A

ASSUMPTION
I
INFERENCE

C
CONCLUSION

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 ASSUMPTION

A
The missing or presupposed information in
an argument.

Not stated directly in the argument.

ASSUMPTION
Assumed to be already known by the
readers.

Assumption Inference Conclusion

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 INFERENCE & CONCLUSION

I Logical conclusion that is made by a

reader, based on observation or
assumed facts (early conclusion)
INFERENCE

C Made by the reader after

thorough thought has been
given to the facts and
CONCLUSION supporting details in the text

• Formula (to make inference & conclusion):

arguments and information given + prior knowledge, personal beliefs, experiences and assumptions

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 Read the passage below and formulate the inference(s) and conclusion.

While food waste occurs in each stage of the supply chain, ReFed reports that PI
nearly 85% occurs downstream at consumer-facing businesses and homes.
1
Consumer-facing businesses include supermarkets, restaurants, manufacturers, PII
SAMPLE 1 distribution centres, and more. One of the main reasons commercial and
Inference & institutional businesses generate so much food waste is due to over-preparation of
Conclusion food. Every year, restaurants generate 14 million tons of organic waste due to large
portion sizes, the inflexibility of chain-store management, and pressure to maintain
enough food supply to offer extensive menu choices at all times. Likewise, food
service businesses, hotels, hospitals, prisons, schools, and restaurants that serve
their meals buffet- or cafeteria-style rely on estimates of how much food consumers
want to eat, often putting out more than is consumed.

Food safety protocols also amplify the problem. Businesses must comply with strict food safety regulations to PIII
keep consumers safe, leaving little room for error, and most businesses would rather eat costs than face
penalties or public distrust from someone eating tainted food. For example, a typical grocery store throws
away significant quantities of products every day for spoilage and quality standards, with the sector tossing a
collective 43 billion pounds per year by some estimates. “Quality,” for that matter, can refer to aesthetics—and
the USDA estimates that grocers discard $15 billion of edible produce with cosmetic flaws annually. For the
cafeterias in businesses, hotels, and other institutions, health regulations often prevent food that has been
touched from being donated, resulting in large amounts ending up in the trash.

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 SAMPLE 1: Inference (PII)
Answer: Customer-facing businesses contribute to food waste problem due to
preparing food more than it is consumed.
INFERENCE
Evidence: Restaurants generate 14 million tons of organic waste due to large
portion sizes, pressure to maintain enough food supply, often putting out more
than is consumed

SAMPLE 2: Inference (PIII)

Answer: Food safety protocols that impose strict food safety regulations worsen
food waste problem.
INFERENCE
Evidence: Most businesses would rather eat costs than face penalties, a typical
grocery store throws away significant quantities of products every day
for spoilage and quality standards, grocers discard $15 billion of edible
produce with cosmetic flaws annually, health regulations often prevent
food that has been touched from being donated, resulting in large
amounts ending up in the trash

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 SAMPLE 3: Conclusion
Answer: Food waste can be reduced if businesses control
the amount of food served to avoid overproduction
CONCLUSION and food safety protocols are loosened.

Evidence: The two contributors mentioned are overproduction by

food businesses and strict protocols.

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 Bedah and Senah have been retrenched by the company due to the bad economy during
the pandemic of Covid-19. To make the situation worse, they were cheated into buying
2 fake vaccines from the online shopping outlet.

Assumption:
SAMPLE 2,3 • Bedah and Senah were employers at the company OR
Assumption • Bedah and Senah bought the fake vaccine OR
• Bedah and Senah believed that the fake vaccine was real.
Clues:
Bedah and Senah have been retrenched by the company, ASSUMPTION
they were cheated into buying fake vaccines.

Leman has just finished his assignment and there was power cut-off. When he turned on his
computer again, the assignment was gone. He broke cold sweats and ran to his brother for help.

Assumption:
• Leman has a brother OR
ASSUMPTION • Leman’s brother could recover the assignment that was missing OR
• The assignment was not saved before the power cut-off.
Clues:
The assignment was gone, ran to his brother for help.

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 Azmi and his wife went out for the first time after three months. His wife was
excited but in the car, she suddenly panicked because she could not find her face
2 mask. With his usual calm demeanour, he pulled the face mask that was already
hanging on her chin to cover her mouth and nose.
SAMPLE 4
Assumption Assumption:
• Azmi and his wife have not gone out for three months OR
• They went out by car OR
• Azmi’s wife did not realize that she had her face mask on
her chin OR ASSUMPTION
• Azmi has always been a calm person.

Clues:
Azmi and his wife went out for the first time after three months, in
the car, he pulled the face mask that was already hanging on
her chin, with his usual calm demeanour.

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REFERENCES
MAIN REFERENCE
Johari, A. & Selvaraj, B. (2017). Developing reading skills. Oxford University Press.

EXAMPLES & TEMPLATES

Deer, R. (2021, May 27). Understanding food waste problem & how your business can help. Roadrunner
https://www.roadrunnerwm.com/blog/understanding-the-food-waste-problem-and-how-you-
can-help

Education Infographic PPT (n.d.). Tiny PPT. https://tinyppt.com/education/page/3

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