Madeleine Leininger

 Theory of Culture Care Diversity

and Universality
 Spirituality
 Transcultural nursing
 Get to know your client’s culture
 Do not impose your own cultural
background
 Considered as the founder and
mother of the theory of transcultural
nursing
 Developed the concept of
transcultural nursing and
ethnonursing research model
 Recognized the importance of
focusing on “care”

Implications

 Caring should be introduced early in

life and nursing education
 Should be taught and encouraged
 Self-awareness is important, but do
not impose one’s culture on another
 Be understanding and respectful of
the diversity that is often very
present in a nurse’s patient load
 Provide culturally congruent and
competent care
 Caring should improve human
conditions or lifeways

Three Modes of Culturally congruent care:

1. Cultural care preservation and/or

maintenance
2. Cultural care accommodation and/or
negotiation
3. Cultural care repatterning or
restricting