DISASTER NURSING TYPES OF DISASTER

Definition 1. Natural Disasters

- Earthquake, Floods, Cyclones, Tsunami,
- A disaster can be defined as: “Any
Landslides and Avalanches, Volcanic
occurrence that causes damage, ecological
Eruptions
disruption, loss of human life or deterioration
of health and health services on a scale
2. Man-made Disasters
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
- Chemical Disaster
response from outside the affected
- Nuclear Disaster
community or area.” – WHO
- Biological Disaster
- A disaster can be defined as an occurrence
- Stampedes, Fires, Transport Accidents,
either nature or manmade that causes
Industrial Accidents, Oil Spills, and Nuclear
human suffering and creates human needs
Explosions/Radiation.
that victims cannot alleviate without
- War and deliberate attacks may also be put
assistance.”
in this category.
WHEN AND WHERE IT OCCURS
Principles of Disaster Management
- Anytime and anywhere, not confined to any
Comprehensive
part of the world.
- Some disasters can be predicted and - Disaster managers consider and take into
whereas some cannot be predicted. account all hazards, all phases, and all
- Warfare is a special category, because it is impacts relevant to disasters.
well planned and damage is intended goal.
Progressive
FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER
- Anticipate future disasters and take
1. Host Factors preventive and preparatory measures.
 Age
Risk-driven
 Immunization status
 Degree of mobility - Use sound risk management principles
 Emotional stability (hazard identification, risk analysis, and
impact analysis) in assigning priorities and
2. Environmental Factors resources.
 Physical Factors
Integrated
 Chemical Factors
 Biological Factors - Ensure unity of effort among all levels of
 Social Factors government and all elements of a
 Psychological Factors community.
PHASES OF MANAGEMENT
Effects of Disaster
Recovery Phase After Disaster
1. Population Displacement
 Disaster Response
2. Injury or Death
 Disaster Rehabilitation
3. Risk of epidemic of diseases
4. Damage to infrastructure  Disaster Reconstruction
5. Psychological problems Risk Reduction Phase before a Disaster
6. Food shortage
7. Socioeconomic losses  Disaster Mitigation
8. Shortage of drugs and medical supplies  Disaster Preparedness

PRE-IMPACT PHASE
Prevention and Mitigation
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction
- The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction (UNDRR) was created in
December 1999 to ensure the
implementation of the International Strategy
for Disaster Reduction.
- UNDRR coordinates international efforts in
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and it reports
on the implementation of Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. It
convenes the biennial Global Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction.
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
- This focuses on the adoption of measures
which address the three dimensions of
disaster risk (exposure to hazards,
vulnerability and capacity, and hazard's
characteristics) in order to prevent the
creation of new risk, reduce existing risk and
increase resilience.
- Outlines seven global targets to guide and
against which to assess progress.
2016 – Target (1): Substantially reduce global
disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the
average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the
decade 2020-2030 compared to the period
2005-2015;
2017 – Target (2): Substantially reduce the
number of people affected globally by 2030,
aiming to lower the average global figure per
100,000 in the decade 2020-2030 compared to
the period 2005- 2015;
2018 – Target (3): Reduce direct disaster economic
loss in relation to global gross domestic product
(GDP) by 2030;
2019 – Target (4): Substantially reduce disaster
damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of
basic services, among them health and educational
facilities, including through developing their
resilience by 2030;
2020 – Target (5): Substantially increase the
number of countries with national and local disaster
risk reduction strategies by 2020;
2021 – Target (6): Substantially enhance
international cooperation to developing countries
through adequate and sustainable support to
complement their national actions for
implementation of the present Framework by 2030;
2022 – Target (7): Substantially increase the
availability of and access to multi-hazard early
warning systems and disaster risk information and
assessments to people by 2030.
- The Sendai Framework is the successor
instrument to the Hyogo Framework for
Action (HFA) 2005 – 1015
HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION (HFA)
- Was a global blueprint for disaster risk
reduction efforts with a ten-year plan,
adopted in January 2005 by 168 Member
States of the United Nations at the World
Conference on Disaster Reduction.
- Its overarching goal was to build resilience of
nations and communities to disasters, by
achieving substantive reduction of disaster
losses by 2015 - in lives, and in the social,
economic, and environmental assets of
communities and countries.
- HFA’s Five Priorities for Action:
 Make disaster risk reduction (DRR) a
priority
 Know the risks and take action
 Build understanding and awareness
 Reduce risk
 Be prepared and ready to act
Hazard Risk Vulnerability Analysis (HVA)
- Is a process for identifying the community’s
highest vulnerabilities to natural and man-
made hazards and the direct and indirect
effect these hazards may have on the
hospital and community.
 - An HVA provides the community with a basis
for determining the most likely standards and
potential demands on emergency services
and other resources that could occur during
a crisis so that effective preventive measures
can be taken and a coordinated disaster
response plan can be developed.
A Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis
(HRVA)
Is an assessment of:
 Hazards: These are sources of potential harm,
or situations with a potential for causing harm,
in terms of human injury; damage to health,
property, the environment, and other things of
value; or some combination of these.
 Risk: This refers to the likelihood that a hazard
will occur, as well as the severity of possible
impacts to health, property, the environment, or
other things of value.
 Vulnerability: This refers to the people,
property, infrastructure, industry, resources, or
environments that are particularly exposed to
adverse impact from a hazardous event.
PROCESS TO DEVELOP A HRVA
1. Getting Started - Provides a quick reference
guide to initiating the HRVA process, and an
assortment of worksheets to help you build a
team & work plan
2. Hazard Identification - Contains a matrix that
can be used to analyze existing risk strategies &
mitigation measures against current & future
threats
3. Understanding Community Risk & Resilience
- Provides information on identification &
assessment of vulnerabilities, including a
Climate Change Adaptation primer
4. Assessing Hazard Likelihood & Change to
Likelihood - Assists with determining historic
likelihood & assessing the potential change to
current and future likelihood
5. Assessing Consequences - Assists with the
assessment & rating of 11 consequence
categories
6. Building a Risk Profile - Helps determine
specific and overall risk levels & assign hazard
priorities
7. Identifying Risk Reduction Strategies - Offers
guidelines & support for the development of new
risk reduction & mitigation strategies
8. Generating & Assembling Your Report -
Provides a guide to generating & assembling a
draft report with appropriate supporting material
9. Reviewing & Approving Your Report - Offers
an outline of a typical review & approval process
Understanding risk and applying risk
reduction measures is a shared responsibility across
an entire community, from individuals and
businesses to those responsible for governance,
planning and land use, emergency management,
infrastructure development and operations.
Involving partners early in the process will
encourage ownership and endorsement when
implementing the recommendations of the report.
PREPAREDNESS
Basically, it has three main elements:
1. Forecasting events and issuing warnings.
2. Taking precautionary measures in response to
warnings.
3. Improving response by organising and
strengthening capacity to deliver timely and
effective rescue, relief and assistance.
Disaster preparedness therefore has two main aims:
 to help people to avoid impending disaster
threats;
 to put plans, resources and mechanisms in place
to ensure that those who are affected receive
adequate assistance.
 It is assumed that some people and property will
be vulnerable to disasters, despite mitigation
measures, and that agencies will have to deal
with the disaster's impact.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FRAMEWORK
1. Vulnerability Assessment
 Starting point for planning and preparation, linked
to longer-term mitigation and development
interventions as well as disaster preparedness.
2. Planning
 Disaster preparedness plans agreed and in
place, which are achievable and for which
commitment and resources are relatively
assured.
3. Institutional Framework
 Well-coordinated disaster preparedness and
response system at all levels, with commitment
 from relevant stakeholders. Roles and EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
responsibilities clearly defined. We’re Ready – Are you?
4. Information Systems The Philippine Situation
 Efficient and reliable systems for gathering and Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
sharing information (e.g. forecasts and warnings, (CRED)
information on relevant capacities, role allocation - The Philippines was the most disaster-prone country in
and resources) between stakeholders. the world for the past century
5. Resource Base
 Goods (e.g. stockpiles of food, emergency shelter Philippine Risk Profile
and other materials), services (e.g. search and - Out of 173 countries assessed for their exposure to
rescue, medical, engineering, nutrition hazards, the Philippines placed third.
specialists) and disaster relief funding (e.g. for
items not easily stockpiled or not anticipated)
available and accessible.
6. Warning Systems
 Robust communications systems (technologies,
infrastructure, people) capable of transmitting
warnings effectively to people at risk.
7. Response Mechanisms
 Established and familiar to disaster response
agencies and disaster victims (may include:
evacuation procedures and shelters, search and
rescue teams, needs assessment teams,
activation of emergency lifeline facilities,
reception centres and shelters for displaced
people).
8. Education and Training
 Training courses, work- shops and extension
programmes for at-risk groups and disaster
responders. Knowledge of risk and appropriate
response shared through public information and
education systems.
9. Rehearsals
 Evacuation and response procedures practised,
evaluated and improved.

Faces of Recent Disasters

TS “SENDONG” (Washl) Cagayan de Oro

COMPOSTELA VALLEY
6.9 EARTHQUAKE IN NEGROS ORIENTAL
DEFINITION
Disaster preparedness is "a programme of long term
development activities whose goals are to strengthen the
overall capacity and capability of a country to manage
efficiently all types of emergency it should bring about an
orderly transition from through recovery, and back to
sustained development"
THE OBJECTIVE
To ensure that appropriate systems, procedures and
resources are in place to provide prompt effective
assistance to disaster victims, thus facilitating relief
measures and rehabilitation of services.
Task to be followed in emergency preparedness:
1. Evaluate the risk of the country or particular
region to disaster
- India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large
number of natural as well as man-made disasters.
58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to
earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity; over
40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) is prone to
floods and river erosion. Of the 7,516 km long
coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and
tsunamis; 68 per cent of the cultivable area is
vulnerable to drought and hilly areas are at risk from
landslides and avalanches. Vulnerability to
disasters/ emergencies of Chemical, Biological,
Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) origin also exist.
2. Adopt standards and regulation
- Following according to NDMA guidelines
3. Organize communication, information and
warning system
- Warning system is any system of biological or
technical nature deployed by an individual or group
to inform of a future danger. Its purpose is to enable
the deployed of the warning system to prepare for
the danger and act accordingly to mitigate or avoid
it.
4. Ensure coordination and response mechanism
- These mechanisms include the "cluster
approach", which groups agencies with a shared
operational interest, e.g. health, water and
sanitation. This approach helps to avoid gaps and
duplications. It also helps to ensure there is a clear
lead organization in each sector.
5. Resource Availability
- Ensuring that resource mobilization and
financing are handled in a common way, such as
through a Flash Appeal or the Central Emergency
Response Fund.
6. Develop Public Education Programmes
- If the public is to respond quickly and effectively
to an emergency involving toxic chemical agents,
people must be made aware of the risk from
chemical agents and the necessary protective
actions well before an emergency occurs. A carefully
planned public education program is needed to
provide people potentially at risk with the knowledge
required to take life-saving actions.
7. Coordinate information with news media
- The media is an undeniable important player in
the disaster management matrix especially in the
area of risk reduction advocacy, disaster mitigation
preparedness and response.
8. Disaster Drill
- A disaster drill is an exercise in which people
simulate the circumstances of a disaster so that they
have an opportunity to practice their responses.
- Efficacy of plans and Standard Operating
Procedures (SOPs) can be tested through mock
drills
EXERCISES HAVE 3 MAIN PURPOSES:
 To validate plans (validation)
 To develop staff competencies and give them
practice in carrying out their roles in the plans
(training)
 To test well-established procedures (testing)
3 MAIN PARTS OF EXERCISE
 Discussion-based
 Table Top
 Live
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
- Community members’ resources organizations, and
administration should be the cornerstone of an
emergency programme.
REASONS FOR COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
1. Members of the community are the most to to lose
from being vulnerable to disasters and the most to
gain to gain from effective and appropriate
emergency preparedness programme.
2. Those who respond first to an emergency come from
within the community .When transport and
communication are disrupted, an external
emergency may not arrive for days.
3. Resources are most easily pooled at community
level and every community possess capabilities
.Failure to explore these capabilities is poor resource
management.
4. Sustained development is best achieved by allowing
emergency affected communities to design, manage
and implement internal and external assistance
programme.
An example of reduced damage due to preparedness:
 On 12 November, 1970 a major cyclone hit the
coastal belt of Bangladesh at 223 km/hr, with a
storm surge of six to nine meters height, killing an
estimated 500,000 people.
 Due to the Cyclone Preparedness Program, the
April 1991 cyclone with wind speed of 225 km/hr.
killed only 138,000 people even though the
coastal population had doubled by that time.
 In May 1994, in a similar cyclone with a wind
speed of 250 km/hr. only 127 people lost their
lives.
 In May 1997, in a cyclone with wind speed of 200
km/hr. only 111 people lost their lives.
 POLICY DEVELOPMENT
- It is "the formal statement of a course of action".
- Policy is strategic in nature and performs the following
functions:
 Assign responsibilities for achieving goals.
 Establish long term goals.
 Determine criteria for decision making.
 Establish recommended work practice.
 The form of emergency preparedness policies
varies from place to place. Six sectors are
required for response and recovery strategies.
They are:
1. Communication Police;
2. Security;
3. Health Search;
4. Rescue
5. Social welfare
6. Transport
GENERAL MEASURES DURING EMERGENCY
 Do not use telephone except call for help, so as
to leave telephone lines free for the organization
to respond.
 Listen to the messages broadcast by radio and
various media so as to be informed of
development.
 Carry out the official instructions given over the
radio or by loudspeaker.
 Keep a family emergency kit ready.
AN EXAMPLE OF REDUCED DAMAGE DUE TO
PREPAREDNESS
 On 12 November, 1970 a major cyclone hit
the coastal belt of
 Bangladesh at 223 km/hr. with a storm surge
of six to nine meters height, killing an
estimated 500,000 people.
 Due to the Cyclone Preparedness Program,
the April 1991 cyclone with wind speed of
225 km/hr. killed only 138,000 people even
though the coastal population had doubled
by that time
 In May 1994, in a similar cyclone with a wind
speed of 250 km/hr. only 127 people lost
their lives.
 In May 1997, in a cyclone with wind speed of
200 km/hr. only 111 people lost their lives.
POLICY DEVELOPMENT
- It is the formal statement of a course of
action.
- Policy is strategic in nature and performs the
following functions:
- Assign responsibilities for achieving
goals.
- Establish long term goals.
- Determine criteria for decision
making
- Establish recommended work
practice

HOME EMERGENCY KIT The form of emergency preparedness policies varies

from place to place.
 Ready-to-eat and high- energy foods for 3 days
 Battery-operated radios, batteries. SIX SECTORS ARE REQUIRED FOR RESPONSE
 Bottled water AND RECOVERY STRATEGIES
 Alternate heat sources 1. Communication Police and security
 Extra prescription medications 2. Health Search and rescue
 Extra warm clothing and blankets 3. Social welfare Transport
 Baby supplies
 Cash GENERAL MEASURES DURING EMERGENCY
 Special needs items 1. Do not use telephone except call for help,
 First aid kit soas to leave telephone lines free for the
organization to respond.
 Lanterns, flashlights
2. Listen to the messages broadcast by radio
and various media so as to be informed of
development.
3. Carry out the official instructions given over
the radio or by loudspeaker.
4. Keep a family emergency kit ready.
 HOME EMERGENCY KIT
1. Ready to eat high-energy foods
2. Battery-operated radios, energy foods for 3
days batteries
3. Bottled water
4. Alternate heat sources
5. Extra prescription medications
6. Extra warm clothing and blankets
7. Baby supplies
8. Cash
9. Special needs items
10. First aid kit
11. Lanterns, flashlights
PERSONAL PROTECTION IN DIFFERENT TYPES
OF EMERGENCIES
BEFORE A FLOOD
To prepare for a flood, you should:
1. Avoid building in a flood prone area construct
unless you elevate and reinforce your home.
2. Elevate the furnace, water heater, and
electric panel if susceptible to flooding.
3. Install "check valves" in sewer traps to
prevent floodwater from backing up into the
drains of your home.
4. Contact community officials to find out if they
are planning to construct barriers (levees,
beams, floodwalls) to stop floodwater from
entering the homes in your area.
5. Seal the walls in your basement with
waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage.
DURING A FLOOD
If a flood is likely in your area, you should:
1. Listen to the radio or television for
information.
2. Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If
there is any possibility of a flash flood, move
immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for
instructions to move.
3. Be aware of streams, drainage channels,
canyons, and other areas known to flood
suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these
areas with or without such typical warnings
as rain clouds or heavy rain.
If you must prepare to evacuate, you should do
the following:
1. Secure your home. If you have time, bring in
outdoor furniture. Move essential items to an
upper floor.
2. Turn off utilities at the main switches or
valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect
electrical appliances. Do not touch electrical
equipment if you are wet or standing in water.
If you have to leave your home, remember these
evacuation tips:
1. Do not walk through moving water. If you
have to walk in water, walk where the water
is not moving. Use a stick to check the
firmness of the ground in front of you.
2. Do not drive into flooded areas.
AFTER A FLOOD
The following are guidelines for the period following
a flood:
1. Listen for news reports to learn whether the
community’s water supply is safe to drink.
2. Avoid floodwaters; water may be
contaminated by oil, gasoline, or raw
sewage. Water may also be electrically
charged from underground or downed power
lines.
3. Avoid moving water.
4. Be aware of areas where floodwaters have
receded. Roads may have weakened and
could collapse under the weight of a vehicle.
5. Stay away from downed power lines, and
report them to the power company.
6. Return home only when authorities indicate
it is safe.
7. Stay out of any building if it is surrounded by
floodwaters.
8. Use extreme caution when entering
buildings; there may be hidden damage,
particularly in foundations.
9. Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools,
pits, and leaching systems as soon as
possible. Damaged sewage systems are
serious health hazards.
10. Clean and disinfect everything that got wet.
Mud left from floodwater can contain
sewage.
STORMS, HURRICANES, TORNADOES
What to do before hand?
 Choose a shelter in advance
 Minimize the effect of storms
 Take measures against flooding
 Prepare a family emergency kit
During an Emergency:
1. Listen to the information and advice provided
by the authorities.
2. Do not go out in car or boat once the storm
has been announced.
 3. Evacuate houses if requested.
4. Tie down any object liable to be blown away
by wind.
5. If caught outside in a storm, take refuge as
quickly as possible in shelter.
6. In a thunderstorm keep away from doors,
windows, and electrical conductors, unplug
electrical appliances, etc.
7. Do not use any electrical appliances or the
telephone.
Anyone who is outside should:
1. Look for shelter in a building
2. Never take shelter under a tree
3. If in a boat, get back to the shore
4. Keep away from fences and electric
5. Cables
6. Kneel down rather than standing
After the emergency:
Follow the instructions given by the authorities
Stay indoors
1. Give alert as quickly as possible
2. Give first aid to the injured
3. Make sure the water is safe to drink.
4. Check the exterior of dwellings and call for
assistance if there is a risk of falling objects
[tiles,guttering.]
EARTHQUAKE
 An earthquake is the result of a sudden
release of energy in the Earth's crust that
creates seismic waves.
 Are recorded with a seismometer, also
known as a seismograph.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE
 The largest recorded earthquake in the
United States was a magnitude 9.2 that
struck Prince William Sound, Alaska on
Good Friday, March 28, 1964.
 The Largest Recoded Earthquake in the
world was a Magnitude 9.5 in Chile on May
22, 1960.
 World’s deadliest recoded earthquake
occurred in 1556 in Central China, killing an
estimated 830,000 people in 1976 another
deadly earthquake struck Tangshan, China
where more than 250,000 people were killed.
TIDAL WAVE VS TSUNAMI
Although both are sea waves the two has two
different and unrelated phenomena.
Tidal Wave
- is a shallow water wave caused by the
gravitational earth interaction between the
sun and moon.
Tsunami
- Is a sea wave caused by an underwater
earthquake or landslide (usually triggered by
an earthquake) displacing the ocean water.
Epicenter of an earthquake
- The location directly above the hypocenter
on the surface of the earth.
Hypocenter of an earthquake
- The location beneath the earth’s surface
where the rupture of the fault begins
It is estimated that there are 500,000 detectable
earthquakes in the world each year. 100,000 of
those can be felt, 100 of them cause damage.
What to do before hand:
1. Repair deep plaster cracks in ceilings and
foundations. Get expert advice if there are
signs of structural defects.
2. Hang heavy items such as pictures and
Brace overhead light and fan fixtures.
3. Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky
gas connections. These are potential fire
risks.
4. Secure a water heater, LPG cylinder, etc., by
strapping it to the wall studs and bolting it to
the floor.
Identify safe places indoors and outdoors
1. Under strong dining table, bed
 2. Against an inside wall
3. Away from where glass could shatter around
windows, mirrors, pictures, or where heavy
bookcases or other heavy furniture could fall
over.
4. In the open, away from buildings, trees,
telephone and electrical lines, flyovers,
bridges.
5. Have a disaster emergency kit ready.
If indoors:
1. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting
under a sturdy table or other piece of
furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking
stops. If there isn’t a table or desk near you,
cover your face and head with your arms and
crouch in an inside corner of the building.
2. Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of
an inner door, in the corner of a room, under
a table or even under a bed.
3. Stay away from glass, windows, outside
doors and walls, and anything that could fall,
such as lighting fixtures or furniture.
4. Stay in bed if you are there when the
earthquake strikes. Hold on and protect your
head with a pillow, unless you are under a
heavy light fixture that could fall.
5. Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is
safe to go outside. Research has shown that
most injuries occur when people inside
buildings attempt to move to a different
location inside the building or try to leave.
6. DO NOT use the elevators.
7. If you know that people have been buried, tell
the rescue team not rush and do not worsen
the situation of injured persons or your own
situation.
8. Avoid places where there are loose electric
wires and do not touch any metal object in
contact with them.
9. Do not drink water from open containers
without having examined it and filtered it
through a sieve, a filter or an ordinary clean
cloth.
10. If your home is badly damaged, you will have
to leave it. Collect water containers, food,
and ordinary and special medicines (for
persons with heart complaints, diabetes,
etc.)
11. Do not re-enter badly damaged buildings and
do not go near damaged structures.
If outdoors:
1. Stay there.
2. Move away from buildings, trees, streetlights,
and utility wires.
3. Once in the open, stay there until the shaking
stops.
4. The greatest danger exists directly outside
buildings, at exits, and alongside exterior
walls. Most earthquake-related casualties
result from collapsing walls, flying glass.
If in a moving vehicle:
1. Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in
the
vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under
buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility
wires.
2. Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has
stopped.
3. Avoid roads, bridges, or ramps that might
have been damaged by the earthquake.
If trapped under debris:
1. Do not move about or kick up dust.
2. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or
clothing.
3. Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate
you. Use a whistle if one is available. Shout
only as a last resort.
After an earthquake:
1. Keep calm, switch on the radio/TV and obey
any instructions you hear on it.
2. Keep away from beaches and low banks of
rivers. Huge waves may sweep in.
3. Expect aftershocks. Be prepared.
4. Turn off the water, gas, and electricity.
5. Do not smoke and do not light matches or
use a cigarette lighter. Do not turn on
switches. There may be gas leaks or short-
circuits.
6. Make sure that the water is safe to drink and
food stored at home is fit to eat.
CLOUDS OF TOXIC FUMES
WHAT TO DO BEFORE HAND?
1. Find about evacuation plans and facilities
2. Familiarize with the alarm signals used in
emergencies
3. Equip doors and windows with the tightest
possible fastenings
4. Prepare family emergency kits
DURING AN EMERGENCY
1. Do not use the telephone; leave lines free for
rescue services
2. Listen to messages given by radio and other
media
 3. Carry out the instructions given through - Warfare has destroyed entire cultures,
media countries, economies, and inflicted great
4. Close doors and windows suffering on humanity.
5. Seal any cracks or gaps around windows and - Example: World War I and II. Since WWII
doors with adhesive tapes there have been about 127 wars and 22
6. Organize a reserve of water million war related deaths have occurred.
7. Turn off ventilators and air conditioners
CIVIL CONFLICTS (RIOTS)
AFTER EMERGENCY - Any incident that disrupts a community,
1. Follow the authority’s instructions and do not where intervention is required to maintain
go out until there is no longer any risk. public safety.
2. Carry out necessary decontamination - Example: 1984 Sikh massacre, a riot against
measures the Sikhs in response to assassination of
Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards
MAN-MADE DISASTERS - More than 11,000 people were killed
- Man-made disasters are the threats having
an element of human intent, negligence, or TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
error; or involving a failure of a human-made 1. Industrial Disasters
system. - The Nuclear Power Plant explosion in
- Human causation may be accidental or Chernobyl, Russia on April 26, 1986.
intentional. - Resulted in the atmospheric release
of radioactive material four hundred
TYPES OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS times more radioactive than
Hiroshima.
Sudden Disasters 2. Structural Collapse
1. Chernobyl disaster - Often caused by engineering failures
2. Bhopal gas tragedy - Example: Recently building
3. Fire
Insidious Disasters - Mainly forest fire, mine fire
1. Chemical and radiation exposure - Example: Fire at Iraqi Sulphur Plant
2. Global warming releasing Sulphur dioxide which killed
people by causing respiratory
CLASSIFICATION problems and also creates acid rain
1. Sociological Disasters which destroys crops.
- Terrorism 4. Transportation Disaster
- War and civil conflicts - Air, rail, and space disasters and
2. Technological Disasters traffic collisions
a) Industrial disasters - Example: Mangalore air Crash on
b) Structural collapse and fire May 22 2010; only eight passengers
c) CBRN disaster survived in 160.
d) Transportation disasters
CBRN Disasters
SOCIOLOGICAL HAZARDS (CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIATION AND
NUCLEAR) DISASTERS
TERRORISM - Release of CBRN hazardous material into
- The primary objective of a terrorism is to air, soil, water leads to serious hazards
create widespread fear. - E.g. : Fukushima nuclear disaster on march
- E.g.: On 11 September 2001 the World 2011 which was triggered by earthquake and
Trade Centre in New York City was tsunami in nearby Tohoku region.
destroyed by crashing American airlines and
killed 2,752. Prevention of Man-Made Disasters
1. Tighter regulation of chemical plants and
WAR other hazardous facilities
- It is a conflict between relatively large groups 2. Chemical plants be built away from the
of people, which involves physical force by dense populous areas
the use of weapons.
3. Appropriate engineering and technological
measures
4. Early warnings and protection against
human errors.
ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. National
2. International
3. NGOs
International Organizations
1. OCHA (Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs)
2. Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA)
3. WHO: World Health Organization
- The role is to reduce avoidable loss
of and the burden of disease and
disability.
4. FAO
- The Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN provides early
warning of impending food crises,
and assesses global food supply
problems.
5. IOM
- The International Organization for
Migration
- An intergovernmental agency which
helps transfer refugees.
6. IRP
- The International Recovery Platform
- Serve as a catalyst for the
development of tools, resources, and
capacity for disaster recovery
7. WFP
- The World Food Programme
- The principle supplier of relief food
aid.
8. UNDP
- The United Nations Development
Programme
9. UNICEF
- The United Nations Children’s
Emergency Fund
10. IFRC
- International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies
11. CARE
- The Cooperative for Assistance and
Relief Everywhere
- A humanitarian organization fighting
global poverty.
- It also delivers emergency aid to
survivors of war and natural
disasters, and helps people rebuild
their lives.
12. NetHope
- Founded in 2001, is international
NGOs that specializes in improving IT
connectivity among humanitarian
organizations in developing countries
and areas affected by disaster.
- Organization has partnerships with
Microsoft, Cisco Systems, Intel, and
Accenture.
13. HVO
- Health Volunteers Overseas
- A network of health care
professionals, organizations,
corporations and donors united in a
common commitment to improving
global health through education.
14. IRC
- International Rescue Committee
- Offers lifesaving care and life-
changing assistance to refugees
forced to flee from war or disaster
15. HI
- Handicap International
- Works in partnership with local
organizations and government
institutions.
16. MSF
- Médecins Sans Frontières
- Provides medical services in
emergency
17. RI
- Rehabilitation Internationalis
Queenie Loth Ayson
Trisha Alexa Mae Bongato
Samantha Olais