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SOC 107 Classnote.pdf -

ELEMENTS OF…
SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS
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ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS AND METHODS

CONTENTS
Introduction
What you will learn in this course
Course Aims
Course objectives
Working through this course
Course Materials
Study units
Textbooks and References
The Assignment File
The Presentation Schedule
Assessment
Tutor-marked Assignment
Final Examination and grading
Course marking scheme
How to get the most from this course
Facilitators/ Tutor and Tutorials
Summary

INTRODUCTION

There have been methods of acquiring knowledge in the past, but those methods were
not applied the same way and practically different across all world societies. The
introduction of science (the most reliable way of knowing) to knowing and knowledge
creation paved a path for an organized method of acquiring knowledge and rejecting
dubitable facts. Thus, the historical development of science's birth cannot be ignored to
establish the antecedent of sociology as a discipline.
This course will expose students to the elements that constitute scientific thoughts and
methods. It will also expose students to variable, hypothesis, fact, theory, model and
law.

Sources of knowledge
Acquiring Scientific Knowledge
Goals of Science
Scientific Thinking
Elements of Scientific Thinking

Introduction to Sociology as a Science

Comtean Perspectives in Sociology
Durkheimian Perspectives in Sociology

Sociology and the Problem of Objectivity

Value-free Sociology
Max Weber on Value-free Sociology

Components of Science

The weakness of Scientific Methods

Essentials of Sound Scientific Thinking

Basic Concepts in Scientific Methods

- Variable
- Concept
- Hypothesis
- Theory
- Facts

Perspectives in Sociological Explanation

- Positivism
- Interpretivism
- Phenomenology
- Symbolic Interactionism

- Ethnomethodology
- Hermeneutics

Introduction to Research Design

- Meaning and Content of Research Design

- Purposes of Research
- Units of Analysis
- Introduction to Methods in Social Research
- Relationship between Theory and Research

Population and Logic of Sampling

- Meaning of Population
- Probability Sampling
- Non-Probability Sampling
- Determinants of Sample Size

Instrumentation in Social Research

- Quantitative Instrument
i. Questionnaire
ii. Experiment
iii. Simulation

- Qualitative Instruments
i. Observation
ii. In-Depth Interview
iii. Key Informant Interview
iv. Focus Group Discussion
v. Case Studies
vi. Life Histories

Social Context of Research

- The Ethics and Politics of Social Research

- The Uses of Social Research

KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge is the ideas or facts that are acquired through observation, experience and
study. There are things in the universe that we do not need to go to the library to study
before we know them, but our contact with them forms our experiences. When you eat
hot foods without allowing them to cool a bit before taking them and get hurt in the
process, the next time you see such foods with the degree of hotness, you will be
cautious before taking them. This type of knowledge is gathered via our experiences of
the phenomenon.

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