DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

CATEGORY 1 2 3 4
THEORIST PATRICIA BENNER SISTER CALLISTA ROY MADELEINE LEININGER MARGARET JEAN WATSON
PICTURE

THEORY Nursing Theory: From Nursing Theory: Nursing Theory: Nursing Theory: Philosophy
Novice to Expert Adaptation Theory Transcultural Theory and Science of Caring
Concept

DIED passed away on STILL ALIVE August 10, 2012 STILL ALIVE
January 1, 2022 of
cancer.
BORN August 31, 1942 October 14, 1939 July 13, 1925 June 10, 1940
SCHOOL BSN in Pasadena Bachelor of Arts Major • St. Anthony’s Earning her bachelor’s
College, California in in Nursing from Hospital School of degree in nursing in 1964
1964 Mount Saint Mary’s Nursing
College in Los Angeles • Mount St.
in 1963 Scholastica
College
• Creighton
University.
MASTERS She went on to earn a Master’s degree in Master of Science in A master of science in
Master of Science in nursing from the Nursing from the Catholic psychiatric and mental
Medical-Surgical University of University of America in health nursing in 1966
Nursing from the California in 1966. 1954
 University of California
at San Francisco in
1970
METAPARADIGM Nursing Environment Person Person
As an enabling View as conditions Are believed to be caring Viewed as greater than,
condition of that surround and of being concerned about different forms and sum of
connection and affect the behavior of the desires and continued his parts.
concern as the care the person. existence of others Environment
Person Person Environment Provides values that
As ‘’a self- interpreting Open adaptive system The totally of an event or determine how one should
being’’. Nursing experience behave and what goals one
Health Promoting Health & Health should strive toward.
Focus on ‘’Live Adaptation Both universal and diverse Health
experiences of being Health with each culture Unity and Harmony within
healthy and ill. Process of becoming the mind, body and soul.
Environment an integrated and Nursing
Suggests whole person Mediated by professional,
social/environment personal, scientific, and
with social definition ethical human care
meaning transactions.

BOOKS • Expertise in • Roy, S. C. • Culture Care • Nursing: The

Nursing (2014). Diversity and Philosophy and
Practice: Caring Generating University (1991) Science of Caring
• Clinical middle-range • Transcultural (1979)
Judgement and theory: From Nursing (1995) • Human Science and
Ethics evidence to • Transcultural Human Care – A
• Clinical practice. New Nursing (2002 Theory of Nursing
Wisdom and York, NY: (1985)
Interventions in Springer. • Postmodern
Critical Care • Roy, C. (2008). Nursing and
Adversity and Beyond (1999)
theory: The • Instruments for
broad picture. Assessing and
 Nursing Measuring Caring
Science in Nursing and
Quarterly. Health Sciences
21(2), 138-139. (2002)
• Caring Science as
Sacred Science
(2005)
ASSUMPTIONS This concept explains • Systems of • Cultural care is the • Can be effectively
that nurses develop matter and broadest holistic demonstrated &
skills and an energy means to know, practiced only
understanding of progress to explain, interpret, interpersonally
patient care over time higher levels and predict • Caring consists of
from a combination of of complex nursing care carative factors
a strong educational self- phenomena to that result in the
foundation and organization. guide nursing care satisfaction of
personal experiences. • Consciousness practices. certain human
and meaning • Care is the needs.
are distinct, • Effective caring
constructive of dominant, promotes health
person and unifying, and and growth
environment central focus of • Practice of caring is
integration nursing, and while essential to nursing
curing and healing
cannot occur
effectively
without care, care
may occur without
a cure.

ANALYSIS The levels reflect As one of the In Leininger’s nursing It is undeniable that
movement from weaknesses of the theory, it was stated that technology has already
reliance on past theory that applying it the nurse would help the been part of nursing’s
principles to the use of is time-consuming, client move towards whole paradigm with the
past experience and applying the model to amelioration or evolving era of
 change in the emergencies requiring improvement of their development. Watson’s
perception of the quick action is difficult health practice or purely “caring” suggestion
situation as a complete to complete, the condition. This statement without giving much
whole with certain individual might have would be of great attention to technological
relevant parts. completed the whole difficulty for the nurse machinery cannot be solely
adaptation process because instilling new applied. Her statement is
without the benefit of ideas in a different culture praiseworthy because she
having a complete might present an intrusive dealt with the importance
assessment for intent for the “insiders.” of the nurse-patient
thorough nursing interaction rather than a
interventions. practice confined with
technology.
CAREER • She is a noted • 2013 – • a child guidance • she has served in
nursing educator Distinguished home during the both faculty and
and author of Graduate 1950s administrative
From Novice to Award, Bishop
• serve as Associate positions in the
Expert: Conaty/Our
Professor of School of Nursing
Excellence and Lady of Loretto
Power in Nursing High School Nursing and faculty, University
Practice. • 2013 – Director of the of Colorado Health
• Director of this Honorary Graduate Program Sciences Center in
Carnegie Doctoral in Psychiatric Denver
Foundation for Degree, Holy Nursing at the • Watson served as
the Family University of chairperson and
Advancement of University Cincinnati. assistant dean of
Teaching • 2013 – Alumni • She was the first the undergraduate
National Nursing Award for in the 1960s to program at the
Education Study Professional
coin the concept University of
Achievement,
of “culturally Colorado School of
UCLA
congruent care Nursing.