Physics Bridge Course Material 2023-24 (PAM)

` KKP / MYP CE NTRE
PHYSICS MATERIAL
2023-2024
1. KINEMATICS PAGE NO. 2 TO 14
2. VECTORS PAGE NO. 15 TO 38
KUKATPALLY CENTRE: # 22-97, Plot No.1, Opp. Patel Kunta Huda Park, Vijaynagar Colony, Hyderabad - 500 072. Ph.: 040-64601123
MIYAPUR CENTRE: Above Sai Motors Maruthi Showroom, Allwyn X Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad.
2 KINEMATICS, VECTORS
KINEMATICS
DAY–1
Rest and motion are two states of a body.

A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate surroundings and it is
said to be in motion when its position changes.
The line along which the particle moves is called its path or trajectory. Mechanical motions are defined as
rectilinear and curvilinear. The trajectory, if is a straight line then it is rectilinear translation and if the trajectory is
a curve, it is curvilinear translation. The shape of the trajectory depends on the reference frame chosen.
1. Distance & Displacement:

Displacement is the change in position of a body in a particular direction, joining initial and final points
in a straight line. i.e., the shortest distance between the initial and final positions of the object. Units
metres.
Distance: The total length of actual path traversed by a body in a certain interval of time is called
distance. It is the actual path travelled by an object between its initial and final positions. Its unit in SI is
metre. Displacement may be positive, negative or zero but distance is always positive.
If a particle moves in a straight line without change in its direction, the magnitude of displacement is
equal to the distance travelled. Otherwise it is always less than it.
Example 1: What will be the distance and displacement while moving in a circle from
A to B and then B to A as shown in adjoining figure?
Key concept: Remember difference between distance and displacement.
A B
R o R
Solution:
Physical quantity and Half cycle Full cycle
direction AB or BA AA via B
Distance R 2R
Displacement 2R 0
Direction of
displacement 1. AB, when particle
moves from A to B.
2. BA, when particle
moves from B to A.
2. Speed & Velocity:

Speed and velocity are two important physical quantities used to describe the motion of the particle.
The rate of change of distance with time is called speed. Whereas the rate of change of displacement
with time is called velocity.
distance travelled displacement covered
speed  velocity 
time time
In case of speed the direction of motion is not fixed, but the velocity has a specified direction i.e. speed
in a specified direction is velocity.
+ ve direction
- ve velocity + ve velocity
KINEMATICS & VECTORS 3
3. Average Speed and Average Velocity

The average speed of a particle in a given interval of time is defined as the ratio of total distance
travelled to the time taken while average velocity is defined as the ratio of total displacement to the time
taken irrespective of the detailed study of the motion at every instant.
If a particle moves from A to C through a path ABC. Then distance Y B
 Δs  travelled is the actual path length ABC, while the displacement  C

Δr
is,
A
   
Δr = rC - rA rA 
rc
Thus, if the distance travelled is  Δs  and displacement of a particle

is Δr in a given time interval Δt then X

Δs  Δr
v av = Average speed = and V av = Average velocity =
Δt Δt
When these formulae are used the three quantities must be measure in units that are consistent.
e.g. if distance is measured in kilometres and time is measured in hours then speed must be measured in
kilometres per hour (km/h), or if distance is measured in metres and time is measured in seconds then speed
must be measured in metres per second (m/s)
Example 2: A particle moves along a semi circle path A to B in a time T as shown in the following fig.
(a) Determine the average speed of the particle.
(b) Determine the average velocity of the particle.
Solution:
distance R
(a) The average speed of the particle = 
time T
displacement 2R
(b) The average velocity of the particle= 
time T
4. Acceleration
When the velocity of the particle changes with time either in magnitude or in direction the particle is said
to be accelerating. Acceleration actually gives the change in velocity per second and is defined as rate
of change of velocity.
Δv  dv
aav = ains =
Δt dt
If the velocity of the particle changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time. Then the acceleration
is set to be uniform. If the velocity of the particle changes uniformly from u to v in time t then
acceleration
v u
a
t
EXERCISE 1
1. A clock has its second hand 2 cm long. Find the distance travelled and displacement of the tip of the
second hand in 15 seconds.
2. A wheel of radius R meter rolls forward half a revolution on a horizontal ground. The magnitude of the
displacement of the point of the wheel initially in contact with the ground is?
3. A particle moves along the sides AB, BC, CD of a square of side 25 m with
a speed of 15 m/sec. Its average velocity is?
(A) 5 m/s (B) 10 m/s
(C) 15 m/s (D) 20 m/s
4. A 150 m long train is moving with a uniform velocity of 45 km/h. The time taken by the train to cross a
bridge of length 850 meters is
(A) 56 sec (B) 68 sec (C) 80 sec (D) 92 sec
5. A car runs at a constant speed on a circular track of radius 100 m, taking 62.8 seconds for every
circular lap. The average velocity and average speed for each circular lap respectively is
(A) 0, 0 (B) 0, 10 m/s (C) 10 m/s, 10 m/s (D) 10 m/s, 0
6. A car moves from X to Y with a uniform speed v u and returns to X with a uniform speed v d . The
average speed for this round trip is
v  vd 2v u v d vuv d
(A) u (B) (C) vu v d (D)
2 vu  v d vu  v d
7. A particle moving in a straight line covers half the distance with speed of 3 m/s. The other half of the
distance is covered in two equal time intervals with speed of 4.5 m/s and 7.5 m/s respectively. The
average speed of the particle during this motion is?
8. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius R. First quarter of the circle it travels with a speed ‘v’
and then it covers another third of the circle with a speed of ‘2v’ and finally the remaining part with
speed ‘3v’. Find its average speed.
DAY–2
EQUATIONS OF MOTION – UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Following are the three equations of motion for an object with constant acceleration.
(a) v  u  at
1 2 uv
(b) s  ut  at  v avg t  t
2 2
(c) v 2  u2  2as
where u is the initial velocity of the body (if body start from rest u = 0 ), v is the final velocity, s = total
displacement covered by the body in time t seconds and a = acceleration of the body (take + sign for
acceleration and – for retardation).
th
The displacement by the body in n second is given by
a
sn  u  (2n  1)
2
-2 -1
Example 3. A body having uniform acceleration of 10 ms has an initial velocity of 100 m s . In what time, the
velocity will be doubled?
Solution: 200 = 100 + 10 t or t = 10 s
Example 4. A particle moving with uniform acceleration from A to B along a straight line has velocities v1 and v2
at A and B respectively. If C is the mid point between A and B then determine the velocity of the particle at C.
A C B
v1 v2
Solution: Let distance between A and B be x and V be the velocity of the particle at C, then
2 2
V = v1 + 2a (x/2)
 v 2  v1 
Where a is the acceleration of the particle; i.e. a   t 
 
t is the time taken by the particle to travel from A to B and x is the total distance between A and B, i.e.
 v  v2 
x  1 t
 2 
v 2  v1 1 v 1  v 2
V 2  v12  2  t
t 2 2
v 22  v12 v 2  v 22
 v12   1
2 2
v12  v 22
v=
2
EXAMPLE 5: A particle moving with constant acceleration covers a distance of 30m in the 3rd second. It covers
a distance of 50 M is the 5th second. What is the acceleration of the particle ?
Solution: xn  u0  (a / 2)(2n  1)
5a
30  u 
2
9a
50  u 
2
a  10m s2
Example 6: The initial velocity of a body moving along a straight line is 7 m/s. It has a uniform acceleration of 4
2 th
m/s . The distance covered by the body in the 5 second of its motion is
1 1
Solution: S5  u  a (2t  1)  7   4(10  1)  7  18  25m.
2 2
FREE FALL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
A body dropped from certain height about the ground falls free under the acceleration due to gravitational
attraction of earth represented by g, whose value is 9.8 m / s2 the body moves in a vertical straight line
downwards. (Taken as positive)
The equations of motion are
1 2
v  gt , s  gt , v 2  0  2gh
2
In case of body projected vertically up with a velocity u from the ground the equations of motion are
1 2
u  v  gt , s  ut  gt , v 2  u2  2gh
2
When the ball is thrown is upward the upward direction could be chosen as positive and so the acceleration
downwards is – g. The same notation is applicable for bodies that are projected vertically up from the top of the
tower.
Example 7. A ball is projected with a velocity of 20 m/s vertically. Find the distance travelled in first three
2
second. (use g = 10m/sec )
Solution: Problem here is to find the distance. We can calculate that the direction of ball is changes at t = 2s.
(From v = u + at, since v = 0 at highest point therefore 0=20 - 10t  t = 2s)
Distance traveled in first two second
( Distance = Displacement, because of velocity does not change direction in one dimension)
1
 S1 = 20× 2 - 10 × 4
2
= 40 – 20 = 20 m (upward)
Distance traveled in next one second
1
S2 = - 10 ×1 = -5m downward
2
So total distance travelled by the ball in first three seconds
= 20 +5 = 25m
Example 8: A body when projected vertically up covers a total distance D. The time of its flight is t. If there were
no gravity, the distance covered by it during the same time is equal to
Solution: The displacement of the body during the time t as it comes back to the point of projection
 S=0
1 2 2v 0
 v0t  gt = 0  t 
2 g
During the same time t, the body moves in absence of gravity through a distance D = v.t, because in
absence of gravity g = 0
 2v  2v 20
 D = v 0   0   …(1)
 g  g
In presence of gravity the total distance covered is
v 02 v 02
= D = 2H = 2  …(2)
2g g
(A)  (B)  D = 2D
EXERCISE 2
1
1. A particle starts from a point A with velocity 3 m/s and moves with a constant acceleration of m / s2
2
along a straight line AB. It reaches B with a velocity of 5 m/s.
Find (a) the displacement of B from A (b) the time taken from A to B
2. A particle starts from the rest moves in a straight line with a uniform acceleration 5 m / s2 for 8 sec and
th
then continues to move with uniform velocity acquired at the end of 8 sec. Find the total displacement
in the first 12 sec.
3. A moving train is being observed by an observer standing on a platform. The first coach takes 2 sec to
cross the observer while the second coach takes 2.5 sec to cross. If the train moves with uniform
acceleration and length of each coach is 15 m. Find the acceleration of the train.
4. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate  for some time after which it decelerates at a constant
rate  to come to rest. If the total time taken is t seconds.
Calculate (a) Maximum velocity reached (b) The total distance travelled
5. A car starts from rest moves with constant acceleration 5 m / s2 for some time, then the moves with
uniform velocity for some time and finally retards uniformly at the rate 5 m / s2 to come to rest. If the
total time of journey is 25 sec and the average velocity over the whole journey is 72 kmph, find the time
during which the car moves with uniform velocity.
6. A particle moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration describing distances a and b
successively in the intervals of time t1 and t 2 . Find the value of acceleration.
7. A man sees a bus 90 m away from him moving with constant acceleration starting from rest. He then
runs after it with constant speed and just manages to catch the bus in 1 min. Find the speed of the man
and the acceleration of the bus.
8. If the particle starts from rest at point A and moves to point B with uniform acceleration in the last 2 sec
th
of its motion it describes 7/16 of the total distance travelled by it and in the first second it describes 3
m. Find the distance AB and time taken by the particle to move from A to B.
9. A particle A starts from rest at a point O and moves on a straight line with constant acceleration
2 m / s2 . At the same instant another particle B, 12 m behind O, is moving with velocity 5 m/s and has a
constant acceleration of 3 m / s2 . How far from O are the particles when B overtakes A?
10. A bus pulls away from a stop with an acceleration of 1.5 m / s2 which is maintained until the speed
reached 12 m/s. At the same instant a girl who is 5 m away from the bus stop starts to run after the bus
at a constant 7 m/s. Will the girl catch the bus?
11. Two trains A and B travelling on the same track are approaching each other with equal speed of 40
m/s. The drivers of the trains begin to decelerate simultaneously when they are just 2.0 km apart.
Assuming the decelerations of A is half that of B, what must be the minimum value of the deceleration
of A to barely avoid collision?
(A) 3 m / s2 (B) 0.6 m / s2 (C) 1.2 m / s2 (D) 2.4 m / s2
12. In a car race on straight road, car A takes a time ‘t’ less than car B at the finish and passes finishing
point with a speed ‘v’ more than that of car B. Both the cars start from rest and travel with constant
acceleration a1 and a2 respectively. Then ‘v’ is equal to
a1  a2 2a1a2
(A) t (B) 2a1a2 t (C) t (D) a1a2 t
2 a1  a2
DAY–3
Equation of motion on an inclined plane

Let a body of mass m slip down a plane, which is inclined at an angle  with the horizontal. If at t = 0, the body
is at top of the inclined plane, then in this case u = 0 and a = g sin
(i) In this case the equations of motion are
(a) v  (gsin )t
1
(b) s (gsin )t2
2
(c) v 2  2(gsin )s
m
s
gcosθ g sinθ
g
h
(ii) If time taken by the body to reach the bottom is t, then

1
s (gsin )t2
2
2s
t
gsin 
h h
But sin   or s 
s sin 
1 2h
t 
sin  g
(iii) The velocity of the body at the bottom
v  g  sin   t  2gh
(iv) The velocity of a body moving on an inclined plane does not depend on the inclination of a plane but
the time taken to reach the bottom of the plane depends on the inclination of the plane. The velocity
and the time taken by the body on an inclined plane depend on the height.
(v) When a body moves on an inclined plane. it traverses one-fourth of the length of the inclined. Plane in
time interval 0 to t/2 and the remaining three fourth in the time interval t/2 to t.
EXERCISE 3
1. A stone is released from an elevator ascending with acceleration a. The acceleration of the stone
immediately after the release is?
2. A body is thrown vertically up from the ground with a speed u and it reaches its maximum height ‘h’ at
time t  t 0 . The height to which it would have risen at t  t 0 / 2 ?
3. A particle is projected vertically upwards from a points A on the ground. It takes time t1 to reach a point
B, but it still continues to move up. If it takes further t 2 time to reach the ground from point B. Then
height of pointy B from the ground is?
4. A ball is dropped from the roof of a tower of height h. The total distance covered by it in the last second
of its motion is equal to the distance covered by it in first three seconds. The value of h in meters is
( g  10 m / s2 )
5. A stone projected upwards with a velocity ‘u’ passes through points P and Q, separated by distance ‘h’
with velocities u/2 and u/3. Find the maximum height the stone will reach with respect to point of
projection?
(A) 9h (B) 18h/5 (C) 6h/5 (D) 36h/5
6. A body is released from the top of a tower of height H metre. After 2 seconds it is stopped and then
instantaneously released. What will be its height after next 2 seconds?
7. From a tower of height ‘H’ a particle is thrown vertically upwards with speed u. The time taken by the
particle to hit the ground is ‘n’ times the time taken by the particle to reach the highest point. Find the
relation between H, u, and n.
(B) gH   n  2  u2 (C) 2gH  nu2  n  2  (D) gH  u2 n  2 
2
(A) 2gH  n2u2
8. The friction of the air causes a vertical retardation equal 10% of the acceleration due to gravity
(take g  10ms 2 ). Find the ratio of time of ascent to the time of descent?
(A) 9/11 (B) 11/9 (C) 9 /11 (D) 11/ 9
9. A ball is thrown upwards from the ground with an initial speed of u. The ball is at a height of 80 m at two
instances of time t1 and t 2 . If the time interval t 2  t1 is 6 s, then find u? Take g  10ms2
(A) 60 m/s (B) 50 m/s (C) 40 m/s (D) 30 m/s
10. A ball is projected vertically upwards with a velocity of 25 m/s from the bottom of a tower. A boy
standing at the top of the tower is unable to catch the ball as it passes him in the upward direction. He
catches the ball when it passes him again 3 seconds later. Find the height of the tower  g  10  ?
(A) 15 m (B) 20 m (C) 22.5 m (D) 25 m
11. A ball is thrown vertically up with a certain velocity from the top of a tower of height 40 m. At 4.5 m
above the top of the tower its speed is exactly half of that it will have at 4.5 m below the top of the
tower. Find the maximum height reached by the ball above the ground?
(A) 44.5 m (B) 47.5 (C) 49 m (D) 54 m
12. From the top of a tower, a stone is thrown up and reaches the ground in time t1 . A second stone is
thrown down with the same speed and reaches the ground in time t 2 . A third stone is released from
rest and reaches the ground in time t 3 ; then what is the relation between the three times?
13. The two particles shown. Meet halfway up the plane find velocity of projection of 2 and velocity each at
the time of meeting.
14. A smooth groove of length L is making  with the edge of an inclined plane inclined at an angle  to
the horizontal. A ball is released from the top of groove. Find the time taken to reach ground.
15. Two identical beads start from rest at A at t  0 . One moves along AB the other along AOC. Compare
their times of journey and estimate their respective final velocities.
DAY–4
x – t, v – t & a – t GRAPHS FOR MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
(i) Variation of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) with respect to time for different
types of motion.
Displacement(x) Velocity(v) Acceleration (a)
a. At rest x v a
x=const.
t t
t O O
O
b. Motion with v a
constant velocity
v = const.
v0
t
t O
O
c. Motion with constant x v a

acceleration x = v0t +(1/2)a0t2 v = v0+a0t a = constant
a0
v0
t t
t O O
O
d. Motion with constant x v a
deceleration x = v0t -(1/2)a0t2 v0 a = constant
O t
t a0
t O
O
Slope(gradient) of x-t graph at any point gives instantaneous velocity whereas slope(gradient) over an interval
gives average velocity of the particle in that interval of time.
Similarly the slope of velocity time graph at a point gives instantaneous acceleration and that over an interval
gives average acceleration.
(ii) Displacement calculation from Velocity - Time Graphs

The displacement during an interval between time ti and tf is the area bounded by the velocity curve and the two
vertical lines t = ti and t = tf .
v v
v4
v3
v2
v1
t
O t1 t2 t3 t4 t
ti tf O ti tf
(a) For each segment of motion, the velocity is (b) When v vs. t graph is a smooth complex curve.
constant. The displacement  x1 during the i
th
Area bounded by the curve and time axis between t=ti
interval is the area v1  t1. So the total displacement is and t=tf is the displacement. The area under the curve
x may be obtained by using integration.
 x = v1  t1 + v2  t2 + v3  t3 + v4  t4
 x   v t  i i
(iii) Velocity calculation from Acceleration - time Graphs

Given an acceleration–versus–time graph, the change in velocity between t = ti and t = tf is the area bounded by
the acceleration curve and the vertical lines t = ti and t = tf
a a
a0
t t
O ti tf O ti tf
(a)The area under the a vs t smooth curve is the (b) When a vs t graph is a complex curve, the area under
the curve may be obtained by using integration
change in velocity v  a0 t
Example 9. The velocity-time graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown in following figure.
v
velocity
m/s
t
O 2 4
Time
(i) If the particle starts its motion from x = –4m, then draw the (a–t) and (x–t) graphs.
(ii) Find the displacement of the particle at t = 3 s
Key concept: Use uniform acceleration concept.

a
m/s2 +2
t(s)
O 1 2 3 4
-2
Solution: (i)
x
+4
x(m)
t(s)
O 2 4
-4
(ii) x  x0  [Area of v-t graph]tt 03

 1 42 
x    4  (2)(4)    (3  2)
 2  2  
or x  3m
Example 10: A particle starts from rest with acceleration  for some time and after achieving a
maximum velocity starts retarding at rate  and finally comes to rest. If total time taken is t then
Determine (a) maximum velocity (b) total distance travelled.
Solution: (b) Let the particle accelerate for a time t then maximum, velocity v   t1
v


t
t1 t-t1
Since it retards at a rate  and finally comes to rest therefore 0  t1   t  t1
t t
Or t1   vmax 
   
Distance travelled = area under (v -t) graph
1
 v max . total time
2
EXERCISE 4
1. The velocity-time graph of a body moving in a straight line is shown in

the figure. The displacement and distance travelled by the body in 6 sec
are respectively
(A) 8 m, 16 m (B) 16 m, 8 m
(C) 16 m, 16 m (D) 8 m, 8 m
2. The displacement-time graph for two particles A and B are straight lines inclined at angles of 30 and
60 with the time axis. The ratio of velocities of VA : VB is?
(A) 1:2 (B) 1: 3 (C) 3 :1 (D) 1:3
3. The v – t graph of a moving object is given in figure. The maximum

acceleration is?
(A) 1 cm / s2 (B) 2 cm / s2
(C) 3 cm / s2 (D) 6 cm / s2
4. A lift is going up. The variation in the speed of the lift is as given in the
graph. What is the height to which the lift takes the passengers
(A) 3.6 m
(B) 28.8 m
(C) 36.0
(D) Cannot be calculated from the above graph
5. The position, velocity and acceleration of a particle moving with a constant acceleration can be
represented by
6. The velocity-time graphs of a car and a scooter are shown in the figure.
(i) The difference between the distance travelled by the car and the
scooter in 15 s and (ii) the time at which the car will catch up with the
scooter are, respectively?
(A) 112.5 m and 22.5 s (B) 337.5 m and 25 s
(C) 112.5 m and 15 s (D) 225.5 m and 10 s
7. If the velocity-time graph has the shape AMB, what would be the shape of
the corresponding acceleration-time graph?
(A) (B) (C) (D)

8. The velocity-displacement graph describing the motion of a bicycle is shown in
the figure. The acceleration-displacement graph of the bicycle’s motion is best
described by
(A) (B) (C) (D)

9. The graph between the displacement x and time t for a particle moving in a
straight line is shown in figure. During the interval OA, AB, BC and CD, the
sign of acceleration of the particle is
(A) + 0 + + (B) – 0 + 0
(C) + 0 - + (D) – 0 – 0
10. Acceleration-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in the

figure. Velocity of a particle at time t  0 is 2 m/s. Find velocity at the end of
fourth second.
(A) 16 m/s (B) 8 m/s
(C) 10 m/s (D) 4 m/s
11. The velocity-displacement graph of a particle moving along x-axis is shown.

The particle starts at t  0 from the origin.
The equation of velocity and acceleration as function of position is?
x x 5 x x 5
(A) v    10; a   (B) v   10; a  
4 16 2 4 16 2
x x 5 x
(C) v   10; a   (D) v  a    10
4 16 2 4
12. The acceleration-time graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown.
The initial velocity is 8 (m/s). What is the velocity at t  4 sec ?
(A) 18 m/s (B) 10 m/s
(C) 2 m/s (D) – 2 m/s
13. All the graphs below are intended to represent the same motion. One of them does it incorrectly. Pick it
up
(A) (B) (C) (D)
14. A tennis ball is released from a height ‘h’ and it rebounds to a height ‘h/2’ after hitting the floor. Which of
the following graphs best represent the velocity-height of the ball?
VECTORS
DAY–5
1. DEFINING A VECTOR
A vector quantity is one for which direction is important as well as magnitude (i.e. size).
Displacement is a distance measured in a particular direction, e.g. ‘10 miles due north’ is a vector, whereas ’10
miles’ is a distance with no specified direction so is not a vector.
A quantity that possesses magnitude only is a scalar quantity.
Distance is the magnitude of displacement.
Velocity includes both speed and direction of motion, so ‘150 km/h on a bearing of 154 ’ is a velocity and is a
vector, Speed is the magnitude of velocity.
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity is increasing so it follows that acceleration depends on both the speed
and direction of motion, i.e. acceleration is a vector.
(Note that there is no different word for the magnitude of acceleration).
Force is another quantity which plays an important part in the study of mechanics. Clearly if a force pushes an
object we need to know both he size of the push and also which way it is acting, i.e. force is a vector. Force is
measured in newtons (N).
2. VECTOR REPRESENTATION
Any vector can be represented by a section of a line (called a line segment). The direction of the line gives the
direction of the vector and the length of the line represents the magnitude of the vector.

If the line is labelled AB, the vector it represents is written AB . The order of the letters indicates the direction of

the vector. (The vector BA is represented by the same line but in the opposite direction.)
3. RELATED VECTORS
Two vectors are equal if they have equal magnitudes and the same direction. We write a  b .
If the direction of b is reversed then a and b are equal and opposite. We write a  b
If two vectors have the same direction but different magnitudes then one can be expressed as a multiple of the
other, e.g. b  2a and q  3p ..
In general, if a and b are parallel then a  kb where k is a constant of proportion and is scalar.
4. Addition of Vectors
Consider what happens if a hiker starts from the corner A of a field, walks for 30 m beside the hedge along one
side to B and then 40 m along the side perpendicular to the first, to C. The hiker could have reached the same
point C by walking directly across the field (assuming this to be allowed!)
  

So combining the two displacements AB and BC gives the same final result as the single displacement AC .
  
This is what is meant by adding vectors and we can write AB  BC  AC or a  b  c .
  
AC is called the resultant of AB and BC .
Note that, in this context,  means ‘together with’ or ‘followed by’
and  means ‘is equivalent to’.
 
Note also that, from A we can go to C either directly or via the vectors AB and BC . The first point and last
point are the same in both cases. Triangle ABC is known as a triangle of vectors and when we use it to add
vectors we are using the triangle law.
USING THE TRIANGLE LAW

 
Given two vectors a and b, represented by line segments OA and OB , we can draw diagrams to represent
various combinations of a and b.

Now a  b means a followed by b. We can represent this by drawing AC equal and parallel to OB. Then OC
represents a  b ,
i.e.,
Note that we could equally well have drawn b followed by a.

To represent a  b we can draw a followed by b .
Alternatively we can draw b followed by a.
Any number of vectors can be added by the same process, e.g. a  b  c  d means a followed by b followed
   
by c followed by d and can be represented by OA , AB , BC and CD as shown.
     

From the diagram we see that OD is equivalent to OA  AB  BC  CD i.e. OD  a  b  c  d .

So OD is the resultant of a, b, c and d.
Now that the arrow we use for making a resultant vector is larger than those used for the vectors being added.
Example 11: Find, by calculation, the resultant of two velocities if one is 7 km/h south west and the other is 12
km/h south east.
Sol: A sketch is drawn starting with a line representing one velocity followed by a line representing the other
one.
AB represents 7 km/h south west.

BC represents 12 km/h south east.
AC represents the resultant velocity.
In ABC , AC2  AB2  BC2  193
 AC2  AB2  BC2  193
AC  13.9 3 sf 
BC 12
tan A    1.714
AB 7
 A  60 (to the nearest degree).
 the bearing of AC is 225  60  165
The resultant velocity is 13.9 km/h on a hearing of 165
EXAMPLE 12: A light aircraft is flying in still air at 180 km/h on a bearing of 052 . A steady wind suddenly
springs up, blowing due south at 70 km/h. Find, by scale drawing, the velocity of the aircraft over the ground.
To find the resultant vector we add the velocities of the plane and the wind.
Measuring from the drawing gives the resultant velocity as 148 km/h on a bearing of 0.74 .
An alternative method of solution would be to use the cosine rule followed by the sine rule.
EXERCISE 5
1. Three forces P, Q and R are acting at a point in the same plane. If A, B and C are angles opposite to P,
Q and R respectively.
P Q Q R
(A)  (B) 
sin A SinB SinB SinB
P R
(C)  (D) All the above are true
SinA SinC
2. A weight suspended freely from a fixed support by a thread is pulled aside by a horizontal force equal
to 3 times its weight. The angular displacement of the body is
0 0 0 0
(A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 90 (D) 100
3. If a body of mass 30 gm, is suspended by a vertical chord, then the force required to pull the chord,
0
such that it makes an angle of 30 with the vertical is
(A) 10 gm.wt (B) 30 gm.wt (C) 10 3 gm.wt (D) 10 / 3 gm.wt
0
4. If 5 kg.wt is tried to the end of the string is pulled aside through an angle of 60 , then tension in the
string is
(A) 5 kg.wt (B) 10 / 3 kg.wt (C) 5 / 2 kg.wt (D) 10 kg.wt
5. Find the resultant of system of forces shown in the figure.

Y
1N 3N
0
30
0 60
X
0
2N
6. Forces P, Q and 5N act at a point O as shown in the figure. If they are in equilibrium. Find the values of
P and Q.
Y
Q
5N
0
30
0 60
X
0
7. Calculate the tensions T1 and T2
600 300
T1 T2
200 N
8. Find the Tension T.

0 0
30 30
T T
20 Kg
9. Find the W if T2 = 10 N
0 0
60 30
T1 T2
DAY–6
PARALLELOGRAM LAW
 
According to this law if two vectors P and Q are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram both
pointing outwards as shown in figure (a) then the diagonal drawn through the intersection of the two vectors
  
represents the resultant (i.e., vector sum of P and Q ). Note here that if Q is displaced from position AD to BC
by displacing it parallel to itself, this method becomes equivalent to the triangle method.
In case of addition of two vectors by parallelogram method in the light of figure (b), the magnitude of resultant
will be given by
2 2 2
 AC  AE  EC
2 2
or R2  P  Q cos   Q sin 
or R  P2  Q2  2PQcos 
 CE Q sin 
The direction of resultant from P will be given by tan   
AE P  Qcos 
 Q sin  
i.e.,   tan1  
 P  Q cos  
Regarding vector addition it is worth nothing that:

1. To a vector only a vector of same type can be added and the resultant is a vector of the same type. For
example, to a force only a force and not velocity can be added and the resultant will be a force and not
any other physical quantity.
2. Vector addition is commutative, i.e.,
   
PQ  QP
In fig(a) in ABC ,
  
P  Q  R …………………………..(i)
  
while in ADC , Q  P  R ………………(ii)
   
So, from eqns. (i) and (ii), P  Q  Q  P
     
3.   
Vector addition is associative, i.e., P  Q  R  P  Q  R 
12
4. As R  P2  Q2  2PQcos  
 
so, if out of R, P, Q and  if one is unknown, it can be calculated analytically.
5. As P2  Q2  2PQ cos 
so, R will be maximum when cos   max  1, i.e.,   0 , i.e., vectors are like or parallel and
Rmax  P  Q
6. The resultant will be minimum if, cos   min  1 , i.e.,   180 , i.e., vectors are anti-parallel or unlike
and Rmin  P  Q
7. If the vectors P and Q are orthogonal, i.e.,   90
R  P 2  Q2 ascos90  0 
8. From points 5, 6 and 7 it is evident that the resultant of two vectors can have any value from P  Q to
P  Q depending on the angle between them and the magnitude of resultant decreases as 
increases from 0 to 180 .
9. As Rmin  P  Q (when   180 from point 6) so if P  Q , Rmin  0
i.e, resultant of two vectors of unequal magnitude can never be zero.
10. So, minimum number of unequal vectors whose sum can be zero is three.
  
Let P  Q  R  0
  

i.e., R   P  Q 
This in turn implies that in case of three vectors the resultant may be zero and it will be only when one
vector is equal to the negative of the sum of the remaining two vectors, i.e., vectors are coplanar.
11. From the above it is also clear that the resultant of 3 non-coplanar vectors can never be zero or
minimum number of non-coplanar vectors whose sum can be zero is four.
   
12. Subtraction of a vector from a vector is the addition of negative vector, i.e., P  Q  P  Q  
This is illustrated in figure.
In case of subtraction of a vector from a vector

12
(i) R  P  Q  2PQcos 180   i.e., R  P2  Q2  2PQ cos 
2 2
 
as cos 180     cos 
 
   
(ii) Subtraction is not commutative, i.e., P  Q  Q  P
(iii) Change in a vector physical quantity means subtraction of initial vector from the final vector.
EXERCISE 6
0
1. The angle between two vectors of equal magnitude (p) is 60 , then the magnitude of the resultant is
p p
(A) 3p (B) (C) 2p (D)
3 3
2. The resultant of two equal forces P and Q of equal magnitude is also P, the angle between the two
forces is
0 0 0 0
(A) 60 (B) 30 (C) 120 (D) 45
0
3. Two forces of 4N and 4 2N are concurrent. If their resultant makes an angle of 90 with 4N find the
angle between the two forces.
0 0 0 0
(A) 30 (B) 45 (C) 135 (D) 120
4. A body is under the action of two forces 6N and 8N at right angles to each other. Find the magnitude of
the resultant of these forces.
(A) 4units (B) 3 units (C) 10 units (D) 2 units
5. The force that cannot be obtained using forces 4 N and 12 N is

(A) 10 N (B) 14 N (C) 6 N (D) 12 N
0
6. The forces 8 N and 10 N at angle of 60 with each other pull an object. What forces would replace the
two forces?
(A) 18 N (B) 2 N (C) 2 61N (D) 61N
7. The resultant of two vectors 12 units and 16 units is 28 units, then the angle between them is
0 0 0 0
(A) 0 (B) 180 (C) 90 (D) 45
   
8. The resultant P and Q is R , on reversing the direction of Q the resultant is S , then
(A) R2  S2  P2  Q2 
(B) R2  S2  2 P2  Q2 

(C) R2  S2  2 P2  Q2  (D) R2  S2  P2  Q2
 
9. a b 
 
(A) a  b (B) a2  b2
(C) a2  b2  2abCos (D) a2  b2  2abCos
10. At what angle should be the two forces 2p and 2p act so that the resultant force is p 10 ?
0 0 0 0
(A) 45 (B) 60 (C) 90 (D) 120
11. Forces of 2 2N and 2 2N acting at a point have a resultant of magnitude 4N. Then the angle
between the resultant and one of the forces must be
0 0 0 0
(A) 0 (B) 90 (C) 45 (D) 30
  0
12. Two forces a & b are acting at angle of 120 to each other, if their resultant is perpendicular to a and if

a  2N , then the value of ‘b’ is
(A) 2 N (B) 2 2N (C) 4 N (D) 6 N
13. It is found that the sum of two unit vectors is also a unit vector, then the magnitude of their difference
will be
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 1 2
14. The maximum and minimum values of resultant of two forces are 7 N and 1 N. The magnitude of
resultant when they are mutually perpendicular is
(A) 50N (B) 5 N (C) 48N (D) 64 N
15. The maximum and minimum resultants of two forces are in the ratio 14 : 8. The ratio of longer force to
smaller force is
(A) 49 : 16 (B) 3 : 11 (C) 11 : 3 (D) 4 : 7
DAY–7
PERPENDICULAR COMPONENTS
A vector can be resolved into an infinite variety of components in different directions but the most useful
components, and the easiest to find, are a perpendicular pair.
Consider, for example, a plane taking off at an angle of 30 to the runway at 150 km/h.
The horizontal and vertical components of the velocity can be found by using trigonometry, i.e.,
the horizontal component is given by PQ  150cos30  130 3 sf  and the vertical component is given by
QR  150 sin30  75 .
Calculating the components of a vector plays a very important part in solving mechanics problems so it is
important that they can be written down immediately in the form above.
PQ
Any reader who, up to now, would first have written down  cos30 should practice going straight to the
150
form PQ  150cos30 ; otherwise a great deal of time will be wasted.
A vector 2i  5j is made up of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis together with 5 units in the positive

direction of the y-axis, i.e. AB represents the vector 2i  5j
IN THREE DIMENSIONS

In three dimensions, a vector R in components along x, y and z-axes can be written as
  
OP  OB  BP
  
 OA  AB  BP
   
or R  R x  R y  R z
 îR x  ˆjR y  kR
ˆ
z
Rx Ry R
with R  R2x  R2y  R2z and cos  x  , cos  y  and cos  z  z
R R R
called direction cosines of the vector. Now, squaring and adding these direction cosine, we get
cos2  x  cos2  y  cos2  z  1
EXERCISE 7
1. One of the rectangular components of a force of 20 N is 16 N. The other component is

(A) 14 N (B) 36 N (C) 12 N (D) 5 N
2. The component of a force in a direction has a magnitude half that of the force. The angle between the
force and component is
0 0 0 0
(A) 45 (B) 60 (C) 30 (D) 90
3. The component of a vector along another vector is zero. Then the angle between the two vectors is
0 0 0
(A) zero (B) 90 (C) 45 (D) 180
4. The vertical and horizontal component of a force F making an angle ' ' with the horizontal is 10N,
10 3N respectively. The angle made by the force with the horizontal is
0 0 0 0
(A) 30 (B) 45 (C) 90 (D) 60
0
5. A force of 100 N is at an angle of 30 to the horizontal. Write the horizontal and vertical components.
(A) 50 N, 50 N (B) 50 2, 50N (C) 50 3, 50N (D) 40N, 40 2N
0
6. The vertical component of a force making an angle is 30 with horizontal is 20 N. Its horizontal
component is
(A) 40 N (B) 40 3N (C) 20 3N (D) 40 / 3N
-2 0
7. A road roller of 50 kg.wt is (g = 10 ms ) is pushed by 400 N force at an angle of 30 to the horizontal.
The force exerted by the roller on the ground (i.e. apparent weight of the roller)
(A) 4800 N (B) 700 N (C) 5200 N (D) 5000 N
8. If the vertical component of a given force is half of the magnitude of that force, the angle made by it with
the horizontal is
0 0 0 0
(A) 30 (B) 45 (C) 60 (D) 90
0
9. A force of 10 kg. wt is acting at an angle of 120 with x-axis. Then the component of the force along x-
axis is
(A) 5 3kg.wt (B) 3 / 5kg.wt (C) 5 / 3 kg.wt (D) -5 kg.wt
10. The force that has the components of -5N and 3 N along the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ axes respectively is
(A) 25iˆ  9ˆj (B) 5iˆ  3ˆj (C) 3iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ (D) 5iˆ  3 ˆj
0
11. A road roller of 2 tones is pushed using a force of 2000 N at an angle of 30 to the horizontal. What is
-2
the apparent weight of the roller. If it is a pulling force, what is the apparent weight? (Take g = 10 ms ).
(A) 2000N, 18000N (B) 21000N, 19000N (C) 18000N, 19000N (D) 20000N, 22000N
DAY–8
SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

Definition: The scalar product (or dot product) of two vectors is defined as the product of the
magnitude of two vectors with cosine of angle between them.
 
Thus, if there are two vectors A and B having angle  between them, then their scalar product written
 
as A  B is defined
 
A  B  ABcos  ……………(i)
Properties:
1. It is always a scalar which is positive if angle between the vectors is acute (i.e.,  90 ) and negative if
angle between them is obtuse (i.e.,  90  180 ).
   
2. It is commutative, i.e., A  B  B  A
      
3.  
It is distributive, i.e., A B  C  A  B  A  C
 
4. As by definition A  B  ABcos 
 
 
1  A  B 
The angle between the vectors   cos  
 AB 
5. Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when cos   max  1, i.e.,   0 , i.e., vectors are
 
parallel, and A  B   AB max
6. Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when cos   min  0 , i.e.,   90
 
A B min
0
i.e., if the scalar product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the vectors are orthogonal.
7. The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot product and is given by
 2    
 
A  A  A  AA cos   A 2 i.e., A  A  A
8. In case of unit vector n̂

nˆ  nˆ  11 cos 0  1
So, nˆ  nˆ  î  ˆj  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  1
9. In case of orthogonal unit vectors î , ĵ and k̂ , î  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  î  11cos 90  0
 
10. 
In terms of components A  B  îA x  ˆjA y  kAˆ 
ˆ ˆ 
ˆ
z  iB x  jB y  kB z which in the light of points (3), (8)
 
and (9) becomes A  B   A xB x  A yB y  A zBz 
 
EXAMPLES
(a) Work W
In physics for constant force work is defined as
W  Fscos  …………………….(i)
But by definition of scalar product of two vectors
 
F  s  Fscos  …………………..(ii)
So, from equations (i) and (ii),
 
W  Fs
i.e., work is the scalar product of force with displacement.
(b) Power P
 
As W  Fs

dW  ds 
 F [as F is constant)
dt dt

  dW ds 
P  F v [as  P and v
dt dt
EXERCISE 8
1. The dot product of unit vector along Y and Z axis is
(A) 1 (B) -1 (C) 0 (D) Infinity
2. The value of î.iˆ  ˆj.jˆ  k.k

ˆˆ.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
 
3. The angle between two vectors A  3iˆ  3ˆj  3kˆ and B  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ is
0 0 0 0
(A) 180 (B) 0 (C) 60 (D) 90
4. The angle between two vectors 2iˆ  3ˆj  kˆ and î  2ˆj  4kˆ is
0 0 0
(A) 0 (B) 90 (C) 180 (D) None of these
   
5. If A and B are two mutually perpendicular vectors given by A  5iˆ  7ˆj  3kˆ , B  2iˆ  2ˆj  ckˆ , the
value of ‘c’ is
(A) -2 (B) 8 (C) -7 (D) -8
 
6. If vectors A  2iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ and B  3ˆj  6ˆj  nkˆ are perpendicular to each other, then the value of ‘n’ is
(A) 4 (B) 12 (C) 6 (D) -6
7. Find the angle made by i  3ˆj with y-axis

0 0 0 0
(A) 60 (B) 30 (C) 45 (D) 90
8. The angle between the vectors aiˆ  bjˆ and a î  bjˆ is

 a2  b2   a2  b2 
(C) cos1  2  (D) cos1  2 
0 0
(A) 90 (B) 0
 a  b2   a  b2 

9. If A  2i  2j  k and B  3iˆ  6ˆj  kˆ are perpendicular to each other, then ' ' is equal to
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 0
 
10. The angle between the vectors a  î  2ˆj  kˆ and b  î  ˆj  2kˆ is
0 0 0 0
(A) 0 (B) 30 (C) 60 (D) 90
 
11. Work done by a force is W  F.S But if W = 0
   
(A) F and S are in same direction (B) F and S are in opposite direction
 
(C) F and S are perpendicular (D) None of these
12. The angle between two vectors î  2ˆj  4kˆ and 2ˆj  3ˆj  kˆ is
0 0 0
(A) 0 (B) 90 (C) 180 (D) None
 
13. If A and B are two mutually perpendicular vectors given by A  2iˆ  2ˆj  ckˆ , B  5iˆ  7ˆj  3kˆ , the
value of ‘C’ is
(A) 8 (B) -7 (C) -8 (D) -2
14.   
The value of ˆj  kˆ  ˆj  kˆ =
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2

   
15. Two forces F1  2iˆ  ˆj and F2  5iˆ  2ˆj act on a particle and move it from r1  2iˆ  3ˆj to r2  4i  4j .
The work done by the forces is
(A) 24 (B) 7 (C) 43 (D) 17
16. If 2iˆ  3ˆj  nkˆ and 3iˆ  2jˆ  3kˆ are mutually perpendicular, the value of ‘n’ is
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) -4 (D) -2
 
17. A force F  3iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ displaces a body through S  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ in 2 seconds. Find the power of the
body.
(A) 2W (B) 4W (C) 8W (D) 16 W
DAY–9
VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
Definition
The vector product or cross product of two vectors is defined as a vector having a magnitude equal to
the product of the magnitudes of two vectors with the sine of angle between them, and direction
perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors in accordance with right hand screw rule.
  
C  A B
    
Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their vector product written as A B is a vector C defined by
   
C  A  B  AB sin n
    
The direction of A B , i.e., C is perpendicular to the plane containing vectors A and B and in the
 
sense of advance of a right handed screw rotated from A (first vector) to B (second vector) through
the smaller angle between them. Thus, if a right handed screw whose axis is perpendicular to the plane
   
framed by A and B is rotated from A to B through the smaller angle between them, then the direction
  
of advancement of the screw gives the direction of A B , i.e., C .
 
Note: Right Hand Screw Rule: Place the vector A and B tail to tail (this defines a planck. Now place
 
stretched fingers and thumb of right hand perpendicular to the plane of A and B such that the fingers
 
are along the vector A . If the fingers are now closed through smaller angle so as to go towards B , the
  
thumb gives the direction of A B , i.e., C .
(B) Properties
1. Vector product of two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors
   
i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors A and B , though the vectors A and B may or may not be
orthogonal.
2. Vector product of two vectors is not commutative, i.e.,
     
A B  B  A [but B  A ]
   
Here it is worthy to note that A  B  B  A  AB sin 
   
i.e., in case of vectors A B and B  A magnitudes are equal but directions opposite.
3. The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors is strictly maintained, i.e.,
      
 
A  B  C  A B  A  C
 
4. As by definition of vector product of two vectors A  B  AB sin nˆ
 
So, A  B  AB sin 
  
A  B 
1 
i.e.,   sin    
 A B 
 
5. The vector product of two vectors will be maximum when sin   max  1 , i.e.,   90
 
 A B
  max  ABnˆ
i.e., vector product is maximum if the vectors are orthogonal.
6. The vector product of two non-zero vectors will be minimum when sin   minimum  0 , i.e.,   0 or
 
180 and  A B 0
  min
i.e., if the vector product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the vectors are collinear.
7. The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself vanishes, i.e., is a null vector i.e.,
  
A  A  AA sin0nˆ  0
8. In case of unit vector n̂ [from point (7)]

nˆ  nˆ  0

So that î  î  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0
9. In case of orthogonal unit vectors, î , ĵ , k̂ in accordance with right hand screw rule:
î  ˆj  kˆ , ˆj  kˆ  î and kˆ  î  ˆj
And as cross product is not commutative,
ˆj  î  kˆ , kˆ  ˆj  î and î  kˆ  ˆj
10. In terms of components
î ˆj kˆ
 
A B  A x Ay Az
Bx By Bz
meaning thereby
 
A B  î  A yBz  A zBy   ˆj  A zB x  A xBz   kˆ  A xB y  A yB x 
EXERCISE 9
 
1. The area of the triangle formed by two vectors A and B is given by
      1  
(A) A  B (B) A  B (C) A.B (D) A.B
2
2. The cross product of position vector and force gives
(A) work (B) power (C) linear momentum (D) torque
    
3. If A  3iˆ and B  6ˆj , the angle made by A B with A is
0 0 0
(A) zero (B) 180 (C) 90 (D) 60
   
4. If A and B are along X and Y axis respectively, then A B is along
(A) z-axis (B) –z-axis (C) y-axis (D) –y-axis
5. The cross product of position vector and linear momentum gives

(A) Angular velocity (B) Linear velocity (C) Angular momentum (D) Force
6. The cross product of position vector and linear momentum gives

(A) linear velocity (B) angular velocity (C) work (D) force
 
7. If the position vector r  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and force vectors is P  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ , the magnitude of torque is
(A) 30 (B) 5 2 (C) 90 (D) 7

8. The area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are represent by a  4iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ , and

b  î  2ˆj  2kˆ is equal to… units
(A) 110 (B) 175 (C) 220 (D) None
  
9. A vector F1 is along the positive x-axis. If its vector product with another vector F2 is zero then F2 could
be
(A) 4ˆj 
(B)  î  ˆj  
(C) ˆj  kˆ  (D) 4iˆ
   
10. 
The angle between vectors A B and B  A is   
(A) zero (B)  radian (C)  / 4radian (D)  / 2 radian
 
11. The moment of force F  2iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ about a point at a distance r  2iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ is
(A) 2iˆ  4ˆj  2kˆ (B) 10iˆ  28 ˆj  2kˆ (C) 2iˆ  4ˆj (D) 2iˆ  4ˆj
DAY–10
EXERCISE 10
1. The vector of the following

(A)Young’s modulus (B) Heat (C) Pressure (D) Angular momentum
2. The scalar of the following

(A) Torque (B) Impulse
(C) Velocity of Light (D) Momentum of the magnet
3. The vector in the following

(A) Time (B) Velocity of light (C) Specific heat (D) Electric field
4. The pseudo vector of the following

(A) Force (B) Angular momentum (C) Linear momentum (D) Velocity
 
5. If A and B are perpendicular to each other
       
(A) A  B  0 (B) A  B  0 (C) A  B  0 (D) A  B  0
6. The quantity which is not zero in the following is

          
  
(A) A  B  B  A  (B) A. A B    
(C) A.B (D) AA.
7. The wrong expression in the following

 
(A) î.jˆ  0 (B) î  ˆj  0 (C) î  ˆj  k (D) î  kˆ   j
  
8. If n is a unit vector in the direction of A , then n is
 
A   A 
(A)  (B) A A (C)  (D) n  A
A A
9. In a clock-wise system
(A) ˆj  kˆ  î (B) î.jˆ  1 (C) î.jˆ  1 ˆ ˆ 1
(D) k.i
     
10. If A  B  A  B , find the angle between A.B .
0 0 0 0
(A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 45 (D) 90
 
11. If A  2iˆ  6ˆj  mkˆ and B  n î  12ˆj  2kˆ are parallel to each other, the values of m and n are..
respectively.
(A) 1, 3 (B) 6, 1 (C) 1, 4 (D) 1, 6
12. 2iˆ  3ˆj and 3iˆ  2ˆj are two vectors having
(A) same magnitude and opposite directions
(B) same magnitude and perpendicular to each other
(C) same magnitude and different directions
(D) different magnitude and perpendicular to each other
13. Which of the following is a vector parallel to î  ˆj  3kˆ
(A) 4iˆ  ˆj  kˆ (B) 6iˆ  ˆj  18kˆ (C) 2iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ (D) î  ˆj  3kˆ
 
14. The locations of two persons are given by the position vectors r1  4iˆ  5 ˆj and r2  6iˆ  8ˆj . The
position of second person relative to the first is
(A) 12iˆ  3ˆj (B) 2iˆ  3ˆj (C) 2iˆ  3ˆj (D) 3iˆ  12ˆj
15. Which of the following quantity is scalar

(A) Electrical field (B) Electrical potential (C) Angular momentum (D) Velocity
  
16. Two vectors A and B are such A  B  C and A 2  B2  C2 . Which of the following statements is
correct?
(A) A is parallel to B (B) A is perpendicular to B
(C) A and B are equal in magnitude (D) B is parallel A
 
17. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of A  2iˆ  4ˆj  5kˆ and B  î  2iˆ  3kˆ is
3iˆ  6iˆ  2kˆ î  2iˆ  8kˆ 3iˆ  6iˆ  2kˆ î  2iˆ  8kˆ
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 69 7 69
     
18. If A and B are vectors, x and y are scalar. If xA  yB  0 the angle between A and B is
0 0 0 0
(A) 0 (B) 180 (C) 90 (D) 60
   
19. If a  3iˆ  4ˆj and b  7iˆ  24 ˆj , the vector having the same magnitude as b and parallel to a is
(A) 15iˆ  20ˆj (B) 20iˆ  15 ˆj (C) 6iˆ  8ˆj (D) 10iˆ  8ˆj
0
20. An impulse is supplied to a moving object with the force at an angle of 120 w.r.t, the velocity vector.
The angle between impulse vector and the change in momentum vector is
0 0 0 0
(A) 45 (B) 30 (C) 90 (D) 0
     
21. If A  B  3 A.B , then the value of A  B is
 AB 
 
1/ 2
(A) A 2  B2  AB (B)  A 2  B2  
 3
 
1/ 2
(C) A + B (D) A 2  B2  3AB
DAY–11
EXERCISE 11
1. Two forces each numerically equal to 10 dynes are acting

as shown in the following figure, then the resultant is: 10
(A) 10 dynes (B) 20 dynes 60 0
(C) 10 3 dynes (D) 5 dynes 10
2. What is the component of 3iˆ  4ˆj along î  ˆj ?
(A)
1 ˆ ˆ
2
ij   (B)
2
 
3 ˆ ˆ
ij (C)
2
 
5 ˆ ˆ
ji (D)
2
 
7 ˆ ˆ
ji
3. Component of 3iˆ  4iˆ perpendicular to î  ˆj and the same plane as that of 3iˆ  4ˆj is:
(A)
2
 
1 ˆ ˆ
ji (B)
2
 
3 ˆ ˆ
ji (C)
2
 
5 ˆ ˆ
ji (d)
2
 
7 ˆ ˆ
ji
   
4.   
What is the value of A  B  A  B ? 
(A) 0 (B) A 2  B2 (C) A 2  B2  2AB (D) None of these
5. At what angle the two vectors of magnitudes (A+B) and (A-B) must act, so that the resultant is
A 2  B2 ?
A 2  B2 A 2  B2 A 2  B2 A 2  B2
(A) cos1 (B) p cos1 (C) cos1 (D) cos1
A B2 2 2
A B 2

2 A 2  B2  
2 A 2  B2 
  
6. Given that A  B  C  0 . Which of the following options is correct?
           
(A) A  B  C (B) A  B  C (C) A  B  C (D) A  B  C
7. A vector of length l is turned through the angle  about its tail. What is the change in the position
vector of its head?
(A) l cos   / 2  (B) 2l sin   / 2  (C) 2l cos   / 2  (D) l sin   / 2 
     
8. Given that A  B  R and A  2B is perpendicular to A Then:
(A) 2B  R (B) B  2R (C) B  R (D) B2  2R2
  
9. Figure shows three vectors a, b and c , where R is the mid-point of PQ. P
Then which of the following relations is correct?

     
(A) a  b  2c (B) a  b  c R
      a
c
(C) a  b  2c (D) a  b  c
O Q
b
   
10. A parallelogram is formed with a and b as the sides. Let d1 and d2 be the diagonals of the
parallelogram. Then a2  b2 =…..
(A) d12  d22 (B) d12  d22 
(C) d12  d22 / 2  
(D) d12  d22 / 2 
     
11. 
If a and b are two vectors, then the value of a  b  a  b is:   
       
(A) a  b (B) b  a (C) 2 b  a   (D) 2 b  a  
   
12. A and B are two vectors and  is the angle between them, if A  B  3 A.B , the value of  is:  
0 0 0 0
(A) 45 (B) 30 (C) 90 (D) 60
13. Which of the following is true?

(A) When the coordinate axes are translated, the component of a vector in a plane changes.
(B) When the coordinates axes are rotated through some angle, components of a vector as well as the
vector is magnitude change.
     
(C) Sum of a and b is R . If the magnitude of a alone is increased angle between b and R
decreases.
(D) The cross product of 3iˆ and 4 ˆj is 12 k̂ .
    
14. 
If the angle between the vector A andB is , the value of the product B  A  A is equal to 
(A) BA 2 cos  (B) BA 2 sin  (C) BA 2 sin  cos  (D) zero
  3    
15. If A  B  A.B , then the value of A  B is:
4
1/ 2 1/ 2
 8  AB 
(A)  A 2  B2   (B)  A 2  B2  
 5  3
 
1/ 2
(C) (A+B) (D) A 2  B2  3AB
DAY–12
EXERCISE 12

1. The angle subtended by the vector A  4iˆ  3fjˆ  12kˆ with the x-axis is:
 3   4   4   3 
(A) sin1   (B) sin1   (C) cos 1   (D) cos 1  
 13   13   13   13 
3N
2. Four co-planar concurrent forces are acting on a body as
shown in the figure to keep it in equilibrium. Then the values of
P and  are. P
 90
(A) P = 4N 1N
0 O
(B) P = 2N,  = 90 60
(C) P = 1N
0
(D) P = 4N,  = 90
2N
0
3. The tension in the strings T1 and T2 in the following figure are T2 60
100 200
(A) T1  N, T2  N 900
3 3 600
0 T1
(B) T1  100 N, T2  200N
100 N
(C) T1  100 3N, T2  100N
(D) T1  25N, T2  100N
B
0
4. If the system is in equilibrium (cos53 = 3/5), then the value of ‘P’ is
(A) 16 N
(B) 4 N
6N A
(C) 208 N 530
10 N
O
(D) 232 N
P
-1 0
5. A body moving with 25 ms due east takes a right turn through 60 and continuous with the same
speed.
The change in velocity is
3  25ms1 60 south of west
0 -1 0
(A) (B) 25 ms 60 south of west
2  25ms1 south of west
-1 0
(C) 25 ms 60 north of east (D)
6.   
The angle between the vectors î  ˆj  kˆ and î  ˆj  kˆ is 
8  1 8 8
(A) sin1 (B) 900  sin1   (C) cos1 (D) cos1
3 3 3 3
7. Two light strings of length 4 cm and 3 cm are tied to a bob of weight 500 gm. The free ends of the
strings are tied to pegs in the same horizontal line and separated by 5 cm. The ratio of tension in the
longer string to that in the shorter string is
(A) 4 : 3 (B) 3 : 4 (C) 4 : 5 (D) 5 : 4
8. The resultant of the three displacement vectors

 4
OP, PQ and QR is  cos 370  
 5 R
4cm
(A) 15 cm (B) 17 cm P 6cm
5cm Q
(C) 149 cm (D) 107 cm 0
37
O
9. Three coplanar forces each of magnitude F act one a particle at O R

as shown in the figure. The resultant force is Q
(A) 2 F along OQ (B) 2F along OP
60 0
3 60 0
(C) along OR (D) zero P
2
10. A vector Q which has a magnitude of 8 is added to the vector P which lies along the X-axis. The
resultant of these two vectors is a third vector R which lies along the Y-axis and has a magnitude twice
 
that of P . The magnitude of P is
6 8 12 16
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
11. When forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a particle of mass m such that F2 and F3 are mutually
perpendicular, then the particle remains stationary. If the force F1 is now removed then acceleration of
the particle is
(A) F1/m (B) F1F3mF1 (C) (F2 – F3)/m (D) F2/m
12. Two forces F1 and F2 acting at a point have a resultant F. If F2 is doubled, F is also doubled. If F2 is
reversed in direction, then also F is doubled. Then F1 : F2 : F =
(A) 2: 2: 3 (B) 3: 3: 2 (C) 3: 2: 3 (D) 2: 3: 2
0
13. A scooterist follows a track on a ground that turns to his left by an angle 60 after every 400 m. Starting
from the given point displacement of the scooterist at the third turn and eighth turn are
(A) 800 m; 0 m (B) 800 m; 800 3m (C) 800 m, 400 3m (D) 800, 800 3m
14. Two ships are 10 km apart on a line from south to north. The one farther north is moving towards west
at 40 kmph and the other is moving towards north at 40 kmph. Then distance of their closest approach
is
10
(A) 10 km (B) 10 2 km (C) km (D) 20 km
2
15. Two persons are holding a rope of negligible weight tightly at its ends so that it is horizontal. A 15 kg
weight is attached to the rope at the mid point, which is no longer horizontal. The tension required to
completely straightness the rope is
(A) 15 kg. wt (B) 7.5 kg. wt (C) 30 kg. wt (D) infinitely large
DAY–13
EXERCISE 13
SINGLE CORRECT
1. What is the angle made by 3iˆ  4ˆj with x–axis?

4
(D) tan1  
o o –1
(A) 0 (B) 180 (C) tan (3)
3
     
2. If A  B  A  B , then the angle between A & B is
o o o o
(A) 120 (B) 60 (C) 90 (D) 0
  
3. The resultant of the three vectors OA, OB and OC shown in figure. A
r B
(A) r (B) 2r 45o r
(C) r(1  2) (D) r( 2  1) 45o
O r C

4. A vector A is represented by a straight line of length 2 cm, making 30 with positive X-axis in

anticlockwise direction. Another vector B is also represented by a straight line of length 2 cm making
 
30 with negative X-axis in clockwise direction. Then A  B is
(A) 2 3iˆ  2ˆj (B) 2iˆ  2 3ˆj (C) 2iˆ (D) 2ˆj
  
5. Which of the following represents a vector perpendicular to both a and b where a  4iˆ  3ˆj and

b  3iˆ  4ˆj ?
1
(A) 2kˆ (B) 12iˆ  12ˆj (C) (12iˆ  12ˆj) (D) none of the above
5

6. The magnitudes of the X and Y components P are 7 and 6. The magnitudes of X and Y components of
 
P  Q are 11 and 9, respectively. What is the magnitude of Q?
(A) 9 (B) 8 (C) 6 (D) 5
     
7. Two vectors A and B have magnitude 3 each. A  B  5kˆ  2iˆ . Find angle between A and B .
29  5 2  29 
(A) cos1 (B) tan1    (C) sin1   (D) sin1 
9  2 5  9 
 
MORE THAN ONE CORRECT

     
8. Two vectors A and B lie in one plane. Vector C lies in a different plane. Then A  B  C
 
(A) cannot be zero (B) can be zero (C) lies in the plane of A or B
(D) lies in a plane different from that of the three vectors
 
9. If a vector A has magnitude A and n̂ is unit vector in the direction of A , then which of the following
are correct?
  
A A A 
(A) A 1  (B) n̂  (C) 1  (D) A  Anˆ
n̂ A A
 
10. The product of two vectors A and B may be
(A)  AB (B)  AB (C) < AB (D) zero
    
11. A  B  C vectors A and B if rotated by  in the same sense to form A ' and B' then
            
(A) A '  B '  C (B) A '  B '  C (C) A '  B'  A  B (D) A '  B'  C
Paragraph for Question Nos. 12 to 13

Two unit vectors a & b are such that vectors (2a  3b) and (3a  2b) are mutually perpendicular. Then
12. The angle between vectors a & b is

   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 6 2 4
13. The magnitude of (2a  3b) x (3a  2b) is

(A) 25 (B) 12 (C) 5 (D) 13
Paragraph for Question Nos. 14 to 16

 
If A  3iˆ  4ˆj and B  5iˆ  12ˆj

14. A vector having the same magnitude as B and parallel to A is
(A)

13 3iˆ  4ˆj  (B)
5 3iˆ  4ˆj  (C)

8 3iˆ  4ˆj   (D)

5 3iˆ  4ˆj 
5 13 5 8
 
15. 
The unit vector along A  B is 
8iˆ  16ˆj 8iˆ  16ˆj
(A) 8iˆ  16ˆj (B) (C) (D) None of these
320 256
   
16. If 2A  3B  C  0 with C  21iˆ  xjˆ . Then x =
(A) – 22 (B) 22 (C) 44 (D) – 44
INTEGER
17. A vector 3iˆ  4ˆj  5kˆ has rectangular components w.r.t some new co–ordinate system are 1, 2, m. The
value of m is m  k  5 . Find the value of k.
   
18. The resultant of two vectors P and Q is R . If the magnitude of Q is doubled, the new resultant vector
  
is perpendicular to P . Then the ratio of magnitude of R to that of Q is ____

19. If a vector A makes angles ,  and  respectively with the X, Y and Z axes respectively. Then
sin2   sin2   sin2   ____
20. A force of (2iˆ  3ˆj  k)
ˆ N and another force of (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ N are acting on a body. The magnitude of total
force acting on the body is 20  x . Find the value of x.


21. If A  3iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ is opposite to 6iˆ  pjˆ  8kˆ , then p = ______

22. a  b  15 for two vectors a & b where a  2iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ and angle between a & b is . Then the
3
magnitude of b is
23. a & b are two vectors for which a  1 and angle between a & b is 60. If a  2b  13 , then find
magnitude of b
ANSWER & KEY
DAY–1
EXERCISE 1
1.  cm; 2 2 cm 2. R 2  4 3. A 4. C
5. B 6. B 7. 4 m/s 8. 1.8 v
DAY–2
EXERCISE 2
1. (a) 16 m (b) 4 sec 2. 320 m
 t 2
3. – 0.66 m / s2 4. (a) t (b)
 2    
2  bt1  at 2 
5. 15 sec 6.
t1t2  t1  t 2 
7. 3 m / s , 0.05 m / s2 8. 192 m 9. 4m 10. Yes

11. B 12. D
DAY–3
EXERCISE 3
1. g downwards 2. 3h/4 3. 1/2 gt1t 2 4. 125 m
5. D 6. H-40 7. C 8. C
9. B 10. B 11. B 12. t 3  t1t 2
2L R
13. Lgsin ; 0, Lgsin  14. 15. Time of travel is same and is equal to 2
gsin  sin  g
DAY–4
EXERCISE 4
1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D
6. A 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. D 13. C 14. D
DAY–5
EXERCISE 5
1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. 0
6. P=10 N, P  10N, Q  5 3N 7. T1  100 3N, T2  400N
8. T  200N 9. 20N
DAY–6
EXERCISE 6
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. C
6. C 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A
11. C 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. C
DAY–7
EXERCISE 7
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C
6. C 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. D
11. B
DAY–8
EXERCISE 8
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B
6. D 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. BC
11. C 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. D
16. C 17. A
DAY–9
EXERCISE 9
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C
6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. B
11. D
DAY–10
EXERCISE 10
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. C
6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. C
11. C 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. B
16. B 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. D
21. A
DAY–11
EXERCISE 11
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. D
6. B 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. C
11. D 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. A
DAY–12
EXERCISE 12
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B
6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. D
DAY–13
EXERCISE 13
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A
6. D 7. D 8. AD 9. BCD 10. BCD
11. BCD 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. B
16. C 17. 9 18. 1 19. 2 20. 9
21. 4 22. 5 23. 2

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` KKP / MYP CE NTRE

1. KINEMATICS PAGE NO. 2 TO 14

2. VECTORS PAGE NO. 15 TO 38

Rest and motion are two states of a body.

1. Distance & Displacement:

2. Speed & Velocity:

3. Average Speed and Average Velocity

 Δs  travelled is the actual path length ABC, while the displacement  C

EQUATIONS OF MOTION – UNIFORM ACCELERATION

Equation of motion on an inclined plane

(ii) If time taken by the body to reach the bottom is t, then

x – t, v – t & a – t GRAPHS FOR MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

c. Motion with constant x v a

(ii) Displacement calculation from Velocity - Time Graphs

(iii) Velocity calculation from Acceleration - time Graphs

Key concept: Use uniform acceleration concept.

(ii) x  x0  [Area of v-t graph]tt 03

1. The velocity-time graph of a body moving in a straight line is shown in

3. The v – t graph of a moving object is given in figure. The maximum

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) (B) (C) (D)

10. Acceleration-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in the

11. The velocity-displacement graph of a particle moving along x-axis is shown.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

  

USING THE TRIANGLE LAW

Note that we could equally well have drawn b followed by a.

     

AB represents 7 km/h south west.

5. Find the resultant of system of forces shown in the figure.

7. Calculate the tensions T1 and T2

8. Find the Tension T.

Regarding vector addition it is worth nothing that:

In case of subtraction of a vector from a vector

5. The force that cannot be obtained using forces 4 N and 12 N is

(A) 2 N (B) 2 2N (C) 4 N (D) 6 N

1. One of the rectangular components of a force of 20 N is 16 N. The other component is

SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

8. In case of unit vector n̂

2. The value of ˆi.iˆ  ˆj.jˆ  k.k

7. Find the angle made by i  3ˆj with y-axis

8. The angle between the vectors aiˆ  bjˆ and a ˆi  bjˆ is

(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2

VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

5. The cross product of position vector and linear momentum gives

6. The cross product of position vector and linear momentum gives

1. The vector of the following

2. The scalar of the following

3. The vector in the following

4. The pseudo vector of the following

6. The quantity which is not zero in the following is

7. The wrong expression in the following

15. Which of the following quantity is scalar

1. Two forces each numerically equal to 10 dynes are acting

2. What is the component of 3iˆ  4ˆj along ˆi  ˆj ?

Then which of the following relations is correct?

13. Which of the following is true?

8. The resultant of the three displacement vectors

9. Three coplanar forces each of magnitude F act one a particle at O R

1. What is the angle made by 3iˆ  4ˆj with x–axis?

MORE THAN ONE CORRECT

Paragraph for Question Nos. 12 to 13

12. The angle between vectors a & b is

13. The magnitude of (2a  3b) x (3a  2b) is