Mutual co-operation c ) Strength, knowledge
b) Altruism d) None of the above
c ) Consciousness of kind 18. ———the process by which the individual learns
d) Folkways and mores to conform to the norms of the group

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a ) Integration b) Socialization 29.Acc ording to ——, Id, Ego and Super ego
c) Conformity d) Assimilation constitutes the three systems of mind
19. Socialization is a matter of —— a ) Freud b) Mead
a ) Learning c ) Cooley d) Boas
b) Biological inheritance 30.Acc ording to Freud, —represents untamed
c ) Socialising passions and instinctive desires.
d) Division of labour a) Id b) Ego
20. Sociality is a —— and socialization is a —— c ) Child d) Self
a ) Quality, Process 31.When a father relieves his aggression by beating
b) Principle, biological Inheritance
the child, — finds expression in disguised form?
c ) Cultural process, virtue
a ) Id b) Ego
d) None of the above
c ) Super ego d) Real self
21.The social order is maintained largely by ——
32.According to ——, self and society are not
a ) Division of labour b) Law
identical
c ) Socialization d) State
22. The process of imitation may be perceptual or a ) Cooley b) Mead
——— c ) Freud d) Marx
a ) Conscious b) Deliberate 33. Match both the groups
c ) Spontaneous d) Ideational 1. Id, Ego and Super Ego
23. —— is the proc ess of communic ating 2. Significant others
information which has no logical or self-evident 3. Looking glass self-
basis 4. Consciousness of kind
a ) Suggestion b) Imitation (A) Mead (B) Cooley
c ) Transculturation d) Accommodation (C) Giddings (D) Freud
24.When the child attempts to walk with a stick like a) A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4
his father, he is following —— a fac tor b) A=2, B=3, C=4, D=1
responsible in the process of socialization? c) A=4, B=3, C=4, D=1
a ) Identification b) Suggestion d) A=3, B=4, C=1, D=2
c ) Imitation d) Conformity 34. Socialization brings man into relation with others
25. —— is the means of cultural transmission whereas—, makes him autonomous or self-
a ) Education b) Society determining
c ) Language d) Archaeology a ) Personification b) Identification
26.The —— of a person is that he consciously or c ) Individualization d) Integration
unconsciously conceives himself to be
a ) Self b) Personality
Social Group
c ) Culture d) Worth
35.A— is a collection of individuals two or more,
27.The concept of ‘Looking-glass self ’ has been
interacting with each other, which have some
given by ——
common objects of attention and participate in
a) Mead b) Giddings
c ) Cooley d) MacIver similar activities
28.The concept of ‘Looking –glass self ’ revolves a ) Community b) Social group
around c ) Organization d) Aggregate
a ) Our perception of how we look to other 36. —— is an aggregate which lacks organization
b) Out perception of their judgment of how we and whose members may be unaware of the
look existence of the grouping
c ) Our feeling about these judgments a ) Social group b) Secondary group
d) All of the above c ) Quasi-group d) Spatial group

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37. Which of the following is a Quasi-group? a) Cooley b) Tonnies

a ) Nation b) Political Party c ) Summer d) MacIver
c ) Status group d) Tribe 48. ............ is characterized by intimate face-to face
38. Who has coined the term ‘Quasi-group’? relation.
a ) MacIver b) Ginsberg a ) Secondary group b) Spatial group
c ) Ogburn d) Sorokin c ) Primary group d) Gemeinschaft
39.Which of the following is not a characteristic of 49.Impersonal relations characterize..................
social group? a ) Society b) Association
a ) Sense of unity b) We-feeling c ) Secondary group d) Neighbourhood
c ) Common interests d) Common territory 50. ................has classified groups into in-group and
40. A group is an ——— out-group.
a ) Organic whole a ) Cooley b) Summer
b) Artificial creation c ) Kingsley Davis d) Simmel
c ) Organized gathering 51.The groups with which the individual identifies
d) Natural growth himself by virtue of his consciousness of kind
41.In group, membership is ——whereas in case of are his............................
society it is—— a ) In-groups b) Primary group
a ) Compulsory, Limited
c ) Social groups d) Marginal groups
b) Voluntary, compulsory
52. Find out the incorrect match
c ) Spontaneous, deliberate
a ) Sumner————— In group and out group
d) Involuntary, regulative
b) Cooley ————— Ethnocentrism
42.Group is a —, society is a system of relationship
c ) Mead—————— Signification others
a ) Collection of human beings
d) Simmel————— Monad, dyad and triad
b) Structure
53.According to Sumner, the assumption that the
c ) Functional relationship
values, the ways of life and the attitudes of one’s
d) None of the above
own group are superior to others is called............
43. Group is formed for a —— purpose but society
a ) Sub-nationalism b) Ethnocentrism
involves —— purposes.
c ) Racial superiority d) In-group superiority
a ) Philanthropic, legal
54. Match the groups
b) Specific, general
c ) Limited, altruistic (A) Sumner 1. Consciousness of kind
d) Voluntary, specific (B) Tonnies 2. Gesselshaft
44. Society is marked by——— (C) Cooley 3. Ethno Centrism
a ) Co-operation (D) Giddings 4. Looking-glass self
b) Conflict (a) A = 1, B= 3, C= 4, D=2
c ) Acculturation (b) A=3, B=2, C=4, D=1
d) Cooperation and Conflict (c ) A = 4, B= 3, C=2, D=1
45.A social group is ——— (d) A=2, B=1, C=4, D=3
a ) Static b) Dynamic 55. .................... is referred to as a temporary
c ) Involuntary d) Altruistic collection of people reacting together to a stimuli
46.According to Tonnies, Neighbourhood is a type a ) Public b) Gathering
of ——— c ) Group d) Crowd
a ) Community b) Gesellschaft 56.A group of students recreating by the sea shore
c ) Social group d) Primary group are an———
47.The classification of group into Primary and a ) Aggregate b) Public
secondary group has been done by——— c ) Mob d) Community

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UNIT-III
Psychology
Amrita Mukherjee

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UNIT-III
Psychology
Amrita Mukherjee

Human Behavior general, humans are pressurized into following

Human behavior can be understood as the certain r ules and display certain behaviors in
capacity of mental, physical, emotional, and social society, which conditions the way people behave.
activities experienced during the five stages of a Different behaviors are deemed to be either
human being’s life - prenatal, infancy, childhood, acceptable or unacceptable in different societies
adolescence, and adulthood. This also includes the and cultures. Also, one’s attitude is essentially a
behaviors as dictated by culture, society, values, reflection of the behavior he or she will portray in
morals, ethic s, and genetic s. The behavior of specific situations. Thus, human behavior is greatly
humans (and other organisms or even mechanisms) influenced by the attitudes we use on a daily basis.
falls within a range with some behavior being
common, some unusual, some acceptable, and Human Needs
some outside ac ce ptable limits. In soc iology, We as human beings all have basic fundamental
behavior in general is characterized as having no needs in which must be fulfilled to some degree for
meaning, being not directed at other people, and us to be able to function reasonably well in society,
thus is the most basic human action. Behavior in and for our well being and continued growth.
this general sense should not be mistaken with social 1.) Artur Manfred Max Neef, a Chilean
behavior, which is a more advanced action, as economist and environmentalist known mainly for
social behavior is behavior specifically directed at his human development model based on
other people. The acceptability of behavior depends fundamental human needs c lassified the
heavily upon social norms and is regulated by fundamental human needs as:
various means of social control. Human behavior • subsistence
is studied by the specialized academic disciplines • protection
of psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology, • affection
economics, and anthropology. • understanding
Human behavior is experienced throughout an • participation
individual’s entire lifetime. It includes the way they • leisure
act based on different factors such as genetics, • creation
social norms, core faith, and attitude. Behavior is • identity
impacted by certain traits each individual has. The • freedom
traits vary from person to person and can produce Needs are also defined ac c ording to the
different actions or behavior from each person. existential categories of being, having, doing and
Social norms also impact behavior. Due to the interacting, and from these dimensions, a 36 cell
inherently conformist nature of human society in matrix is developed

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Need Being (qualities) Having (things) Doing (actions) Interacting

(settings)
subsistence physical and mental food, shelter, work feed, clothe, rest, living environment,
health work social setting
protection care, adaptability, social security, health co-operate, plan, social environment,
autonomy systems, work takecare of, help dwelling
affection respect, sense of friendships, family, share, take care privacy, intimate
humour, generosity, relationships with of, make love, spaces of
sensuality nature express emotions togetherness
understan- critical capacity, literature, teachers, analyse, study, schools, families,
-ding curiosity, intuition policies, educational meditate, universities,
investigate communities,
participation receptiveness, responsibilities, duties, cooperate, associations, parties,
dedication, sense of work, rights dissent, express churches,
humour opinions neighbourhoods
leisure imagination, games, parties, peace day-dream, landscapes, intimate
tranquility, spontaneity of mind remember, relax, spaces, places to be
have fun alone
creation imagination, boldness, abilities, skills, invent, build, spaces for
inventiveness, curiosity work, techniques design, work, expression,
compose, workshops,
interpret audiences
identity sense of belonging, language, religions, get to know places one belongs
self-esteem, work, customs, values, oneself, grow, to, everyday settings
consistency norms commit oneself
freedom autonomy, passion, equal rights dissent, choose, anywhere
self-esteem, open- run risks, develop
mindedness awareness

Needs are also constant through all human basic needs c ommon to all people. Maslow
cultures and across historical time periods. What represented these needs as a hierarchy in the shape
changes over time and between cultures are the of a pyramid. A hierarchy is an arrangement that
strategies by whic h these needs are satisfied. ranks people or concepts from lowest to highest.
Human needs can be understood as a system - i.e. According to Maslow, individuals must meet the
they are interrelated and interactive. In this system, needs at the lower levels of the pyramid before
there is no hierarchy of needs (apart from the basic they can successfully be motivated to tackle the
need for subsistence or survival) as postulated by next levels. The lowest four levels represent
Western psychologists such as Maslow, rather, they defic ienc y needs, and the upper three levels
are simultaneous and complementary. represent growth needs.
2.) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Psychologist
Abraham Maslow identified seven categories of

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. Negative reinforcement leads to _________ Codes

a ) Extinguish a behavior a b c d
b) Increase in desired responses A) 1 2 4 3
c ) Eliminate desirable responses B) 5 1 4 2
d) Learn helplessness C) 3 1 2 5
2. Who develop the physical quality of life index? D) 5 1 3 4
a ) Richard estes 5. Emotional disorders in which an individual
b) D M Morris remains oriented to reality but suffers from
c ) Mohammed Yunus cronic anxiety is____
d) Amartya Sen 6. One of the following theories is known as growth
3. Match the items in list one with list two oriented theory
List 1 List 2 a ) Psycho analytic theory
a ) Reproductive child a ) Police research b) Client centred theory
health c ) Existential theory
b) The national rural b) Trauma d) Cognitive learning theory
employment 7. Detachment from work, inability to accomplish
guarantee act goals aand emotional discharge is known as ___
c ) Post traumatic c ) Mother & child a ) Blockade b) Burnout
stress disorder c ) Ambiguity d) Lockout
d) Bureau of police d) Employment at 8. ‘Agoraphobia’ is the fear of___
research and village level A) Height B) Blood
development C) Crowd D) Animal
Codes: 9. In classical conditioning what happens to a
a b c d neutral stimulus after it is associated with the
A) 2 1 3 4 unconditional stimulus ? it becomes___
B) 3 4 2 1 a ) Conditioned stimulus
C) 4 3 2 1 b) Conditioned response
D) 1 2 3 4 c ) Unconditioned response
4. match the items of list1 with those list2 d) A phobia
List 1 List 2 10.Emotionally intellectual person can
(event) (year) a ) accurately perceive emotions
A) International youth year 1) 2005 b) think without emotions
B) International micro credit 2) 1950 c ) disregards emotional meaning
year d) has difficulty in managing on emotions
C) Mental health act 3) 1947 11.who gave the three dimensional model of
D) Establishment of planning 4) 1987 personality- the child, the adult, the parent?
commission a ) Sigmund Freud b) Otto Rank
5) 1985 c ) Eric Berne d) Joseph Wolpe

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12.Behavioral modification involves 19.“a race is valid biological concept. It is a group

A) Solving problems through insight united by heredity, a breed or genetic strain or
B) Bringing behavior under stimulus control subspecies”. This definition is attributed to
C) Demonstrating learning in the absence of a ) R M Maclver b) James
reinforcement c ) A L Kroeber d) A W Green
D) Application of learning principles to change 20.Animism is a belief in
behavior a ) Spirits of the dead ancestors
13.Sanatorium means_____ b) Some spiritual power
a ) institution for open air treatment of c ) Object having life
tuberculosis d) Supernatural being
b) Institution for help of elderly people 21.Learned behavior is believed to be found in
c ) Institution for the treatment of mentally sick a ) Man b) Dog
d) Institution for the treatment of lepers c ) Chimpanzee d) All of the above
14.Who among the following is associated with 22.The mental health policy was adopted in India
Gestalt therapy? in the year
a ) C R Rogers b) Sigmund freud a ) 1987 b) 1980
c ) B F Skinner d) F Poul c ) 1982 d) 1990
15.Person-focused psychological process in social
23.Psychoanalytic theory about human personality
work are aimed at
was proposed by
1) Social policy
a ) Carl jung b) Skinner
2) Planning and development
c ) Freud d) Alfred adler
3) Counselling and therapy
24.Behavioural changes which occur in the basis
4) All the above
of physiologic al development rather than
Codes
learning and whic h appear in virtually all
a ) 1 and 2 only
members of species are the result of
b) 1, 2 and 3 only
a ) Socialization b) Rationalization
c ) 3 only
c ) Maturation d) Fermentation
d) All the above
5. To trace the c ause of mental growth in an
16.Which is not developmental characteristic of
individual or the race is the problem of
adulthood?
a ) analytical psychology
A) Enuresis
b) synthetic psychology
B) Adjustment to the role of the head of the
c ) genetic psychology
family
C) Earning for aging parents d) physiological psychology
D) Saving for future 26.There is an evidence of a hereditary component
17.Who among the following is associated with the in the element of the mental illness known as
Gestalt system of therapy? a ) paranoia
a ) C R Rogers b) psychoneurotic disorders
b) Freud c ) schizophrenia
c ) F S Perls and Laura P Perls d) paralysis
d) B F Skinner 27.at what age the child takes his first step in
18.The mental health Act was enacted in the year walking
a ) 1985 b) 1987 a ) 5-6 years b) 10-12 years
c ) 1989 d) 1990 c ) 4-5 years d) None of these

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UNIT-IV
Social Case Work
Shashidhar Channappa

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UNIT-IV
Social Case Work
Shashidhar Channappa
Introduction:
Since humans are soc ial animals, the
overpowering role of the society on the life of
human beings cannot be negated as individuals are
shaped by the society that they live in. Individuals
in the process of living in the society and being a
part of that soc iety, build c ertain soc ial
relationships with other members of the society as
well as the environment that they are a part of. These
social relationships and the way they play out in
the lives of individuals actually define the nature
and personality of human beings. As long as these
relationships play along smoothly, society also
functions smoothly without problems but when
problems occur and relationships are obstructed
due to barriers in communication, the whole social
order is impacted. Social work as a discipline deals
with understanding these human problems and
finding a solution to the same.
METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK
BASIC METHODS AUXILLARY
METHODS
CASE WORK SOCIAL ACTION
GROUP WORK SOCIAL WELFARE
RESEARCH
COMMUNITY SOCIAL WELFARE
ORGANIZATION ADMINISTRATION
Social work has existed since the time human
beings have existed. Although initially Social Work
did not exist in an organised manner as a discipline,
but even then it had been exhibited in instances when
humans have helped each other to function smoothly
in the society. At the beginning social work was
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associated substantially to working with poor,
homeless and the destitute but gradually over the
years social work got established as a discipline
and presently the services of a social worker is
utilized in every possible field be it sc hools,
hospitals, companies, in working with aged, juvenile
delinquents, women and any other section of the
soc iety whic h fac es marginalization and
discrimination. As a discipline Social Work follows
6 general methods:
Social Case Work is a primary method of social
work and it defines the nature of social work in its
true sense. This method of social work focuses on
the individual and the problems being faced by the
person. The aim of Social Case Work is to identify
the problems being faced by individuals and then
finding out possible ways of dealing with those
problems so as to reinstate the individual to his/her
fully functional level. The third dimension of Social
Case Work is to equip the person not only to deal
with present problems but address by themselves
any problem that might occur in the future as well
without external help.
The major milestone in the establishment of
Social Case Work as a method of social work was
the publishing of “Social Diagnosis” by Mary E.
Richmond in the year 1917. According to Mary E.
Richmond (1915), “Social Social Case Work may
be defined as the art of doing different things for
and with different people by cooperating with them
to achieve at one and the same time their own and
society’s betterment”. 1
Few other definitions of
Social Case Work:
Richmond (1917): “Social Social Case Work is
the art of bringing about the better adjustments in
the social relationship of individual men, or women
or children”.2
Taft (1920): Social Social Case Work means
“social treatment of a maladjusted individual
involving an attempt to understand his personality,
Social Case Work / 167
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behavior and social relationships and to assist him
in working out better soc ial and personal
adjustment”.3
Richmond (1922): Social Social Case Work
means, “those processes which develop personality
through adjustment consciously affected, individual
by individual, between men and their soc ial
environment”.4
Porter R. Lee (1923): Social Case Work is the
“art of changing human attitudes”.5
Hollis (1954): “Social Social Case Work is a
method employed by soc ial workers to help
individuals find solutions to problems of social
adjustment which they are unable to handle in a
satisfactory way by their own efforts”. 6
Hamilton (1956): “in social case work the client
is stimulated to participate in the study of his
situation, to share his plans, to make an active effort
to solve his problems, using his own resources and
whatever community resources are available and
appropriate”. 7
Perlman (1957): “Social Social Case Work is
process used by certain human welfare agencies
to help individuals to cope more effectively with
their problems in social functioning”. 8
Basis Concepts of Social Case Work:
The primary aim of Social Case Work is to equip
the client with the knowledge of his/her own reality,
the understanding of the causes of the problems
being faced by him/her, the probable solutions for
the problems and finally developing the capacities
of the client to deal with future problems without
external help. In order to achieve this, the foremost
important step is conducting a psycho-social study
of the client to assess the psychological as well as
the sociological conditions of each client. For
conducting the psycho-social study, the Social Case
Worker c oncentrates on 3 basic c onc e pts to
analyze the problem and then plan proper
treatment. These concepts are:
1. Soc ial Role: Ac c ording to Sargent, “A
person’s role is a pattern or type of social behavior
which seems situationally appropriate to him in
terms of the demands and expectations of those in
his group.”9 A combination of many such roles that
168 / Social Case Work
an individual is expected to perform in order to be
a properly func tional member of a partic ular
position in the soc iety and to perform soc ial
functions appropriately is called a ‘social role’. The
society comprises many social institutions like
family, kinship, education, religion, politics etc and
for all these institutions to func tion properly,
individuals are expected to perform many roles at
once, for example, a parent (family), employer/
employee (work place) and so on. Each such role
has a set of expectations attached to it which needs
to be performed by the occupant in order for the
soc iety to func tion properly. Many a time
individuals face transitions in their social roles when
they are expected to shift from one role to another,
example, marriage, parenthood etc.
At times of these transitions individuals usually
experience role conflicts because:
• They are not trained properly to deal with
the next role efficiently.
• Individuals have an unrealistic view of what
their role actually is.
• People have problems in understanding what
they want to be and what they actually are.
In any c ase role c onflicts oc cur when the
individual is not able to balance or cope with the
roles and expectations that he/she is supposed to
perform to be a part of the society. The task of a
social worker here is to understand the nature of
role conflict and the way in which the individual
can strike a balance and maintain various roles that
they are supposed to perform.
2. Ego: The concept of Ego was first given by
Sigmund Freud in 1920 in his essay “Beyond the
Pleasure Principle” and later in his book “The Ego
and The Id” in 1923, the concepts of ‘Id’, ‘Ego’ and
‘Super-Ego’ was discussed in detail. According to
Freud, Id is the seat of desires and instincts in a
person whereas; the Super-Ego is the moral
guardian of one’s personality. The moderator
between these two extremes and that part of one’s
personality which is organized and the closest to
reality is the ‘Ego’. Most of the dec isions,
perce ption of reality, ability to adapt and
compromise are presided over by the ego of a
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Multiple Choice Questions

1) In Social Case Work, interview is an important: 8) Putting oneself in the shoe of another person and
a ) Tool b) Method understanding his/her perceptual world is
c ) Technique d) All the above a ) Empathy
2) In HIV Counseling VCTC refers to: b) Positive regards
a ) Voluntary Condom use Training Centre c ) Genuineness
b) Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centre d) None of the above
c ) Voluntary Centre for Training and Care 9) Whic h word among the following refers to
d) Voluntary Care and Treatment Centre physical and psychological exhaustion caused
3) Which one of the following is not a technique of by an inability to cope?
case work?
a ) Frustration b) Crisis
a ) Interviewing b) Observation
c ) Burnout d) Insomnia
c ) Counseling d) Lobbying
10)Case study involves
4) While working with an individual client on a one
a ) Careful observation of a person
– to – one basis, the relationship is:
b) Complete observation of a person
a ) A friendly association
b) A contract c ) Very careful observation of a person
c ) Purposeful to meet the psycho – social needs d) Very careful and complete observation of a
of the client person
d) A sympathetic understanding of the client 11) The reaction of a child when scolded can be
5) Which one refer to the behavior that an individual studied under control condition by a planned
engages in while enacting the role? technique of
a ) Role taking b) Role playing a ) Observation b) Interview
c ) Playing at a role d) Role expectation c ) Questionnaire d) Field survey
6) Identify the correct answer: 12) Case study aims to
Recording in social case work can be classified a ) Established statistical correlation
as b) Bring out the structure of the unit as a whole
a ) Narrative rec ording, proc ess rec ording, c ) Expose person’s danger to society
evaluative recording and summary recording d) Treats cases requiring self help
b) Problem oriented, field oriented, process 13) According to P.V. Young which one of the
oriented, individual centered following is essentially needed for the objective
c ) Referral summaries, diagnostic summaries, of fact finding
narrative rec ords and problem oriented a ) In consistent thinking
records. b) Rigid pursuit for accurate data
d) Process oriented narrative situational and c ) Thinking nothing for granted
analytical d) Scientific attitudes
7) Mary Richmond’s ‘Social Diagnosis’ can be 14) The interview guide will be used during interview
considered as first book of by
a ) Social group work a ) Interviewee
b) Social and preventive medicine b) Interviewer
c ) Social case work c ) Different people
d) Social action d) Both interviewer and interviewee

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15) A schedule is a list of questions which will be 25) Match the following pairs
answered in an interview by List 1 List 2
a ) An interviewer b) A respondent a ) Progressive 1) Social welfare
c ) A surveyor d) A researcher programme administration
16) which one may be defined as a method of experiences
measuring individuals social behavior? b) Confidentiality 2) Community
a) Sociometry b) Sample method organization
c) Verstehen method d) Interview method c ) Need identification 3) Social case work
17) The second stage of scientific or experimental d) Authority and 4) Social group
method is obedience work
a ) Clarification b) Recording 26) Func tional approac h in case work was
c ) Observation d) Prediction developed by
18) Case study involves a ) Jessie Teft b) Otto Rank
a ) very careful observation of a person c ) Gordon Hamilton d) Talcott Parsons
b) complete observation of a person 27) The therapy developed by Otto Rank is called
c ) careful observation of a person a ) Crisis intervention
d) very careful and complete observation of a b) Humanistic therapy
person
c ) Rational emotive therapy
19) which technique is most suitable to study in
d) Will therapy
depth?
28) Which one of the following is not the correct
a ) mailed questionnaire
matching?
b) interview guide
a ) Murray G. Ross – Community
c ) interview schedule
b) P.D. Kulkarni – Social Policy in India
d) structured interview
c ) H.B. Trucker – Social Group Work
20) What is social case work is written by?
d) M.S. Gore – Social Case Work
a ) G.R. Banerjee b) Mary Richmond
29) Assertion (A): social work is a human rights
c ) H.H. Perlman d) F. Biestek
profession
21) Identify the correct items The tool of the social
Reason (R): clients problem should be solved
case work are
as per his/her decision
a ) Home visit b) Summarization
c ) Recording d) Interviewee 30) Arrange case work processes in order
22)A: The emphasis on ‘person – in – situation’ is to a ) Study, diagnosis, intake, treatment, follow up.
understand and help the individual client better b) Intake, study, diagnosis, treatment, follow up
R: the person – in – situation configuration is c ) Study, intake, follow up, diagnosis, treatment
subjective d) Intake, diagnosis, treatment, study, follow up
23) Match the following pair and choose the answer 31) The principles of social case work are
from the code given below a ) Joint decision meaking
List 1 List 2 b) Ac ceptanc e
a) psycho analytic theory 1) Began c ) Non judgemental attitude
b) ego – psychology 2) Anafreud d) Individualization
c) psycho social therapy 3) Hamilton 32) Treatment in social case work involves
d) problem solving therapy 4) Sigmund Fruid a ) Counseling
24) UGC second review committee of social work b) Environmental modification
education submitted its reports in the year c ) Administration of social services
a ) 1964 b) 1972 d) Counseling, environmental modification and
c ) 1978 d) 1981 administration of social services

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UNIT-V
Social Group Work
D. Sreenivasa Reddy

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UNIT-V
Social Group Work
D. Sreenivasa Reddy
Introduction:
Human being is a social animal they can’t
live without the social interaction, and community
life. Social interaction is one of the indirect ways
learning by doing. The establishment of
satisfying group life outside the family is pre-
requisite for effective social living, which every
individual must accomplish though out his life. All
human beings do not live alone and group life is
basic for every human being. Another important
area of social work is social group work, which
deals with the individuals as a member of the group.
Social Group: Social group in the ordinary sense
means that any c ollec tion of more than one
individual, but sociologically it is a collection of
individuals interacting with each other under a
recognized structure. A social group is always
motivated by some common goals and interests,
c harac terized by some rules and regulations
(formal and informal), which regulates the behavior
of its members. Ogburn defines it: The group in a
statement “We feelings”. We feelings mean that
the members of the group develop basic responses
for each other. The following are some of the
essential characteristics, which distinguish a group
from a non-group:
1. Collection of individuals
2. Psychological interaction.
3. Common goals and interaction.
4. Group norms.
Group work is a method of social work practice
by which individuals are served within and through
small face to face groups, in order to solve their
problems and bring about desired changes at the
individual, group and c ommunity level. It
recognizes the strength of the social forces that are
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generated within small groups and seeks to
mobilize them for change in the client. Group work
is a conscious attempt to help people to become
more effective in group situations and to find
common interests and mutual satisfaction in doing
so.
Genesis of Group Work:
Social group work began as 'group work' with
its own unique history and heroes. It was not part of
the mainstream of professional social work, which
in the early days was synonymous with casework,
as far as the method was concerned.
• The ideological roots of social group work
were in the self-help and informal
recreational organisations, such as YMCA,
YWCA settlement, scouting, Jewish Centres
in U.S.A. and democratic ideals that all
should share in the benefits of society
following the Industrial Revolution.
• Social group work was also influenced by
progressive education as it developed in
Europe and stressed the use modern and
liberal techniques in group learning.
• The major thrust of early group-serving
agencies was toward the normal rather than
the maladjusted person who would seek
service primarily during his 'leisure' hours. He
came for recreation, education, enjoyment
and the development of special skills and
interests.
• Group work was then not geared towards
individuals with particular problems. The
person with severe problems who appeared
in the group was incorporated as much as
possible with his peers or was referred for
Social Group Work / 195
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individual attention to a casework agency or
psychiatric clinic.
• The first course in group work was offered
by the Western Reserve University in the
U.S.A. in the early 1930s. There was then
great preoccupation and focus on the activity
and programme of the group. This,
unfortunately, in many ways held back the
flowering of group work as a theoretically
sound method within social work.
• In 1935 Grace Coyle, as the Chairman of the
newly established section of social group
work of the National Conference of Social
Work, began to clarify that group work was
a method within soc ial work and that
recreation and education were other fields
(professions) which might include group work
as a method.
• The focus then gradually moved from doing
activities to talking activities which was
understood at that time as leading more
quickly towards self-understanding, insight
and behavioural change.
• In the 1940s, with the efforts of persons such
as Grac e Coyle, Clara Kaiser, Wilber
Newsetter, Gertr ude Wilson and Helen
Phillips, group work was more fully rooted
within the profession of social work and
began to be taught in many more schools in
the USA.
• By the early 1950s the method developed its
own distinctiveness and was introduced in Basic Assumptions of Social Group Work:
most schools of social work throughout the
U.S.A., Great Britain, Canada and other parts assumptions upon which group work practice is
of the world.
• Social group work now wrested itself from
the field of social psyc hology and also
distinguished its methodology from group
psychotherapy. It moved into many
'specialized' settings previously reserved for
the practice of casework to serve problem
clients.
196 / Social Group Work
• It developed a refined and sophisticated set
of techniques as the National Association of
Social Workers and the Council of Social
Work Education produced new documents
and public ations in group work. Gisella
Konopka, William Schwartz and Dorothea
Spellman were the new group work writers.
• They urged that group work cease following
the path of casework development and move
to identify and elaborate its own therapy and
practice.
• Thus group work obtained a new depth and
vision. Its competence is reserved neither for
dysfunctioning individuals alone nor for the
range of services to maximize potentials; it
can be used for a range of services.
• In the late 1960s, Ruth Smalley's new text book
"Theory for Social Work Practice" whose
uniqueness rests in the fact that it is the first
book to present a unified theory applicable
to casework, group work and community
organisation, made a breakthrough in social
work educ ation by emphasizing the
commonalities of the three methods.
• The seventies and eighties saw the method
of group work being utilised in new
innovations such as the laboratory method,
sensitivity training, encounter groups and
many movements like transactional analysis,
gestalt therapy and so forth.
Douglas has mentioned the following basic
founded.
• That group experience is universal and an
essential upon of human existence.
• That group can be used to affect changes in
the attitudes, and behaviour of individuals.
• That groups provide experience which can
be monitored or selected in some way for
beneficial ends. Life outside the group is in
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Multiple Choice Questions

1. Sociologists describe the term ‘group’ as ….
a ) Collection of people
b) People involved in organized pattern of
interaction
c ) People interacting at a place
d) Participants in a gathering.
2. Which one of the following is a ‘secondary
group’?
a ) Nuclear family
b) Peer group
c ). Association
d). Joint family
3. The success of group work does NOT depend
on?
a). Achievement of goals
b). Understanding and agreement on major
problems
c ). Handling of behavioural problems
d). Ignoring individual problems
4. Leader in a group does NOT depend on?
a). Authoritarian Approach
b). Distribution of responsibility
c ). Rapport with individual members
d). Understanding group dynamics
5. Who among the following helped group work
rooted in social work profession?
a). Kurt Lewin
b). H.B. Trecker
c ). Murry G. Ross
d). G. Hamilton
6. Responsibility for the choice of programme in
group work rest with —————?
a). Members of the group
b). Group worker
c ). The Agency
d). Members of the group with the help of group
worker
7. The basic objective of group work is ———?
a). Personality development
b). Problem solving
c ). Readjustment
d). Remediation
8. Value of the programme in group work lies in?
a). Establishing satisfying affec tive (love)
relationship
b). Enhancing knowledge of possible alternative
activities.
c ). Giving expression to c reative dynamic s
drives
d). Inc reasing profic ienc y in the c hosen
programme activity.
9. Programme in social group work is base on —
——?
a). Interest and resources
b). Interests and resources of the worker
c ). Interests and resources of the group
d). None of the above.
10.Social group work as a method of social work
aims at———————?
a). Development of democratic life style
b). Development of leadership qualities
c ). Development of capability of adjustment
d). All the above
11.Group morale refers to ——————————?
a). Cooperation in a group
b). Coordination in a group
c ). Unity in a group
d). Team spirit in a group.
12.Which of the following is NOT a principle of
social group work?
a). Confidentiality
b). Guided group interactions
c ). Progressive programme development
d). Evaluation of the progress made by the group
13.Who was an early pioneer in the settlement
house movement in London?
a). Jane Addams
b). Harriet Belet
c ). F. Hollis
d). Mary E. Richmond
14.The book “Social Group Work – A Helping
Process” is authored by?
a). H.B. Trecker
b). G. Konopka
c ). G.H. Mead
d). Peter Samuel

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15.Self disclosure is an effective method of——— 25.Groups are classified into primary groups by—
———? ————?
a). Group study a). H.B. Trecker b). Cooley
b) Group diagnosis c ). MacIver d). Max Weber
c ). Group relations 26.Which of the following is NOT a stage of social
d). Group treatment group work process?
16.The stages of forming, storming, norming, a). Conforming b). Norming
performing, adjourning is the contribution of — c ). Storming d). Performing
—? 27.Which of the following is NOT a primary group?
a). Napier b). Bruce Tuckmen a). Mob b). Family
c ). Anne Hopes d). James Albert c ). Gang d). Pear group
17.The relationship in a secondary group is ——? 28.Group work is intended specially ———?
a). Personal b). Intimate a). To promote social action
c ). Formal d). Informal b). To facilitate community organization
18.————— is a graphic representation of the c ). To enhance social functioning
choices or the association of group members d). To solve individual and group problems
using symbols for people and their interactions. through group process
29.Role of the group worker can be best understood
a). Histogram b). Sociogram
through the term——?
c ). Sonogram d). Isogram
a). Indirect leader b). Enabler
19.No compromise on law is characteristic of ——
c ). Resource person d). Programme planner
leadership?
30.Good recording in group work should focus on
a). Democratic b). Autocratic
.....................?
c ). Bureaucratic d). Laissz Faire
a). Activities organised
20.Field work in soc ial group work helps to
b). Skills used
acquire——————?
c ). Group process
a). Knowledge b). Skill
d). Member’s characteristics
c ). Attitude d). All the above
31.Social group work is a process by which———
21.The Mutual Aid Model of group work practice ——?
has its roots in the practice theory proposed by— a). Individuals are helped to feel comfort in a
———————? group
a). H.B. Trecker b). G. Konopka b). Soc ial func tioning is enhanc ed through
c ). William Schwartz d). Naiper recreation
22.————— Model of group work focuses on c ). Soc ial func tioning is enhanc ed through
restoration to normalc y after a point of purposeful group experience
breakdown? d). Social functioning of group is the focus
a). Remedial model b). Development model 32.What is the unique characteristic of social group
c ). Preventive model d). None of the above. work?
23.Cognitive Behavioural group work model was a). The natural of being the primary group
developed by————————? b). Worker client relationship
a). James Albert b). Rose c ). Creative use of programme media
c ). Napier d). Peter Samuel d). None of the above
24.Sociometry is a technique widely used for study 33.The most important tool at the disposal of group
of——————? worker is———?
a). Group structure a). Professional self
b). Status of members in the group b). Verbal interaction
c ). Leadership c ). Programme activities
d). All the above d). Group morale

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34.The main feature of the primary group is——— 43.‘Wilson & Ryland’ is the author of the book —?
——? a). Social group work
a). Face to face relationship b). Social work with groups
b). Relations are causal c ). Group work practice
c ). It has large membership d). Social group work practice
d). It governs rules and regulations 44.Founder of YMCA in the year 1844 is ———?
35.Programme in social group work is based on — a). George Williams b). Jane Addams
—? c ). Trecker H.B. d). None of the above
a). Interests and resources of the agency 45.YWCA which was formed in the year 1877 by—
b). Interests and resources of the worker ——?
c ). Interests and resources of the members of the a). Mrs. Kinnird & Miss. Roberts
group b). Ms. Annibesent
d). None of the above c ). G.H. Cooley
36.Soc ial group as a method of soc ial work d). Coyle
primarily aims at—————? 46.Name of the place where the first YWCA was
a). Development of leadership qualities formed in USA in 1866——?
b). Development of democratic life style a). New Jersey b). Washington
c ). Development of capability for adjustment c ). Boston d). New South Wales
d). All the above 47.Which one of the following is NOT the purpose
37.Which one of the following is a reference group?
of social group work?
a). Occupational group
a). Social adjustment of individual
b). Group taken to evaluate one’s own aspect of
b). Social consciousness of the group
life
c ). Personality development
c ). A relative longer group
d). Inter-group rivalry
d). A group which allows for social mobility
48.“Social group work is a method of social work
38.Programme planning in group work practice
which helps individuals to enhance their social
includes———?
functioning through purposeful group
a). Group members practice
experiences——————” this definition is given
b). Group members interest
c ). The programme content by?
d). All the above a). Grace Coyle b). G. Konopka
39.Which of the following is NOT a principle of c ). Hamilton d). Skidmore
group work? 49.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
a). Progressive and Programme experience of secondary group?
b). Specific objectives a). Large size
c ). Group experiment planning b). Personal orientation
d). Continuous evaluation c ). Secondary relations
40.Which is a social group with some degree of d). Formal communication
‘we feeling’ and living in a given area…? 50.In a democratic group process the group morale
a). Community b). Society and discipline will be ———?
c ). Association d). Crowd a). Leader centered b). Agency centered
41.Group which serves as point of comparison is c ). Change centered d). We centered
known as—? 51.What has led to the development of social group
a). In-group b). Out-group work as a method of social work?
c ). Reference group d). Primary group a). Community Chest
42.Self-disclosure is an effective method of——— b). Reform movement
——? c ). Clubs and recreation movements
a). Group study b). Group dynamics d). Paid volunteers
c ). Group relations d). Group treatment

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UNIT-VI
Community Organization &
Social Action
Ananda N.L.

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UNIT-VI
Community Organization & Social Action
Ananda N.L.
‘Community’ is a locus social system of a
partic ular kind c ompost of interac ting soc ial
institution which meets the basic human needs
through the function of which the people have
developed a sense of belongingness and potential
ability to act together as an entity.
In this state, the characteristics of the community
are:
• They are closest entity
• There systems are inter-related
• The communities are complexes of sub-
relationship
• There is a desirable relationship and
leadership within the community.
“Community,” in the sense in which it is used
here, refers to two major groupings of people.
Firstly, it may be all the people in a specific
geographic area, i.e., a village, a town, a city, a
neighborhood, or a district in a city. In the same
manner it could refer also to all the people in a
province or a state, a nation, or in the world.
Secondly, it is used to include groups of people
who share some common interest or function, such
as welfare, agriculture, education, and religion. In
this c ontext c ommunity organization may be
involved in bringing these persons together to
develop some awareness of, and feeling for their
“community” and to work at common problems
arising out of the interest or function they have in
common.
What is community organization?
Community organization is a primary method
of Social Work, which address the community
problem as a whole. It considers total society as a
unit and applies skills, techniques and approaches
of Social work to make the society self sustain.
Community organization is the process of people
coming together to address issues that matter to
them. Community members developing plans for
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how the city can be a place where all its children
do well. Neighbors joining in protests to stop drugs
and violence in their community. Members of faith
communities working together to build affordable
housing. These are all examples of community
organization efforts.
Murray G. Ross (1967) defines community
organization as a “process by which a community
identifies its needs or objectives, gives priority to
them, develops the confidence and will to work at
them, finds resources (internal and external) to deal
with them, and in doing so, extends and develops
co-cooperative and collaborative attitudes and
practices in the community”.
Importance of Community Organization:
1. It Promote sense of Participation among the
People
2. It bring about individual progress towards
material and recreational goals
3. It help in personal ac c eptanc e and
appreciation of each other
4. It creates an atmosphere of respect for the
rights and interest of people
5. It promotes sense of belongingness and
neighborhood among the people of the
community and thereby developing a healthy
community life.
Objectives of Community Organization: ‘Arthur
Dunham’ given following objectives:
1. Meeting the needs and bringing about &
maintaining adjustment between needs and
resources in community or other areas
2. Helping people to deal effectively with their
problems and objectives by helping them to
do develop strengthening and maintain
qualities of participation, self-direction and
co-operation.
3. Bringing about changes in community & grow
relationship & in the distribution of decision
making power.
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Principles of Community Organization:
Following are the principles of community
organization:
1. Acceptance of community: The community
organizer should accept the community and
should act in a way that the community should
accept him and if he has some problem, he
should study that and contac t the loc al
leaders in this regards and then approach the
community to the interest for the welfare of
people in the community.
2. Understanding of felt needs and resources:
The community worker should know the felt
needs of the people and their resources and
they should start work according to those felt
needs. They should also explore available
resources, which are available outside the
community.
3. Individualization: Community worker should
always try to identify problems faced by
some individuals and group and should repair
special plans and programmes for them to
make them participate with other groups or
individual of the community. By this we mean
that individual’s attention is also necessary
for the community workers.
4. Self-determination: Community worker
should provide full freedom to the local
community to determine their needs and
problems and resources act their own and
should also give plans for their solution. He
should encourage them in the planning for
solution of these problems and should not
impose his own views on them.
5. Freedom within limits: The social worker
should guide the community and make them
free in giving the ideas of all about the
solution of the problems but in decisions
should not close the limits to violate the
interest of the group but the decision should
be in the common interest of the community.
6. Empathy, not sympathy: Community worker’s
attitude as also his approach towards work
with the community should be non-
judgemental. Whenever any decision is to be
taken, it should be based on objective facts
224 / Community Organization & Social Action
c oncerning c ommunity life and values
cherished by the c ommunity, not by the
worker.
7. Flexibility: The community worker should
involve various members of the community
in different matters and also delic ate
authority to them. The community workers
should also be flexible to give rise to new
leadership according to change situation.
8. Progress programme experience: All the
programmes in the community should be
evolutionary and not revolutionary. All the
programmes chalked out by the community
and should take in to consideration the local
needs and problems with the involvement of
people in the community.
9. People’s participation: The community worker
should involve in the identification of all
issues, problems, needs and resources and
also development plans for this area. This
participation should be from the first stage
till final decision is taken.
10.Good or meaningful relationship: The
community worker should establish good
relationship in the community. He should need
all the groups and sub-groups of the
community and should understand their
problems. This would enable him to involve
the c ommunity as long as he feels.
They had developed capacity to lead as he
deals at with their own felt needs and
problems.
11.Mobilization: The community organizer
should mobilize its all resources whether
internal or external to avoid duplication of
efforts. He should utilize these resources. He
should also explore the talents and ability of
different groups in the community. It is very
necessary for the development of community.
12.Evaluation: The community worker should
evaluate his work and people participation.
He should also find out the various drawbacks
and the groups between the various
programmes of the community development.
The purpose of the evaluation is to readjust
you according to the change situation.
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Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Community Development, the word ‘jack- a . It rejects the idea that small homogeneous
of-all-trades and master of none’ the title is group dominates c ommunity decision
given to making.
a . Village-level Workers b. It oppose the idea that small homogeneous
b. Supervisors group dominates c ommunity decision
c . Officers making.
d. Politicians c . It expects the idea that small homogeneous
2. Who is the first person established principles group dominates c ommunity decision
of Community Organaisation in Social work? making.
a . Edvard Lindman d. It empowers the idea that small
b. Gisela Konapkax homogeneous group dominates community
c . Dorothea Dix decision making.
d. M G Ross 8. Which of the following organaisation
3. The book ‘Edward Lindman and Social Work recognizes Community Organaisation as a
philosophy’ was written by: legitimate specialization for Social Work
a . Gisela Konapka education?
b. Marry E Richmond a . NASW b. ACSW
c . Richard Thomas c . CSWE d. NASSA
d. M G Ross 9. Government of India introduced Community
4. Which is considered first book on Community Development Programmes in India First time
Organaisation? on:
a . Social Diagnosis – Marry E Richmond a . 1950 b. 1952
b. Community Organization – M G Ross c . 1957 d. 1969
c . Community – Edward C Lindman 10.As a result of the Social Movement lead by
d. Community organization and Development- ……………… the first state asylum for
Herbert J Ruhim Irene S, Rulin mentally ill people is established in Trenton.
5. Who established First Settlement home a . Dorothan Dix
(Toynbee Hall) in London? b. Marry E Richmond
a . E.T Gerry c . Ross
b. Herbert Spenser d. Richmond Thomas
c . Vicar Samuel A Barnett 11.The 21 st century Social Movements will
d. Jame Adams become increasingly................as information
6. Who is the term ‘Social Action’ first time in and transportation technique promotes rapid
Social Work? community and cultural diffusion.
a . Marry E Richmond a . Progress b. Corporatist
b. Edward Lindman c . Violent d. Global
c . Gisela Konapka 12.According to ………………. Theory, a Social
d. Luigi Cavestro Movement will be more likely to succeed in
7. Which one of the following is correct creating social change if it can raise funds,
according to Pluralistic Model of Power attract and organize members, and build
Structure? effective alliance with other groups.

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a . Resource Mobilization c . Emerge, Coalesce, success or Failure,

b. Structural contrariness Bureaucratese, Decline.
c . Philanthropic d. Emerge, Bureaucratese, Decline,
d. Structural Adjustment Coalesce, Success or Failure.
13.The Moral of people into or out of 21.Match the following.
geographical area is known as 1. Co-operative a . 26 March 1974
a . Assimilation Movement
b. Diffusion 2. Chipko Movement b. 20 Aug 1828
c . Acculturation 3. Brahmo Samaja c. 1989
d. Migration 4. Narmada d. 25 March 1904
14.Who is considered as ‘Water Gandhi’ of India? Bachavo Andolan
a . Rajendra Singh A. 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-b
b. Baaba Ampte B. 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d
c . Sundarlal Bahuguna C. 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c
d. Anna Hajare D. 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d
15.Who identified the Elite and Popular Social 22.Who used the term RRA (Rapid Rural
Action as two types of Social Action? Appraisal) first time in 1983?
a . Britto a . Robert Chambers
b. Antonio Gramsci b. Britto, G.A.A.
c . M G Ross c . Friedlander
d. Luigi Cavestro
d. Friedlander, W.A.
23.The roots of PRA technique can be trace to
16.Who had given the model ‘Conscientisation
the activist Adult Education method of,
Model’ of Social Action?
a . Antonio Gramci
a . Paulo Fiero
b. Paulo Faire
b. Herbert Spenser
c . Jawahara lal Neharu
c . Antonio Gramci
d. Blumer
d. Jame Adams
24.“In order to awaken the people, it is the women
17.‘Conscientation Model’ of Social Action
who have to be awaked. Once she is on the
speaks about,
move, the households’ moves, the village
a . Educate b. Sensitize moves and the community moves. And
c . Empower d. Dictate through the women, the children are brought into
18.Who coin the term ‘SocialMovement’. the picture and given the opportunities of a
a . Mary E Richmond healthier life and better training.”- Who given
b. Antonio Gramsi the above statement?
c . Margarate Atto a . Mahatma Gandhiji
d. Lovenz von Stein b. Sardar Vallabai patel
19.The author of the famous book, ‘Socialist and c . Durgabai Deshmukh
Communist Movement’. d. Jawaharalal Nehru.
a . Lenin b. Karl Marx 25.……………..is the behavior and beliefs
c . Lovenz von Stein d. Stalin between people that is dependent upon the
20.Identify the correct sequence of the Social behavior and beliefs of each other and of other
Movement people.
a . Emerge, Coalesce, Bureaucratese, a . Social Interaction
Success or Failure, Decline. b. Cooperation
b. Emerge, Bureaucratese, Coalesce, c . Coercion
Success or Failure, Decline. d. Co-ordination

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26.The Functional theorist examined the a . Non Conventional

preconditions of social Movement b. Casual
.……………was especially concerned with the c . Conventional
structural strain found in society as an initial d. Expressive
condition of a Social Movements. 33.Which of the following theory argues that
a . Neil Smelser Social Movement and other change-producing
b. Charlers Tilly patterns of collective behaviors emerge only
c . Sidney Tarrow when they are resources?
d. Karl Marx a . Contagion mobilization
27.There are a number of conditions that increase b. Resource Mobilisation
Participation in Social Movements which of the c . Conventional
following conditions involves the active d. Expressive
‘framing’ of relevant issues? 34.Abbreviation of CAPART is:
a . Mobilizing the people a . Council for Advanc ement of People’s
b. Justifying the Movement Action & Rural Technology
c . Framing the Strategy b. Council of Advancement of People
d. Optimum utilization of Medias Association & Rural technology
28.When people begin to ‘Share their grievances’ c . Advancement of People Association and
which of the following conditions that increase Rural Transformation
participation in Social Movements has d. Council of Additional Peoples Association
occurred? & Rural Technology
a . Recruiting members 35.CAPART Was Established In The Year
b. Intensification of dissent a . April 1990
c . Conduct Meetings b. September 1986
d. Identify Mediation c . August 1985
29.This theory stress that as people interacts they d. October 1993
begin to bounce grievances and angry moods 36.Community organizer encourages, provides
off one another, heightening their emotional direction and guidelines to proceed in carrying
mobilization. out the different activities as an …………….
a . Convergence b. Conflict a . Catalyst
c . Contagion d. Networking b. Advocator
30.This theory emphasizes that people are not so c . Animator
much transformed and swept away by d. Resource Mobilisor
emotional contagion they are self-selected to 37.The role of ………………is to be a
engage in certain lines of behavior representative or persuade the members of the
a . Convergence b. Contagion community and prepare them to be a
c . Co-operation d. Co-ordination representative as well as represent the issues
31.What type of crowd involves people self to the concerned body to bring a solution to
selected and assembled for a specific purpose, unmet needs the advocacy role is an important
such as observing a game? role in the present context.
a . Casual b. Seasonal a . Advocate b. Catalyst
c . Conventional d. Conflictual c . Animator d. Guide
32.................Crowd is a self-selected gathering 38.When People participate by forming group to
of people who initiated to be influenced by meet predetermined objectives related to the
norms, ideologies, rituals and emotional project, which can involve development and
contagion, as is the case at a religious revival, promotion of externally initiated social
rock concert, or political rally. organizations called,

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Unit - VII
Social Work Research
D. Sreenivasa Reddy

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Unit - VII
Social Work Research
D. Sreenivasa Reddy

Nature and Significance of Social 1. Pure/Fundamental Research: These re-

Research: searches may be conducted either for the verifica-
In the contemporary world every society today tion of some old theory or establishment of a new
is faced with serious social, economic and politi- theory. In this kind of studies old theories should
cal problems. These problems need systematic, logi- constantly be tested in order to make them more
cal and practical solution. Problem solving is a tech-perfect.
nical process. It requires among all other things and 2. Applied Research: This kind of studies deals
accumulation of new knowledge. Research pro- with application of the result of fundamental re-
vides means of accumulating such a kind of knowl- search to social problems. Applied research gen-
edge and wisdom. In other words research is a sys- erally takes the form of social surveys.
tematic effort at gathering, analysis and interpreta- Social Work Research: Social work research is
tion of the problems confronted by humanity. It is a an indirect or enabling method. Social research oc-
thinking process and a scientific method of study- cupies a very important place in the field of social
ing a problem and finding a solution. Social re- work. Social work requires proper understanding,
search, however assumes a distinct character of its collections and analysis of social facts. For it so-
own in a significant measure when it comes to the cial research is an effective method and we col-
application of scientific process as in natural sci- lect empirical data through research. The solution
ences, to social phenomena. Unlike, physical and to individual, group and community problems are
natural sciences, in social research the objects are found out by research. Therefore, social work re-
conscious and active human beings. The individual search is ‘an organized effort to acquire new knowl-
behaviour of the objects whether it is free or deter- edge about various aspects of society and social
mined makes the social research really a difficult phenomenon’. In the field of social work, social
job. Further, the researcher and object being simi- work researc h (SWR) is used as an auxiliary
lar, the scope of an objective approach in social method. Social work research offers an opportunity
research is limited to a considerable extent. for all social workers to make a difference or modi-
Social research concerns with social data, which fication in their practice. There is no doubt about
are much more complex than that of the physical the fact that social worker will be more effective
data. The basis of all social interactions, whether itpractitioner guided by the findings of social work
is a large complex group research. Thus, social work research seeks to ac-
or a small cohesive group, is expectations of complish the same humanistic goals, as does a so-
behaviour, which in turn is result of many factors. cial work method. Social work research deals with
The complex nature of social data reduces the those methods and issues, which are useful in evalu-
power of exact prediction in social research. Most ating social work programmes and practices. It
of the subject matter of social research is qualita- explains the methodology of social research and
tive and does not admit quantitative measurement. illustrates its applications in social work settings.
It is more so, because social phenomena are known
only symbolically through concepts or terms repre- Nature of Social Work Research:
senting such phenomena. Social work research primarily deals with prob-
Types of social research: There are two types of lems, faced by professional social workers, social
social research. work agencies and community in its concern with

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social work functions. In other words, in social work
research the problems to be investigated are always
found in the course of doing social work or plan-
ning to do it (Dasgupta, 1968). It is very obvious that
in social work research the study of a problem is
from the point of view of social work and that of
professional social work. The designing of research,
problems, data collection and its interpretation will
have to be attempted in a manner as would be use-
ful to professional social work which would add new
knowledge to the social work theory and practice
and improve the efficiency of professional social
workers.
Social work research mostly draws its inferences
through inductive reasoning. That is, inferring some-
thing about a whole group or a class of objects from
the facts or knowledge of one or few members of
that group or class. Thus, in social work research,
inductive reasoning carries us from observation to
theory through intervention/assessment.
Scope of SWR: Its scope is based on the nature
of social work. Scope means opportunity, outlet,
range of action, change to make use of research.
Before independence there was not much change
to use S.W.R. After independence there are plenty
of opportunities to make use of S.W.R. in India. Ac-
cording to our constitution, India should aim at be-
coming welfare of children, women, handicapped,
old and the people affected by natural calamities
like flood, earth quake, cyclone, etc. and manmade
calamities like wars, riots, migration, etc. There-
fore, there is need to study the welfare needs and
social problems through research.
There is need to evaluate the programmes al-
ready undertaken. Hence the various ministries and
the planning commission and various departments
at the centre and state are asking social work insti-
tutions and agencies to conduct research to social
agencies and institutions. Indian Council of Social
Science Research (ICSSR), Natural Institute of Pub-
lic Cooperation (NIPC), and many foreign agencies
are providing funds for conducting research. Uni-
versity Grants Commission (UGC), Department of
Social Welfare Board, Central Soc ial Welfare
Board (CSWB) and many other departments are
providing grants for conducting social work research
in India.
262 / Social Work Research
Purpose of SWR: Social work is a practical pro-
fession. As such, the major objective/purpose of
social work research is to search for answers to
questions raised regarding interventions or treatment
effectiveness in social work practice. In other words
social work research attempts to provide knowl-
edge about what interventions or treatments really
help or hinder the attainment of social work goals.
In addition, it also helps in searching for answers to
problems or difficulties faced by social work prac-
titioners in the practice of their profession. Ulti-
mately, it helps building knowledge—base for so-
cial work theory and practice.
Research Designs:
A research design is a systematic plan to study
a scientific problem. After selecting the topic the
researcher is to plan how to conduct his/her research
in the most efficient and successful manner. Good
planning gives the researcher right direction for the
successful completion of the project. The plan of
study is called research design. Research design is
a blue print for the proposed study.
A Research design is a logical and systematic
planning and directing a piece of research. Re-
search design addresses itself to certain key issues
such as:
• What is the problem?
• What are the major research questions?
• What is the population for the study (area)?
• What is the sample size for the study?
• How the sample size will be selected?
• What methods and techniques will be used to
collect the date from the samples?
Thus, the details about these issues constitute a
research design. To be more specific, a research
design includes the details about the problem, the
objectives, research questions, area of study (popu-
lation), sampling method, and method and tech-
niques of data collection. In fact, research design
spells out in considerable detail what occur in the
research process.
Importance of Research Designs:
• Research design specifies the objectives of
the study, the methodology and techniques to
be adopted for achieving the objectives.
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Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which of the following is a form of research b. Influence, prediction, questions, exploration,
typically conducted by teachers, counselors, answers
and other professionals to answer questions they c . Exploration, desc ription, explanation,
have and to specifically help them solve local prediction, influence
problems? d. Questions, answers, prediction, explanation,
a. Action research summary
b. Basic research 7) A researcher designs an experiment to test how
c . Predictive research variables interact to influence how well children
d. Orientational research learn spelling words. In this case, the main
2) How much confidence should we place in a purpose of the study was:
single research study? a. Explanation
a. We should completely trust a single research b. Description
study. c . Influence
b. We should tr ust research findings after d. Prediction
different researchers have found the same 8) Which of the following is not a characteristic of
findings a good theory or explanation?
c . Neither a nor b a. It is parsimonious
b. It is testable
d. Both a and b
c . It is general enough to apply to more than
3) Which form of reasoning is the proc ess of
one place, situation, or person
drawing a specific conclusion from a set of
d. All of the above are characteristics of good
premises?
theories
a. Rationalism
9) Which of the following is not a basic assumption
b. Deductive reasoning
of science?
c . Inductive reasoning
a. Sc ienc e c annot provide answers to all
d. Probabilistic
questions
4) Research that is done to examine the findings
b. It is possible to distinguish between more and
of someone else using the “same variables but
less plausible claims
different people” is which of the following?
c . Researchers should follow certain agreed
a. Exploration
upon norms and practices
b. Hypothesis d. Science is best at solving value conflicts, such
c . Replication as whether abortion is immoral
d. Empiricism 10) What general type of research is focused on
5) ________________ is the idea that knowledge collec ting information to help a researcher
comes from experience. advance an ideological or political position?
a. Rationalism a. Evaluation research
b. Deductive reasoning b. Basic research
c . Logic c . Action research
d. Empiricism d. Orientational research
6) According to the text, what are the five key 11) Which “scientific method” follows these steps:
objectives of science? 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3) theory?
a. Predic tion, summary, c onc lusion, a. Inductive b. Deductive
explanation, description c . Inductive d. Top down

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12) Rene Descartes is associated with which of the 19) A condition or characteristic that can take on
following approached to knowledge generation? different values or categories is called ___.
a. Empiricism b. Rationalism a. A constant
c . Expert opinion d. None of the above b. A variable
13) Whic h scientific method is a top-down or c . A cause-and-effect relationship
confirmatory approach? d. A descriptive relationship
a. Deductive method 20) A variable that is presumed to cause a change
b. Inductive method in another variable is called a(n):
c . Hypothesis method a. Categorical variable
d. Pattern method b. Dependent variable
14) Which scientific method is a bottom-up or c . Independent variable
generative approach to research? d. Intervening variable
a. Deductive method 21) All of the following are common characteristics
b. Inductive method of experimental research except:
c . Hypothesis method a. It relies primarily on the collec tion of
d. Pattern method numerical data
15) Which scientific method focuses on testing b. It can produce important knowledge about
cause and effect
hypotheses developed from theories?
c . It uses the deductive scientific method
a. Deductive method
d. It rarely is conducted in a controlled setting
b. Inductive method
or environment
c . Hypothesis method
22. Qualitative research is often exploratory and
d. Pattern method
has all of the following characteristics except:
16) Which sc ientific method often focuses on
a. It is typically used when a great deal is
generating new hypotheses and theories?
already known about the topic of interest
a. Deductive method
b. It relies on the collection of nonnumerical
b. Inductive method
data such as words and pictures
c . Hypothesis method
c . It is used to generate hypotheses and develop
d. Pattern method
theory about phenomena in the world
17) Which of the following statements is true of a
d. It uses the inductive scientific method
theory?
23) What is the key defining characteristic of
a. It most simply means “explanation”
experimental research?
b. It answers the “how” and “why” questions
a. Extraneous variables are never present
c . It can be a well developed explanatory b. A positive correlation usually exists
system c . A negative correlation usually exists
d. All of the above are correct d. Manipulation of the independent variable
18) Whic h of the following best desc ribes 24) In _____, random assignment to groups is never
quantitative research? possible and the researcher cannot manipulate
a. The collection of nonnumerical data the independent variable.
b. An attempt to c onfirm the researc her’s a. Basic research
hypotheses b. Quantitative research
c . Research that is exploratory c . Experimental research
d. Research that attempts to generate a new d. Causal-c omparative and c orrelational
theory research

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25)What is the defining c haracteristic of 32) What is the opposite of a variable?

experimental research? a. A constant
a. Resistance to manipulation b. An extraneous variable
b. Manipulation of the independent variable c . A dependent variable
c . The use of open-ended questions d. A data set
d. Focuses only on local problems 33) In research, something that does not “vary” is
26) A positive correlation is present when _______. called a ___________.
a. Two variables move in opposite directions. a. Variable
b. Two variables move in the same direction. b. Method
c . One variable goes up and one goes down c . Constant
d. Several variables never change. d. Control group
27) Research in which the researcher uses the 34) When interpreting a correlation coefficient
qualitative paradigm for one phase and the expressing the relationship between two
quantitative paradigm for another phase is known variables, it is very important to avoid _______.
as ______. a. Checking the strength of relationship
a. action research b. Jumping to the conclusion of causality
b. Basic research c . Checking the direction of the relationship
c . Quantitative research d. Expressing a relationship with a correlation
d. Mixed method research coefficient
28) Research in which the researcher uses both 35) The strongest evidence for causality comes
qualitative and quantitative research within a from which of the following research methods?
stage or across two of the stages in the research a. Experimental
process is known as ______. b. Causal-comparative
a. Action research c . Correlation
b. Basic research d. Ethnography
c . Quantitative research 36) Which correlation is the strongest?
d. Mixed model research a. +.10
29) Research that is done to understand an event b. -.95
from the past is known as _____? c . +.90
a. Experimental research d. -1.00
b. Historical research 37) The correlation between intelligence test scores
c . Replication and grades is:
d. Archival research a. Positive
30) ______ research occurs when the researcher b. Negative
manipulates the independent variable. c . Perfect
a. Causal-comparative research d. They are not correlated
b. Experimental research 38) A good qualitative problem statement:
c . Ethnography a. Defines the independent and dependent
d. Correlational research variables
31) Which of the following includes examples of b. Conveys a sense of emerging design
quantitative variables? c . Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested
a. Age, temperature, income, height d. Specifies the relationship between variables
b. Grade point average, anxiety level, reading that the researcher expects to find
performance 39) The “tool” function of theory is to:
c . Gender, religion, ethnic group a. Summarize existing knowledge
d. Both a and b b. Summarize existing hypotheses

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UNIT-VIII
Social Policy in India
Lakshman G Sagar

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UNIT-VIII
Social Policy in India
Lakshman G Sagar
Social Policy-Concept and Scope
An understanding of social policy is vital for
engaging prac tically with social work values,
dealing with political and ethical questions about
responsibility, rights, our understanding of ‘the good
society’. The concept of “social policy” has often
been misunderstood or misrepresented in recent
development literature, relegated a secondary
order of importance after economic policy. It has
been depicted as a reactive tool to address the
social consequences of market failure or social
casualties. This conventional view relates that
social policy must concern itself with ensuring
equitable ac c ess to soc ial servic es such as
healthcare and education and must also respond
to soc ial challenges and market failures by
providing social security systems and structures to
support vulnerable and marginalized groups in
society. But social policy is much more than that.
Within this understanding, social policy is an
approach or an agenda to social equity that requires
the mainstreaming of social equity concerns within
all public policies and programs.
Soc ial polic y relates to guidelines for the
c hanging, maintenanc e or c reation of living
conditions that are conducive to human welfare.
Historic ally, soc ial polic y has been about
interventions of a socially redistributive kind (from
rich to poor, young to old), of a social regulatory
kind (setting the ground rules of a market economy),
of a social rights kind (delimiting the rights and
duties of citizens with regard to access to services
and incomes) (Deacon, Ollila Koivussalo and
Stubbs, 2003).
Social policy is concerned with intervention by
governments and other organizations to meet human
needs. Social policy is essentially focussed on those
aspects of the economy, society and polity that are
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necessary to human existence and the means by
which they can be provided.
Social Policy is an interdisciplinary and applied
subject concerned with the analysis of societies’
responses to social need. It seeks to foster in its
students a c apacity to understand theory and
evidenc e drawn from a wide range of soc ial
sc ienc e disc iplines, including ec onomic s,
sociology, psychology, philosophy and political
science. Social Policy is focused on those aspects
of the ec onomy, soc iety and polity that are
necessary to human existence and the means by
which they can be provided (Brooks, 1998).
Definitions of Social Policy:
Social policy is often defined as social services
such as education, health, employment, and social
sec urity. However, soc ial policy is also about
redistribution, protection and social justice. The
term policy, social policy too does not seem to
have unanimity among the authors. Social policy is
used in different contexts by different opinion like
leaders, administrators, thinkers, philosophers and
the scholars of social policy as well as other social
scientists. The term social policy is not only used
to refer to academic study, however, it is also used
to refer to the social actions taken by policy makers
in real world. So, social policy refers both to the
activity of policy making to promote well-being and
to academic study of such action (Alcock, Erskine
and May, 2004).
According to Erskine (1998) “social policy is a
discipline as well as being an area of practice. This
is to point to a distinction, which is frequently
confusing, between social policy as a field of study
and social policy a set of policies adopted by
government, loc al authorities and other
organization to achieve social purposes”.
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According to Levin (1997) “social policy refers
to the practice of social intervention aimed at
securing social change to promote the welfare and
wellbeing of citizens. Many organization and
agencies, and the people who work in or for them,
are involved in formulating and implementing social
policies”.
Rice (2000) says that “social policy is a broad
term encompassing not only social welfare but other
activities of government affecting social life. Social
policy endeavours to affect the nature of the quality
of life. It creates conditions which are intended to
increase the welfare of, insure just treatment of
individuals, and provide resources to those who, due
to an inability to earn income, are unable to meet
their own needs and reduce or, if possible, eliminate
social inequalities through redistribution. Social
policy in its broadest dimensions encompasses
many areas: social welfare, health care, justice and
corrections, culture, broadcasting and the arts, and
native people, to name a few”.
According to Alcock (2003) “social policies are
developed within societies to meet the needs for
the welfare and wellbeing within the population”.
Richard Titmus (1958), was the first professor of
Social Administration, who was appointed at the
London School of Economics in 1950, says that
“social policy as collective interventions to meet
certain needs of the individual and/or to serve the
wider interests of the society”. He believes that
social policy is designed to provide welfare for
c itizens inc ludes ec onomic as well as non-
economic objectives, involves some measure of
progressive redistribution in c ommand-over-
resources from rich to poor.
According to Mecbeath (1957) “social policies
are concerned with the right ordering of the network
of relationships between men and women who live
together in societies, or with the principles which
should govern the activities of individuals and
groups so far as they affect the lives and interests
of other people”.
Pension (1962) point out social policy can be
defined “as a policy which aims at a continual
reform of society in order to eliminate weaknesses
and constructs or ameliorates good situations”.
According to Kulkarni (1965) “social policy as
the strategy of action indicting the means and
302 / Social Policy in India
methods to be followed in successive phases to
achieve the declared social objectives”.
Marshal (1965) defines “social policy refers to
the policy of governments with regard to action
having a direct impact on the welfare of citizens
providing them with sources of income”.
According to Hagenbuch (1958) “social policy
is the desires to ensure every member of the
community achieve certain standards and certain
opportunities in the life”.
Gil (1973) avers, “Social policies are principles
or courses of action designed to influence the
overall reality of life in a society”.
The social work dictionary (1991) defines “social
policy as the activities and principles of a society
that guide the way it intervenes in and regulates
relationships between individuals, groups,
communities, and social institutions. Social policy
includes plans and programs in education, health
care, crime and corrections, economic security and
social welfare made by governments, voluntary
organizations and the people in general”.
After evaluating the above definitions one can
conclude that social policy is defined as a series
of public polic ies designed to promote social
development, undertaken by a variety of actors
through a range of instruments. It empowers
individuals and community to be their own
advocates for change.
Characteristics of Social Policy
The following are the characteristics of social
policy (Wals, Stephen and Moore, 2003; Kennett,
2004)
1. Social policy is a subject as well as an area
of practice
2. Social policy as an instrument
3. Soc ial policy plays distributional and
redistributive role
4. Social policy is the unilateral transfer of
resources from one section of society to
another section of society
5. Social policy has concern for weaker and
vulnerable sections of the society
6. Social policies do not exist in isolation rather
they are effective in relation to other policies.
Hence, it is called Co-existence.
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Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who was the first professor of Soc ial c . Political policy

Administration, appointed at the London School d. Religious policy
of Economics? 9. Social sector includes__
a. Richard Titmus b. Alcock a. Health & Education
c . Miller d. George b. Water and sanitation
2. Historically social policy relates to................ c . Housing
a. About interventions of a socially redistributive d. All the above
kind 10.The Central Soc ial Welfare Board was
b. Social regulatory kind established in the year____
c . Social rights kind
a. 1980 b. 1970
d. All the above
c . 1950 d. 1953
3. Social policy relates to .................
11.The first five year plans duration was.............
a. Guidelines for the changing, maintenance or
a. 1951-55 b. 1950-55
c reation of living c onditions those are
conducive to human welfare. c . 1955-60 d. 1953-58
b. Economic development 12. Social insurance includes____
c . Political development a. Pensions
d. Religious development b. Unemployment benefits
4. Social policy is concerned with ___ c . Disability allowances
a. Intervention by governments and other d. All the above
organizations to meet human needs 13. Social protection does not include
b. Industrial development a. Food subsidies
c . Political development b. Public works projects
d. Economic development c . Supplementary feeding
5. According to Devereux and Cook, social policy d. Alms
intervenes in the following areas 14. Social services will not include
a. Social sector and Social insurance a. Care for vulnerable groups
b. Social protection
b. Care for weaker section
c . Social service and social rights
c . Care for affluent
d. All the above
d. Care for needy
6. What are the objective of Social Policy?
15. Social rights will not include
a. Social change
b. Social integration a. Child
c . Improvement of quality of life b. Labour
d. All the above c . Women’s rights
7. Social policies deal with issues such as d. Care for political section
a. Poverty b. Poor housing 16.Welfare programmes based on Social Policy in
c . Disability d. All the above India are not provided in one of the sectors
8. Social policy is part of _____ mentioned below:
a. Public policy a. Health b. Entertainment
b. Economic policy c. Employment d. Education

352 / Social Policy in India UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III

17.Which one of the following programmes is not
based on Affirmative Action Policies?
a. Programmes to meet economic needs of poor
b. Specific programmes for the development of
Scheduled Castes
c . Programmes for Industrial Growth
d. Programmes for the Welfare of Women
18.Assertion (A): The role of professional social
worker is empowering and capacity building of
the oppressed and marginalized sections of
society
Reason (R): Professional social workers have
requisite skill and sensitivity to deal with the
problems of such sections of society.
a. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the
explanation of (A)
b. Both (A) and (R) are not correct
c . (A) is correct, but (R) is wrong
d. (A) is not correct, but (R) is correct
19.Accountability in governance refers to
a. The ability of c itizens to hold leaders,
government and public organizations to
account
b. The ability of citizens to open accounts in
the bank
c . The national income account that show profit
and loss of the government
d. The behaviour of chartered accountants in
corporate banks
20.Panchayati Raj institutes in India have brought
about which one of the following?
a. Eradication of untouchability
b. Spread of land ownership to depressed
classes
c . Formal representation of the weaker sections
in village governance
d. Spread of education to the masses
21.Which article of Indian Constitution lays down
the provision of free and compulsory education
for children?
a. 45 b. 46
c. 47 d. 48
22. Probation means:
a. Release on licence
b. Release on bail
c . Conditional suspension of punishment
d. Suspension of punishment
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23.Assertion (A): Social Workers working with
minorities requires the knowledge and indepth
understanding of the effects of oppression on
minority groups
Reason (R): Social Workers are duty bound to
serve the oppressed and marginalized
a. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)
b. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A)
c . (A) is true, but (R) is not true
d. (A) is not true, but (R) is true
24. Social Legislation attempts to
(a) Justice as well as social security
(b) Anticipate social needs
(c) Provide for change in social order
(d) All the above
25.Institutional Redistributive Model of Social
Policy is associated with
(a) Capitalist State
(b) Communist State
(c) Totalitarian State
(d) Welfare State
26.Whic h was not the c ore instrument of the
economic policy?
a ) Monetary policy
b) Fiscal policy
c ) Regulation and other direct controls
d) Youth policy
27.Which was not the approach of social policy?
a ) New right approach & Social democratic
approach
b) The radical socialist approach & Feminist
approach
c ) Anti-racist approach
d) Community approach
28.Public policy typically aims to do which of the
following?
a ) Exacerbate c onflicting c laims made on
scarce resources
b) Remove incentives for collective action
c ) Prohibit morally acceptable behaviour
d) Protect the rights and activities of individuals
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29.Which of the following best summarizes group
theory?
a. Groups elect politicians who vote to provide
benefits to the masses.
b. The smaller the group, the more success it
has in influencing public policy.
c . Public policy is made by a small group of
influential leaders.
d. Public policy emerges from a competition
between the interests of different groups.
30.Whic h of the following best exemplifies
distributive policy?
a. Social Security
b. Declaring that June will be National Dairy
Month
c . Welfare benefits for the poor
d. Environmental protection
31.The steps that must be taken by administrative
agencies are examples of which of the following
policies?
a. Procedural policy
b. Regulatory policy
c . Material policy
d. Substantive policy
32.Which of the following correctly lists the stages
of the policymaking process in chronological
order?
a. Policy evaluation; issue identi-fication and
agenda setting; polic y adoption; polic y
formulation; policy implementation
b. Issue identific ation and agenda setting;
policy formulation; policy adoption; policy
implementation; policy evaluation
c . Policy formulation; issue identi-fication and
agenda setting; policy evaluation; policy
implementation; policy adoption
d. Policy implementation; policy evaluation;
issue identification and agenda setting; policy
formulation; policy adoption
33. Who evaluates public policies?
a. The media
b. Academics
c . Government officials
d. All of the political actors listed above may
evaluate public policies.
354 / Social Policy in India
34.Whic h of the following best desc ribes
instrumentalism?
a. Decision makers rationally evaluate all of the
options and then select the policy that is the
most appropriate means of achieving an
objective.
b. Policies are ranked according to their costs
and expected impact on the problem before
a course of action is determined.
c . Polic ies are c rafted so as to c reate the
greatest amount of good for the greatest
number of people.
d. Policy makers focus on making necessary
c hanges and adaptations in existing
practices.
35.Whic h of the following is not generally
considered social-welfare policy?
a. Health care b. Interest rates
c . Food stamps d. Education
36.Of the following countries, which typically
provides the least extensive welfare benefits?
a. The United States
b. Sweden
c . Germany
d. India
37.Which of the following approaches to social
welfare polic y is based on the belief that
government policy should be designed to
discourage the poor from being idle by making
it difficult for them to obtain public assistance?
a. The incomes approach
b. The alleviative approach
c . The curative approach
d. The punitive approach
38.National Policy on Education was approved by
the parliament in the year
a. 1985     b. 1986
c. 1990 d. 1984
39.Tagore say that we achieve our greatest
happiness when
a. We are being appreciated
b. We earn lot of money
c . We realize ourselves through others     
d. None of the above
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UNIT-IX
Social Justice
Suma K.G.
Laxman Toli

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UNIT-IX
Social Justice
Suma K.G.
Laxman Toli
Introduction
The term ‘justice’ in the Preamble of Indian
constitution embraces three distinct forms- social,
economic and political, secured through various
provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive
Princ iples. Soc ial justic e denotes the equal
treatment of all citizens without any soc ial
distinction based on caste, colour, race, religion,
sex and so on.
Soc ial justic e is the balanc e between the
individual’s rights and social control ensuring of the
fulfillment of the ‘legitimate’ expectation of the
individual under the existing laws and to assure him
benefits there under and protection in case of any
violation or enrichment on his rights, consistent with
the unity of the nation and needs of the society.
The Supreme Court of India regarded the
concept of social justice, as a living concept of
revolutionary import, it gives sustenance to the rule
of law and meaning and significance to the ideal
of a welfare state”. Social Justice will undoubtedly
involve or require the sacrificing of some rights of
Individuals in the interests of society.
Justice is not merely right determination and
adjudication of disputes and enforcement of Law,
but is so comprehensive in its meaning and import
that it takes within its ambit the whole of political,
social, juristic and moral idealism. It is so, because
Justic e has referenc e to the whole of human
existence which we want to realize by our thought,
will and action. The mystery of Justice cannot be
unraveled by human reason, logic or language
completely. It has greater appeal to human soul.
Justice as reality is only fully reflected in our
conscience and felt through our intuition.
Social Justice is considered to be the primary
goal of a welfare state whose very existence in
turn rests on the parameters of justice, the greatest
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contrast, however, between ancient and modern
thinking about the social harmony of justice is in
the changed conception of individual personality
in relation of law.
Concept of Social Justice:
The concept of social justice emerged out of a
process of evolution of social norms, order, law and
morality. It laid emphasis upon the just action and
creates intervention in the society by enforcing the
rules and regulations based on the principles of
social equality.
The term ‘Social-Justice’ consist by two words:
one is social and second is justice. The term ‘social’
is concern with all human beings who lives in
society and term ‘justice’ is related with liberty,
equality and rights. Thus social justice is concerned
with, to ensure liberty, provide equality and maintain
individual rights to every human being of society.
In other words, to securing the highest possible
development of the capabilities of all members of
the society may be called social justice.
The term social justice was first used in 1840 by
a Sicilian priest, Luigi Taparelli d’Azeglio, and
given prominence by Antonio Rosmini Serbati in
La Costitutione Civile Secondo la Giustizia Sociale
in 1848. The c onc ept of soc ial justic e is a
revolutionary concept which provides meaning and
significance to life and makes the rule of law
dynamic. When Indian society seeks to meet the
c hallenge of soc ioec onomic inequality by its
legislation and with the assistance of the rule of
law, it seeks to achieve economic justice without
any violent conflict.
The ideal of welfare state postulates unceasing
pursuit of the doctrine of social justice. That is the
significance and importance of the concept of
social justice in the Indian context of today. ‘justice’
Social Justice / 369
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was used as equivalent to ‘Righteousness’, since
the beginning of recorded ethical and legal history.
In 1918, Karl Kautsky wrote in the Dictatorship of
proletariat: “Socialism as a means to the
emancipation of the proletariat without democracy
is unthinkable. Socialism is for us inseparably
connected with democracy. No socialism without
democracy.”
The concept of social justice consists of diverse
principles essential for the orderly growth and
development of personality of every citizen. Social
Justice is thus an integral part of justice in the
generic sense. Social Justice is dynamic devise to
mitigate the sufferings of the poor, weak, tribal’s’
and deprived sections of the society and to elevate
them to the level of equality to live a life with
dignity of persons.
Social Justice is not a simple or single idea of a
society but is an essential part of complex social
change to relieve the poor etc., from handicaps,
penury to ward of distress and to make their life
livable for greater good of the society at large. In
other words, the aim of Social Justice is to attain
substantial degree of social, economic and political
equality, which is the legitimate expectation and
constitutional goal. In a developing society like ours,
stepped with unbridgeable and ever widening caps
of inequality in status and of opportunity, law is a
catalyst, rub icon to poor etc to reach the ladder of
Social Justice.
Meaning of Social Justice:
Social justice denotes the equal treatment of all
citizens without any social distinction based on
caste, color, race, religion, sex and so on. It means
absenc e of privileges being extended to any
particular section of the society, and improvement
in the conditions of backward classes and women.
Social Justice is the foundation stone of Indian
Constitution. Indian Constitution makers were well
known to the use and minimalist of various
principles of justice.
Social justice is a comprehensive enough to
inc lude economic justic e as well as politic al
justice, must be distinguished from both, just as
component part from the whole, and distinguished.
In the border perspective, social justice deals
with the regulation of wage, profits, protection of
370 / Social Justice
individual rights through the legal system of
allocation of goods and resources. In different
words social justice means availability of equal
soc ial opportunities for the development of
personality to all the people in the society, without
any discrimination on the basis of caste, sex or race.
No one should be deprived, basis on these
differences, because these are those condition
which are essential for soc ial development.
Therefore, the issue of social justice is associated
with social equality and individual rights.
Social justice can be made available only in a
social system where the exploitation of man by man
is absent, and where privileges of the few are not
built upon the miseries of the many. The core
element of social justice is equal social worth which
required that citizens be guaranteed certain social
rights as well as the civil and political rights.
The idea of social justice demands freedom,
equality and other human rights to secure to greatest
happiness and common good of human beings. The
core concept of social justice is, ‘men are equal in
their lives’, and they should enjoy equal freedom
and rights in society. Thus the ‘social justice is an
intrinsic virtue of society’.
Definitions of Social Justice
Social justice is defined as “promoting a just
soc iety by c hallenging injustic e and valuing
diversity.” It exists when “all people share a
common humanity and therefore have a right to
equitable treatment, support for their human rights,
and a fair allocation of community resources.” In
conditions of social justice, people are “not be
discriminated against, nor their welfare and well-
being constrained or prejudiced on the basis of
gender, sexuality, religion, political affiliations, age,
rac e, belief, disability, loc at ion, soc ial class,
soc ioec onomic c ircumstanc es, or other
c harac teristic of bac kground or group
membership”. (Toowoomba Catholic Education,
2006).
Social justice is generally equated with the
notion of equality or equal opportunity in society.
Although equality is undeniably part of social
justice, the meaning of social justice is actually
much broader (Scherlen and Robinson, 2008).
Further, “equal opportunity” and similar phrases
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Multiple Choice Questions

1. ………………are distinct forms of ‘Justice’ in 9. The term social justice was first used by
Indian constitution. a ) Sicilian priest, Luigi Taparelli d’Azeglio,
a ) Justice, empowerment, well being b) M. Gandhi
b) Social, economical, political c ) Dr. BR. Ambedkar
c ) Social, Psychological, emotional d) Raja ram Mohan Roy
d) Social, educational, judicial 10.The concept of social justice is a ………which
2. Social Problems are treated with Social reform provides meaning and significance to life and
and…………….. makes the rule of law dynamic.
a ) Social legislation. a ) revolutionary concept
b) Social work b) old age concept
c ) Social science c ) young old concept
d) Social service d) new concept
3. Social justice is the balance between….. 11.justic e’ was used as equivalent to
a ) Individual’s rights and social control ‘Righteousness’
b) Society and individual a ) true b) false
c ) Fundamental rights and judicial system c ) partially true d) partially wrong
d) Individual and family 12.What does Social justice denotes?
4. According to the Supreme Court of India, social a ) equal treatment of all citizens without any
justice…. social distinction
a ) as a living concept of revolutionary import b) equal distribution of wealth
b) judicial mechanism c ) equal participation of women in politics
c ) social control measure d) equal employment opportunities between
d) Social defense men and women
5. The primary goal of a welfare state is to achieve 13.Which one of the following is c alled as a
a ) Social Justice foundation stone of Indian Constitution?
b) Freedom to all a ) Preamble b) Legislations
c ) Employment to all c ) Articles d) Social justice
d) Political justice 14.What was the percentage of literate people at
6. The concept of social justice has emerged out the time of independence?
of a process of……….? a ) 12% b) 14%
a ) Individual rights c ) 16% d) 18%
b) Social practices 15.Minimum needs programme was introduced
c ) social norms, order, law and morality during the________.
d) Religion, caste and community a. fifth five year plan
7. The term social justice was first used in the year b. second five year plan
a ) 1840 b) 1856 c . fourth five year plan
c ) 1948 d) 1950 d. sixth five year plan
8. Social welfare policies were first introduced in 16.Which one of the following is not an objective
India in the year_________. of social justice?
a ) 1972 b) 1951 a ) To ensure that ‘Rule of Law’ prevails in
c ) 1947 d) 1851 society

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b) To ensure equality of outcome a ) Articles 38 and 39

c ) To prevent abuse and exploitation of weaker b) Articles 33 and 34
and vulnerable sections. c ) Articles 44 and 45
d) To form social legislations to only d) Articles 58 and 59
marginalized groups 23.“The existence of opportunities for meaningful
17.Match the followings work and employment” is called as
a ) The principle i) demands of upholding a ) Social equality
of human dignity and defending human b) Social equity
dignity c ) Economical and social equity
b) The principle of ii) all the c onditions of d) Economic justice
respect for society and the goods 24.The term “The qualities on ‘just’ (or virtuous)
human life man” is related …….?
c ) The principle iii) prosc riptive and a ) Orthodox concept of social justice
of rights and cautionary ways b) Ancient concept of social justice
responsibilities c ) Neo-modern concept of social justice
d) The principle iv) human beings are d) Modern concept of social justice
of the common presumed to be free and 25.The term a ‘just-society’ is related to which one
good responsible persons of the followings?
Codes a ) Orthodox concept of social justice
a ) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii b) Western concept of social justice
b) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii. c ) British Indian concept of social justice
c ) a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv d) Modern concept of social justice
d) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv 26.Which are the terms related to justice in ancient
18.Distributive justice is combination of ......? Indian tradition?
a ) rights and duties a ) Charity and Dhanda
b) constitutional remedies and social system b) Dandaniti and Dharma
c ) social and economical justice c ) Village court and public justice
d) community and society d) Labour and wage
19.When was the World Summit for Soc ial 27.Which one of the following is related to ‘Law
Development held? and punishment’ in modern notions?
a) 1999 b) 1986 a ) Dharma
c) 1995 d) 2001 b) Dandaniti
20.Which summit was adopted the Copenhagen c ) Modern laws
Declaration and Programme of Action? d) Legal enforcement
a ) World social justice summit 28.………… is another name of code of duties and
b) International summit for social development justice in Indian tradition.
c ) World Summit for Social Development a ) Dharma
d) World Summit for international justice b) Constitution
21.The term weaker section, or backward classes c ) Rights
are use for the people who are____________ d) Fundamental duties
a ) socially or educationally backward 29.State the two important approaches which are
b) socially or economically backward related Modern Approach for Social Justice?
c ) social or political backwardness a ) Marxist and Liberal’s approach
d) social or culture backwardness b) Social and economical approach
22.Which Articles in Indian constitution refers the c ) Legal and fundamental approach.
concept of Distributive justice? d) Marxist and social approach

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30.Liberal justice focuses on ………………..? c . inter caste marriage

a ) rights of individuals d. parental property
b) rights of marginalized groups 39.Which Act gives protection to women from
c ) rights of female being kidnapped and compelled to become
d) rights of old age prostitutes?
31.Who developed the concept of modern Liberal a. The Criminal Law Amendment
justice? b. The Family Court Act
a ) John Locke b) Max Webber c . The Indecent Representation of Women
c ) John miller d) Karl Marx d. The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
32.Who was a pioneer of the movement for social 40.In which of the year The Society registration
justice in India? act came into existence?
a ) M. Gandhi a. 1960 b. 1972
b) J Nehru c . 1971 d. 1980
c ) Dr. B R Ambedkar 41.In which of the year Tamil Nadu societies
d) L B Shastri registration act came into existence?
33.Which one of the following was not a Gandhian a. 1975 b. 1972
concept of social justice? c . 1970 d. 1852
a ) truth and non-violence 42.In which of the year Religious and charitable
b) Ramrajya and Swaraj institution registration act came into existence?
c ) Satyagraha and Trusteeship a. 1820. b. 1920
d) Social and economical freedom c . 1852 d. 1475
34.According to Marxist approach of social justice, 43.The term untouchable caste was made use of
which is the source of injustice? for the first time by which commission?
a ) private ownership on the means of production a. Simon commission
b) Public ownership on the means of production b. National commission
c ) Govt. ownership on the means of production c . Kalalkar commission
d) Kingdoms ownership on the means of d. The backward class commission
production 44.Who is regarded as the ‘Champion of Social
35.According to Gandhiji which of the following is justice.’ In india?
a safeguard for achieving individual freedom? a ) M. Gandhi
a ) Decentralization of Wealth b) Dr. B R Ambedkar
b) Decentralization of power and authority c ) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
c ) Formulation of effective social policies d) Jothiba Pule
d) centralization of power and authority 45.Ambedkar gives a significant place for……….?
36.Gandhi laid emphasis upon whic h of the a ) Socialism
followings? b) Liberalism
a ) Social equity b) Human equality c ) Moral equality
c ) Human dignity d) Human equity d) Mutual sympathy and respect
37.International Women’s year was celebrated in 46.For Ambedkar which one of the following is the
the year……. source for concept of social justice?
a. 1979 b. 1978 a ) Social legislations of western countries
c . 1975 d. 1976 b) Constitution of Ireland
38.The Hindu Succession Act 1956 provides for c ) French Revolution of 1789
women the right to... d) Indian ancient views on social justice
a. Maintenance from husband 47.According to Ambedkar which are the three
b. childless woman concepts of social justice?

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UNIT-X
Social Development
Shanivaram Reddy. K

UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III 435

UNIT-X
Social Development
Shanivaram Reddy. K
Introduction:
Soc ial development as a proc ess and an
approach to social well-being is not an independent
and autonomous conc ept. And further, social
development strategies are not mutually exclusive,
but c an be integrated to ac hieve soc ial
development goals in conjunction with the dynamic
process of ec onomic development (Midgley,
1995:139).
The proponents of social development, on the
country, refute some of the basic assumptions
regarding the percolation of ec onomic
development effec ts to promotion of soc ial
development. The argument advanc ed is that
ec onomic development parameters of
development paradigm in the developed as well
as in developing countries have resulted in the
creation of islands of prosperity in the midst of an
ocean of poverty. The growth, in terms of material
prosperity, has made ‘man’ an economic being,
blunting his social sensitivities, freezing his finer
instincts and emotions, converting him into a self-
centered, selfish and self-seeking person oblivious
of his social obligations to help all those who are
run down in the race of development and whose
lives are characterized by fear insecurity, want,
dearth, disease and despair. The trickle-down
effects of economic growth hardly reach the mass
of pauperized persons. Had that been so, the
developed western nations may not be having a
substantial proportion of their population living in
property.
In specific terms, social development goals
aim at:
- Promotion of social progress and betterment
of human condition based on human dignity,
equality, respect, mutual responsibilty and
cooperation.
- Placement of people at the c entre of
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development and the economy at the service
of human needs.
- Integration of economic and social policies
to make them mutually supportive.
- Recognizing that sound and broad-based
economic policies are necessary foundation
to achieve sustainable social development
- Promotion of a just distribution of income and
ac c ess to resourc es through equity and
equality of all levels
- Strengthening of civil society and enabling
people to achieve satisfaction of basic needs
and to realize their dignity, safety and
creativity.
- Empowering people to strengthen own
capacities.
The characteristics of social development:
(a) The needs and aspirations of all people;
(b) Their empowerment to maximize their
capacities, resources and opportunities;
(c ) Enhancement of people’s rights, resources
and potentialities to enable them to lead
satisfying lives and contribute to the well-
being of their families, their communities
and to their society at large;
(d) A fair distribution of the benefit of
development;
(e ) Facilitation of structural changes; and
(f) Promotion of a development perspective
in social welfare.
Given the social and econamic inequalities and
the unsatisfac tory c onditions of life for a
development substantially large section of society,
the soc ial sc ienc e disc ourse on deveolpment
paradigms conceives social development as a true
indicator of human development.The preferred
visions of development desires that human
development should occupy a centre stage and
Social Development / 437
Niruta Publications
should emerge as an ultimate goal of development
planing. Large number of our social science writing
have shown preference for that vision of
development which results in the enhancement of
the quality of life (in both moral and material sense),
espec ially for the resource-poor sec tions of
society,whose basic needs often remain numet and
whose social and econamic empowerment is an
avowed objective of development planing.The
development debete tn the early eighties shifted to
social aspects of development,as is being currently
examined in the social science literature.
In recent years there has appeared a lot of
literature on social development and the subject
has been discussed at length in the world summit
on soc ial development held in march 1995 at
copenhagen.The documents arising out of the
summit, when read along with our own writings on
social development, underscore the fact that social
development, while being an old c onc ept
(Dube,1994;83) has acquired new meanings and
messages. It is apparently more comprehensive
than economic development. The term social
development. As understood in the UN quarters
broadly refers to improvements in human well-
being, to development that it not strictly economic
or market driven, and to improvements in the
quantity and quality of public or social sevices.
The Central Tenets of
Social Development are:
1. Economic growth is an essential but not
suffic ient c ondition to ensure soc ial
development,and,strategies of development
in order to be more relevant. Should focus on
soeieties and not an economies.
2. Development should be human centred and
broad-based,effecting equal opportunities for
all to partic ipate fully and freely in
ec onomic ,soc ial,c ulturaland politec al
activities .
3. People are the ends and not the means of
economic progress and development.
4. Economic growth should subserve the cause
of soc ial development and ensure that
development has a human face.
438 / Social Development
5. social development and economic progress
are mutually reinforcing- social development
helps reduc e ec onomic inequalities and
bolsters ec onomic growth and equitable
growth creates jobs and reduces poverty.
In the light of its c entral tenets,soc ial
development requires modification conducive to
eradiation of poverty,promotion of productive
employment and acceleration of social integration
(UNESCO,1994:9). It means polic ies and
programmes to reduce and eliminate polarization
of societies,social exclusion,unemployment and
poverty and to provide opportunities for the
disadvantaged persons and gruops to improve their
living conditions (UNESCO,1994:10).
The aim of soc ial development is to effect
social well-being,i.e.,the ability of every human
being to satisfy his/her basic needs and achieve a
satisfactory quality of life within the environment
of equity, social justice and human dignity.
Social development calls for strategic investment
in health,educ ation and soc ial ser vic es, and
nec essitates ac cess of the underprivileged to
means of economic well-being.
Sound and broad-based economic policies with
suffic ient soc ial safegruads and nec essery
foundation to achieve sustained social development.
In connection with social development, two
allied concepts,namely, ‘human deveopment’ and
‘sustainable human development’ find frequent
mention in the c urrent soc ial development
debate,especially when the issue of sustainability
is raised.
Human development tended to be equated to
with human resource years that human development
has taken on a deeper meaning by recognizing that
development is sustainable only when human being
are increasingly capable of taking charge of their
destiny.
The concept of human development implies
people centred development, a development that
is focused o people, their needs and aspiration. The
ultimate objective of development is to improve
human well-being and the quality of people’s lives.
The concept of sustainable human development
lays emphasis on the development of social capital
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Multiple Choice Questions

1. The book of ‘ India’s Economic Policy: Preparing c ) Assisting rural and tribal women in health
for the Twenty first Century’ written by care services
a ) Bimal Jalan d) Providing with health insurance facility for
b) YV.Reddy. farmers co-operations
c ) Rangarajan 8. Live births per 1000 population per year is called
d) Man Mohan Singh a ) Live birth rate
2. New agriculture policy was started in the year b) Birth rate
of c ) Crude birth rate
a ) 2000 d) New population rate
b) 2001 9. ‘Chipko’ movement is associated with
c ) 2005 a ) Human rights
d) 2010 b) Women welfare
3. A person in normal health requires ______ c ) Religious activists
calories per day d) Environmental conservation
a ) 1000-1800 calories 10.Kothari Commission (1964-66) emphasized on
b) 2500-3000 calories A) Expansion of Universal schooling
c ) 3000-4000 calories
B) Non-formal and continuing education
d) 4000-5000 calories
C) Vocational education
4. Sex-ratio means
D) Reading materials
a ) The relation between male and female
11.The programme aimed at enabling illiterate
b) The ratio between the number of adult male
women to acquire func tional skills, better
and adult female in a population
awareness of health, hygiene and child care is
c ) The ratio between number of female and
A) National Female Literacy Mission
number of male in a population
B) Functional Literacy for Adult Women
d) The number of females per 1000 males in a
C) Female Farmers Functional Literacy and
population
5. Former president Dr.Abdul Kalam’s PURA refers Training
to D) Total Literary Programme
a ) A model for growth of the metro cities 12.Which is the administrative authority controlling
b) Providing urban amenities in Urban Areas Juvenile Justice Board?
c ) providing urban amenities in rural areas A) Police Department
d) A plan for urban and rural areas B) Judicial Department
6. Human Development Index is a composite of C) Prosecution Department
a ) Income, trade and investment indicators D) Social Welfare Department
b) Poverty, human rights and unemployment 13.What official committee is associated with the
indicators issue of corruption in India ?
c ) Income, health and education indicators A) Santhanam Committee
d) Health, educ ation and quality of life B) Malimath Committee
indicators C) A. N. Mulla Committee
7. Yeshaswini programme in Karnataka State aims D) Krishna Iyer Committee
at 14.Till what age can a woman prisoner keep her
a ) Assisting women in adopting family planning child, with her in the prison ?
methods A) Upto 5 years B) Upto 7 years
b) Assisting women to earn wage income C) Upto 9 years D) Upto 11 years

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15.HDI is entrusted with reference to : Choose the correct code :

I. Life expectancy at birth Codes :
II. Real GDP/per capita (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
III.Infant mortality A) 1 2 3 4
IV. Morbidity B) 2 3 4 1
Codes : C) 4 1 2 3
A) I and II are correct. D) 3 4 1 2
B) II and III are correct. 22.Generally visually impaired persons have visual
C) III and IV are correct. acuity of
A) 2/200 B) 20/100
D) All the above
C) 20/70 D) 20/200
16.Which of the following Committees has been set
23.Assertion (A) : Poverty is essentially a social
up in India for identification of BPL families in
phenomenon and only secondarily a material
urban areas ?
or physical phenomenon.
A) Tendulkar Committee
Reason (R) : Poverty is the soc ioec onomic
B) Saxena Committee phenomenon whereby the resources available
C) Lakdawala Committee to a society are used to satisfy the wants of the
D) Hashim Committee few while many do not have even their basic
17.A Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Sc heme was needs met.
introduced in the year Codes :
A) 2001 B) 2005 A) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
C) 1998 D) 1999 B) Both (A) and (R) are correct.
18.The great sociologist who held the view that C) Both (A) and (R) are not correct.
“education doesn’t bring about social change; D) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
rather the soc ial c hange results into an 24.The World Summit for Social Development
educational change” was (WSSD) was held in March 1995 in
A) McDougal B) Aristotle A) Copenhagen B) Helsinki
C) Durkheim D) Dewey C) Hague D) Vienna
19.Which of the following is not a factor for social 25.Human Rights Watch (HRW) was initially known
change in India ? as
A) Caste B) Regionalism A) Helsinki Watch
C) Language D) Census B) Human Rights Initiative
20.Equality of Educational opportunities is possible C) Human Rights Cell
D) Human Rights Time
by
26.The Government of India has established
A) Extending portals of educational institutions
National Handicapped Finance Development
to all without any discrimination
Corporation (NHFDC) under
B) Opening more educational institutions
A) The Ministry of Soc ial Justic e and
C) Privatizing the educ ation system in the
Empowerment
country B) The Ministry of Human Resourc e
D) Public funding of Education Development
21.Match Column – I with Column – II : C) The Ministry of Women & Child Development
Column – I Column – II D) The Ministry of Rural Development
i) Chipko Movement 1. Medha Patkar 27.Arrange in sequence the adoption of following
ii) Narmada Bacchao 2. Al Gore Acts in India
Andolan i) The protection of women from Domestic
iii)Climate Change 3. Rachel Carson Violence Act.
iv) Silent Spring 4. Sundarlal Bahuguna ii) The Dowry Prohibition Act.

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iii) The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) iii) Right to work.
Act iv) Protection and maintenance of places of
iv) Protection of Civil Rights Act historic interest.
Codes : Codes :
A) (ii), (iv), (iii), (i) A) (i)
B) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii)
B) (ii) and (iv)
C) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
C) (i), (ii) and (iv)
D) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
D) (i) and (ii)
28.Arrange the following Conferences in the order
in which they were held : 32.Assertion (A) : In ancient India during the time
i) The World Summit for Social Development of the Aryans, women enjoyed full and complete
Copenhagen freedom and equality with men.
ii) United Nations Conference on Human Reason (R) : Because at that time women were
Settlement Istanbul stronger than men and therefore men were afraid
iii) World Conference on Human Rights Vienna of women.
iv) World Conference against Racism Durban A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
Codes : correct explanation of (A).
A) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii) B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
B) (iii), (i), (ii), (iv)
correct explanation of (A).
C) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (iv), (ii), (iii), (i)
29.Arrange the Acts with the respective year of D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
passed : 33.‘Ac id Rains’ is c onsidered as one of the
i) The persons with Disabilities Act following :
ii) The Mental Health Act A) Chemical accidents
iii) The Rehabilitation Council of India Act B) Chemical chain reaction
iv) The National Trust Act C) Deforestation
Codes : D) Heavy chemical industrialisation and acidic
A) (iv), (iii), (i), (ii) 34.The maternity leave period with full wage is
B) (i), (ii), (iv), (iii) A) six months B) twelve weeks
C) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv) C) four months D) sixteen weeks
D) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)
35.Child-Woman ratio is a measure of
30.Assertion (A) : Corruption is cause of poverty
A) Population growth B) Migration
and underdevelopment.
Reason (R) : Poor are c orr upt and C) Mortality D) Fertility
underdeveloped. 36.According to 2011 Census of India the density
Codes : of population is
A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the A) 250 – 299 persons per sq. km.
correct explanation of (A). B) 300 – 349 persons per sq. km.
B) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not C) 350 – 399 persons per sq. km.
the correct explanation of (A). D) 400 – 450 persons per sq. km.
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 37.Which one of the following States is mostly
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. urbanized ?
31.Which of the following were added to the A) Andhra Pradesh B) Tamil Nadu
Direc tive Princ iples through constitutional
C) Maharashtra D) Orissa
amendments?
38.Assertion (A) : The National Rural Health
i) Protection and improvement of environment
and safeguarding of wildlife. Mission (NRHM) has been suc c essful in
ii) Right of workers to partic ipate in improving health condition of the poor couples
management of industries. living in the villages.

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