Theory of

Cultural Care
Caring for people of many different cultures
was a critical and essential need, yet nurses
and Diversity
and other health professional were not
prepared to meet this global challenge
.Madeleine M. Leininger

Reporter No. 1: Gerenia, Lou Cielo Maris G.

Dr. Madeline Author and/or editor

M. Leininger of 30 books, has

published over 250 education
articles and has given • Earned Nursing diploma
from St. Anthony's
more than 1,200 Hospital School of
• Founder and leader of transcultural public lectures Nursing awards
Nursing, focusing on comprehensive throughout US and • Undergraduate degrees 1998: Living Legend, American
at Benedictine Academy of Nursing[5]
human care theory and research.
abroad College and Creighton
University 1998: Distinguished Fellow,
• Helped initiate and direct the first Royal College of Nursing
• Received a Master of (Australia)
doctoral and masters degree Science in
programs in nursing. Nursing at Catholic
University of America
• A distinguished living legend of the • studied cultural and social
American Academy of Nursing anthropology at
the University of
Washington, earning a
• Has been a risk taker, futurist and PhD in 1966
innovator. • Held at least
three honorary doctoral 2
degrees
Introduction to Rationale for Transcultural Nursing:
Signs and Need

the theory
• Introduced in the early 1960s to
provide culturally congruent and
competent care
• Dr. Leininger believed that 1 2 3
transcultural nursing care could
provide meaningful and
therapeutic health and healing Increased numbers of Signs of cultural Cultural indications of
global migrations of stresses and conflicts consumer fears and
outcomes
people resistance to health
• The theory was developed in personnel
order to establish a substantive
knowledge base to guide nurses in
discovery and use of knowledge in
transcultural nursing practices.
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 4 5 6

Signs that some clients There were signs that There were signs of
from different cultures nurses, physicians and misdiagnosis and
were angry, frustrated other health personnel mistreatment of
and misunderstood by were becoming clients from unknown
health personnel frustrated in caring for cultures
cultural strangers.

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 7 8 9 10

There were signs that There were signs of There were very few Nurses working on
consumers of different intercultural conflicts health personnel of foreign countries are
cultures were being and cultural amongst different cultures having difficulty
treated in ways that staff that led to caring for clients. understanding and
did not satisfy them tension providing appropriate
and influenced their caring for clients od
recovery. diverse cultures.

5
Why us
nurses?

We have the largest and

most direct health care
providers, so great
opportunities exists for us to
change healthcare o
incorporate culturally
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congruent care practices
To summarize
its purpose…
The central purpose of transcultural
nursing was to use research based
knowledge to help nurses discover ore
values and practices and use this
knowledge in safe, responsible and
meaningful ways to care for people of
different cultures.
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 Major
theoretical
Tenets
I Commonalities Worldview and Social Professional and
-cultural diversities Structure Factors Generic Care
and similarities would
be found within
cultures

Reporter No. 2: Sanoria, Richelle L.

 Three Culture care Culture care

modalities
Culture care
accommodation or restructuring or
preservation or
negotiation patterning
maintenance

. Identified three nursing

decisions and action modes to
achieve culturally congruent 9

care.
Theoretical Assumptions:
Purpose, Goal and
Definitions of the Theory
Purpose: to discover, document, analyze
and identify the cultural and care factors
influencing human beings in health, sickness
and dying and to thereby advance and
improve nursing practices.
Goal: to use research based knowledge in
order to provide culturally congruent, safe
and beneficial care to people of diverse or
similar cultures for their health and well
being or for meaningful dying
1. Care is essential for human growth, development and survival to
face death of dying.
2. Care is essential to curing and healing; there can be no curing
without caring.
3. The forms, expressions, patterns and processes of human care vary
among all cultures of the world.
4. Every culture has generic (lay, folk or naturalistic) Care and usually
professional care practices.
5. Culture care values and beliefs are embedded in religious, kinship,
social, political, cultural, economic and historical dimensions of the
social structure and in language and environmental contexts.
6. Therapeutic nursing care can only occur when client culture care
values, expressions and/or practices are known and used explicitly
to provide human care.
7. Differences between caregiver and care receiver expectations
need to be understood in order to provide beneficial, satisfying
and congruent care.
8. Culturally congruent, specific or universal care modes are essential
to the health or well being of people of cultures.
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9. Nursing is essentially a transcultural care profession and discipline.
 1. Culture care diversity

Orientational
2. Culture care universality
3. Care

Theory
4. Culture
5. Culture care

definitions
6. Professional care
7. Generic (folk and lay
8. Health
9. Culture care preservation or maintenance
10. Culture care accommodation or negotiation
11. Culture care repatterning or restructuring
12. Ethnohistory
13. Environmental context
14. Worldview
15. Kinship and social factors
16. Religion and spiritual factors
17. Political factors
18. Technological factors
19. Educational factors 11
20. Economic factors
21. Environmental factors
Reporter No. 3: Erediano, Lorelie 22. Culturally congruent care
 The
Sunrise
Enabler: A
conceptual
guide to
knowledge
discovery

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Reporter No. 4: Velayo, Rosalio O. Jr.
 Interpretation of Sunrise Enabler
• Symbolizes the “rising of the sun care”

• The upper half of the circle depicts components of the social

structure and world view factors. That influence care and health
through language and environment. These factors influence the
folk, professional and nursing system(s), which are in the lower
half of the model.

• The two halves together form a full sun, which represents the
universe that the nurses must consider to appreciate human care
and health.

• The nursing subsystem can act as a bridge between folk and

personal health systems through the three types of nursing care
actions: cultural care preservation, cultural care accommodation, 13
and cultural patterning.
 Current The theory has grown in recognition and value for these
reasons:
Status of 1. The only nursing theory that focuses explicitly and in depth on discovering the
meaning, uses and patterns of culture care within and between specific cultures.
the Theory 2. It provides comparative culture care differences and similarities among and within
cultures.
3. It has “built in” and tailor made ethnonursing nursing research method .
4. It is the only theory that searches for comprehensive and holistic care data relying
on social structure world view and multiple factors in a culture.
5. It has both abstract and practical dimensions.
6. It is a synthesize concept; integrated with the enthnonursing method.
7. Its research funding are stimulating nursing faculty and clinicians to use culture
specific care appropriate and safe for cultures.
8. Informants of diverse cultures are often very pleased to have their culture
understood and have care made to fit their cultural values and beliefs.
9. Reflective thinking with the users of the theory and method are occurring and
valued.
10. Nurse researchers who have been prepared in transcultural nursing and have used
the theory and method commonly say things like “I love the theory”. 14
11. The strength of the theory is that It can be used in any culture and at any time and
with most discipline.
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“Care is the essence and central domain of nursing”
- Madeleine M. Leininger
 Thank you!

-Team Lanao del Norte – Pagadian

cielo, watwat, lolol and budz
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