WALA NG INTRO INTRO PUTANG INA NYU AGAD

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY &TOXICOLOGY

Criminalistic- is the forensic science of analyzing and interpreting evidence using the natural
sciences. Forensic science pertains to all sciences applied to legal problems.
application of scientific techniques in collecting and analyzing physical evidence in criminal
cases.

FORENSIC- Comes from the Latin word “Forum” which means market place or public gathering.
Relating to or dealing with the application of scientific knowledge to legal problems.
CHEMISTRY- A science that deals with the composition, structure and properties of substances
and with the transformations that they undergo.
Forensic Chemistry- That branch of chemistry, which deals with the application of chemical
principles in the solution of problems that arise in connection with the administration of justice.
It is chemistry applied in the elucidation of legal problems. It is chemistry used in courts of law.
Chemistry belonging to the court of law.
A Forensic Chemist is one who practices forensic chemistry
EVIDENCE- is the means, sanctioned by the Revised Rules of Court, of ascertaining to a judicial
proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact (Sec. 1, Rule 128). (LEGAL DEFINITION).
Statements, information and things that are used to prove or disprove an alleged fact.
Physical Evidence- articles and materials which are found in connection with an investigation
and which aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator of the circumstances under which
the crime was committed or which in general assist in the prosecution of the criminal.
Encompasses any and all objects that can establish that crime has been committed or can
provide a link between a crime and its victims or a crime and its perpetrator.
WITNESS- One who personally sees or perceives a thing; one who testifies as to what he has
seen, heard or otherwise observed.
EYE WITNESS- Person who saw the fatal act.
ORDINARY WITNESS- State facts and may not express his opinions or conclusions. He may
testify to impressions of common experiments such as the speed of a vehicle, whether a voice
was that of a man, woman or child. Beyond this he is closely limited.
EXPERT WITNESS- One who posses a special skill, be it in art, trade or science or one who has
special knowledge in waters not generally known to men or ordinary education and
experiments. A person skilled  in some art, trade or science to the extent that he possesses
information not within the common knowledge of man.
6 Golden Rules
• Go slowly
• Be thorough
• Take note
• Consult others
• Use imagination
• Avoid complicated theories
STANDARD SPECIMEN- Are known specimens to compare with the questioned needed to aid in
establishing a suspect’s relationship to the crime under investigation.

PERSONALITIES
Dr. Hans Gross (1847-1915) - Father of forensic publications/ Father of Criminalistics. An
Austrian criminalist who in 1891 first used the term criminalistics.. Wrote the book on applying
all the different science disciplines to the field of criminal investigation.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - sci-fi author in late 1800. Popularized scientific crime detection
methods through his fictional character "Sherlock Holmes"
Mathiew Orfila (1787-1853)- Father of Toxicology. Wrote about the detection of poisons and
their effects on animals.
Alphonse Bertillon - (1853-1914) Father of Anthropometry/ Father of Identification. Developed
a system to distinguish one individual person from another based on certain
body requirements.
Francis Galton - (1822-1911) Father of Fingerprinting. Developed fingerprinting as a way to
uniquely identify individuals.
Leone Lattes - (1887-1954) father of blood stain identification. He developed a procedure for
determining the blood type (A,B,AB or O) of a dried stain.
Calvin H. Goddard – (1891-1955) Father of Ballistics. Developed the technique to examine
bullets using a comparison microscope to determine whether or not a particular gun fired the
bullets.
Albert Osborn - (1858-1946) father of document examination. His work led to the acceptance
of documents as scientific evidence by the courts.
Walter McCrone - (1916-1915) father of microscopic forensics. He developed and applied his
microscopic techniques to examine evidence in countless court cases.
Edmond Locard - (1877-1966) father of the crime lab. In 1910, he started the first crime lab in
an attic of a police station. Founded the institute of criminalistics in France. His most important
contribution was the "Locards Exchange Principle".
Locard Exchange Principles
1. Every contact leaves a trace
2.Every criminal can be connected to a crime by particles carried from the crime scene
3.When a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross transfer of evidence
occurs.
CHAPTER 1
BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS
 As circumstantial or corroborative evidence against or in favor of perpetrator
 For disputed parentage.
 Determination of cause of death length of time victim survived attack.
 Determination of direction of escape of victim or assailant.
 Determination of origin of flow of blood.
 Determination of approximate time crime was committed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
• Circulating tissue of body
• 1 cc of blood: 5,000,000 red cells.
• Man of average size: about 6 quarts of blood (5.68 li)

A. FORMED ELEMENTS
1. RED BLOOD CELLS(Erythrocytes) - 4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female)
2. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) - 4,000–11,000 leukocytes. Attack and destroys harmful
microorganism and thus serve as one of the body’s defenses against infections
3. PLATELETS (Thrombocytes)-about one platelet is found per 10 – 30 RBC- stops blood loss
PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF BLOOD
• Where blood has to be searched for.
• Collection, preservation and transportation
of specimen suspected to contain blood.
• Does stain contain blood or another
substance?
PRELIMINARY TEST TO DETERMINE IF SUBSTANCE IS BLOOD

1. ADLER’S TEST (BENZIDINE TEST) –developed in 1904 by Oskar and Rudolf Adler. It detects
blood in a dilution of 1 to 300,000 parts.
Reagents- benzidine solution- dissolved benzidine sulfate
in glacial acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide(3%
solution)
positive- intense blue (or bluish-green) color
2. GUAIACUM TEST AKA VAN DEEN’S, DAY’S OR SCHONBEIN’S TEST – It detects fresh blood in
a solution of 1:50,000 dilutions.-Does not detect old stains
Reagents- Guaiac + hydrogen peroxide
Positive- blue
3.KASTLE-MEYER TEST (PHENOLPHTHALEIN TEST)- Detects blood in a dilution of 1:80,000,000
parts.
Reagents- Kastle- Meyer + hydrogen peroxide
positive - deep pink

4. LEUCOMALACHITE TEST
Reagents- Leucomalachite Green Reagent +
Hydrogen Peroxide
Positive reaction: Malachite green
with a bluish-green or Peacock
blue color.
5. HEMASTIX TEST- Strip w/ o-toluidine + hydrogen peroxide
Positive: o-toluidine to a greenish product
6. LUMINOL TEST -first developed by the German criminologist Walter Specht in 1937. The test
is conducted in a darkened room so that the fluorescence produced by blood can be easily
seen. If blood is present, it fluoresces with a bluish-violet color.

CONFIRMATORY TEST TO DETERMINE IF SUBSTANCE IS BLOOD

1.TEICHMANN OR HAEMIN TEST - Ludwig Karl Teichmann (1823–95).
Reagent -glacial acetic acid + sodium chloride.
Positive- dark brownish crystals.
2. TAKAYAMA TEST/ HAEMOCHROMOGEN CRYSTAL TEST-Masaeo Takayama, developed in
1912.
Reagents- pyridine- + blood positive-salmon-pink color
3. WAGENHAAR TEST
a. Acetone-Haematin Test
b. Small dark, circular crystals
4. SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
a. Most delicate and reliable test for presence of blood
b. Uses MICROSPECTROSCOPE: direct vision spectroscope that fits into microscope tube in
place of eyepiece.
c. Positive result: OXYHAEMOGLOBIN for recent bloodstain;
METHAHEMOGLOBIN (converted oxyhaemoglobin owing to exposure to
air & light) in old blood stains.
5. PRECIPITIN TEST/ HUMAN ANTISERUM TEST -Test to determine whether blood is of human
or animal. Positive: gray precipitin
6. BLOOD GROUPING -Developed by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. Determine the blood type or
types, using the ABO, Rh, MN, and other systems described earlier.
CHAPTER 2
SEMEN
Semen- is a fluid produced by male sex organ. Usually white to yellowish in color. 1 milliliter of
semen : 70,000,000 to 150,000,000 sperm cells.
Flavins- helps give a yellowish color to semen
and cause it to fluoresce under ultraviolet lights
2 parts:-seminal plasma or fluid, and
-spermatozoa or sperm cells.
EXAMINATION OF SEMEN
A. Wet Specimen:
1. Odor: alkaline
2. Preparation for Microscopic Examination
a. Drop of fluid (of semen): placed on glass slide, and
b. Drop of distilled water: added.
c. Cover slip: placed over preparation.
d. Specimen: examined under high power objective
B. Dried Specimen
1. Physical Examination
a. Grayish-white or yellowish stain
b. Starchy stiffness to cloth
c. Under UV light: fluoresces (unspecific for semen).
2. Chemical Examination
a. Florence Test – Dark-brown crystals, rhombic or needle-shaped.
b. Barberio’s Test – Slender yellow-tinted rhomboid needles with
obtuse angles.
c. Acid Phosphatase Test – Orange-red pigment.

3. Microscopic Examination
a. Specific test for semen: identification of sperm cell under microscope.
b. Difficult because of many factors which affecting detection of sperm
cells:
i. Nature of cloth,
ii. Age of stain,
iii. Condition stain was exposed
INTERPRETATION
• Presence of sperm cells: stain is semen.
• Absence of sperm cells: not conclusive stain is not of seminal
origin.
 • Reason: These are some conditions which may lead to non-detection of semen:
ASPERMIA and OLIGOSPERMIA.
• ASPERMIA- Disorder produced by male organ which produces
semen without sperm cells
• OLIGOSPERMIA-Semen with very few sperm cells

CHAPTER 3
GUNPOWDER AND EXPLOSIVES

GUNPOWDER –
1. Description:
a. A.k.a. propellant
b. Primary propulsive force in cartridge
c. When exploded: causes bullet to move forward towards gun muzzle.
2. TYPES
a. Black Powdercharcoal 15%
sulfur 10%,
potassium or sodium nitrate 75%
b. Smokeless Powder
cellulose nitrate/glycerol nitrate + stabilizers
c. Semi-Smokeless Powder80% black powder
20% smokeless powder
COMPONENTS OF SMOKELESS POWDER
1. BALLISTITE (cellulose nitrate and glycerol nitrate + Vaseline),
2. AXITE (cellulose nitrate, glycerol nitrate, Vaseline, barium
nitrate, and potassium nitrate)
3. AMBERITE (cellulose nitrate, potassium nitrate, barium nitrate,
wood meal, and Vaseline)
STABILIZER – Organic and inorganic compounds which are added to the powder to stabilize side
reactions and the corresponding decomposition of the other ingredients of the powder.
Ex: nitrates, biochromate, and oxalates
PARAFFIN DIPHENYLAMINE TEST- yung may pinapatak na kandila

Explosion - A rapid combustion, decomposition of gases, and consequent violent increase of

pressure, usually causes a loud report. A sudden breaking apart, shattering or bursting in
pieces by internal pressure, as that of gas or steam
(pressure explosion).
Detonation - One resulting from the practically instantaneous decomposition or combustion of
unstable compounds such as nitroglycerine, TNT1 or mercury fulminate, as distinguished from
explosions of black powder.
Explosive – Any substance that may cause an explosion by its sudden decomposition
or combustion.
Bomb – A hollow projectile of iron generally spherical, containing an explosive material which is
fired by concussion or by a time fuse.
A. LOW EXPLOSIVES
-Low burning
-Used mainly as propellants, like black powder and smokeless powder.
B. PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES AKA INITIATING EXPLOSIVES
-Extremely sensitive to detonation by heat, shock friction and impact.
-Detonate without burning, like lead oxide and mercury fulminate.
C. HIGH EXPLOSIVES
-Detonate under influence of shock of explosion of primary explosive.
Examples of High Explosive:
- TNT (trinitrotoluene) - most widely used explosive.
- Nitroglycerine - most widely used commercial explosive.
- RDX - considered as one of most important militaryexplosive used today.
- C4- Plastic explosive which is white and dough like in texture.
- Chloroacetophenone - CN is principal component in filler used intear gas solutions.
- Fire Bombs - Molotov cocktail which is incendiary device, acids mixed with gasoline,
alcohol and gasoline, etc.
TYPES OF EXPLANATIONS
A. MECHANICAL EXPLOSION A.k.a. Hydraulic Explosion
Occurrence: pressure inside container exceeds its structural strength
Ex: Air pressure tanks for cleaning or paint spray, Water pressure tank, Air pumped
kerosene burner
B. ELECTRICAL EXPLOSION - Electricity arcs through air, 2 objects of different electrical
potential: brought close to one another, Large amount of heat develops, Heat rapidly
expands air in and around arc producing popping sound of arc.
Ex: lightning
C. NUCLEAR EXPLOSION - Release of significant amount of energy by fusion or fission
Result: significant increase of destructiveness
Ex: Atomic Explosion
D. CHEMICAL EXPLOSION - Chemical reaction producing heat and gas at rate faster than
surroundings can dissipate.
CHAPTER 4
HAIR IDENTIFICATION

HAIR- Appendage of skin. Occurs everywhere on human body except on palms of hand and
soles of feet. Generally long & stiff. Consists of ROOT, SHAFT & TIP.
CUTICLE – outside covering, made of overlapping scales.
CORTEX - Intermediate and thickest layer of shaft. Composed of elongated, spindle-shaped
fibrils
MEDULLA - Central canal of hair. Empty or may contain various sorts of cells, more
or less pigmented.
CONTINUOUS MEDULLA - Found in large number ofanimals
INTERRUPTED MEDULLA - Very often in humans, monkeys, and horses
MICROMETER - Instrument attached to microscope and is used tomeasure diameter of hair.
Note: Human medullary index is lower than 0.5 and the Animal medullary index is higher than
0.5.

CHAPTER 5
FIBER IDENTIFICATION
Animal – number of fibers are derived from animal product, most important being wool, silk,
camel’s hair and fur.
Vegetable – This class includes most of inexpensive clothing fibers, like cotton, linen, jute,
hemp, ramie and sisal.
Mineral and Synthetics – First provide useful fibers like glass wool and asbestos which is used
for safe insulation, while latter is applied chemistry which produced a number of
fibers like rayon, nylon, orlon and Dacron.
Types of Fibers
COTTON FIBERS - Flattened, twisted fibers with thickened edges. Irregularly granulated cuticle.
No transverse markings. Fibers with spiral twist. – COTTON PLANT
FLAX FIBERS – Apex tapering to fine point. Transverse sections are polygonal and show a small
cavity. -FLAX PLANT
HEMP FIBERS – Fibers show transverse lines and consist of cellulose. Large oval cavities are
seen in transverse sections. The end is usually blunt, and there is often a tuft of hair at the
knots.-Stains are bluish-red with phloroglucin ,and yellow with both aniline sulfate and weak
solution of potassium iodide saturated in iodine with sulfuric acid. -HEMP PLANT
ABACA FIBERS –Smooth Fibers, no transverse or longitudinal markings. Cavities are large and
uniform. The walls are lignified. The tips are fine points. - ABACA PLANT
JUTE FIBERS –Are quite smooth without either longitudinal or transverse markings. Non-
uniform large cavities with Blunt endings. Fibers are stained red with aniline sulfate, also with
iodine and sulfuric acid. - JUTE PLANT
WOOL FIBERS -Interiors are composed of fibrous tissues but sometimes the medulla is
present. Do not dissolve in a solution composed of copper sulphate, sodium carbonate
and ammonia. Stain is yellow with iodine and sulfuric acid and also with picric acid. Do not
dissolve in sulfuric acid. Smell of singeing on burning. - SHEEPS ARE THE MOST COMMON
SOURCES OF WOOL FIBER
SILK FIBERS –Almost structure less, microscopically. Fiber’s stain is brown with iodine and
sulfuric acid and yellow with picric acid. Dissolve slowly in a mixture of copper sulphate, sodium
carbonate and ammonia. - SILKWORD COCOON SHELS
LINEN FIBERS – Straight and tapering to a point. Cortical area shows transverse lines which
frequently intersects, simulating a jointed appearance. They do not dissolve inconcentrated
sulfuric acid. If placed in 1% alcoholic solution of fuchsine and then in a solution of ammonium
hydroxide, they assume a bright red color. -LINEN FIBER PLANT

CHAPTER 6
PAPER ANALYSIS
1. Physical Test –
EXAMINATION OF PAPER
2. Chemical test
A. FIBER COMPOSITION - Chemical reagents are applied to small sections of paper
to determine nature of constituents of fibers.
B. ABSORPTION- Strips of paper are suspended in liquids to determine either rate of
absorption or total absorption 114 of paper
C. LOADING MATERIALS -Test is performed by burning and ashing greater part of
ordinary sheet of paper. -Ash is analyzed. If limited sample of evidence: test not
recommended.
D. SIZING -By use of few drops of chemical reagent, sizing of two different specimens of
paper can be compared. Small perceptible stain results from these tests.

3. Watermark - Chief characteristics indicating the source or origin of paper. It is distinctive

mark or design placed in the paper at the time of its manufacture by passing the paper
under a “DANDY ROLL”. By examining the watermarks, the examiner is able to identify the
paper as to the product of a particular manufacturer.
CHAPTER 7
INKS AND AGE OF DOCUMENTS
THE INKS AND APPROXIMATE AGE OF DOCUMENTS
Types of Inks
Iron Gallotannate Ink – This type of ink has long been used for entries in record books and for
business purposes in general. Iron gallotannate or nutgall inks are true solutions and not merely
suspensions of solid coloring matter in liquid form.
Logwood Inks – Haematoxylon tree + crystallized sodium carbonate. The color of logwood inks
depends upon the inorganic salt which is added; but, on drying and standing, they turn black.
The addition of chromium salts will yield the deepest black
Nigrosin Ink or Black Aniline Ink – “Synthetic ink” Water solution of a synthetic black
compound prepared from aniline and nitrobenzene.
Ball Point Ink - Color dissolved in oil or water. Because of the differences in construction of ball
point pens, a different type of ink is required. It has been noted that manyball point inks have a
tendency to fade.
AGE OF INKS -In any case, age determination will depend on the composition of the inks, its
condition with respect to fluidity and impurities, the nature of the paper used in the writing,
and the conditions under which the paper was preserved.
Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate and detect the chemical
components of a sample mixture to determine their presence or absence and/or quantities.
Mass spectrometry can be used to identify unknown compounds via molecular weight
determination, to quantify known compounds, and to determine structure and chemical
properties of molecules.

CHAPTER 8
GLASS FRACTURES
GLASS - is best described as a supercooled liquid which possesses high viscosity and, hence,
rigidity.
Composition- silica (SiO2), boric oxide (B2O3), and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
GLASS FRACTURES
Radial Fracture – primary fracture resembles the spokes of a wheel radiating outward from the
point of impact.
Concentric Fracture – secondary fracture having the appearance of circles around the point of
impact connecting one radiating crack to the other, thus forming triangular pieces of glass.
From the study of these two types of fractures (impact) it is possible to
derivethe following:
POINT OF IMPACT – The front of the glass can be determined due to the accumulation of dust
and dirt on the glass.
DIRECTION OF IMPACT – a bullet will make a clear cut hole in the side of the entrance rather
than on the exit side. If a shot is fired perpendicularly it will give a crater of uniform crating’s, or
flaking’s. If the shot is fired at an angle from the right, the left exit side of the glass will give
more flaking’s and vice versa.

CAUSE OF FRACTURE
• Fracture due to heat does not exhibit a definite pattern of radial and concentric fractures but
are characteristically wavy.
•-Fractures due to mechanical means show definite pattern of radial and concentric fractures.
Determination of the First Shot from a Series of Shots.
•-The radial fracture of the first bullet hole will end/stop
the radial fractures of the succeeding bullet holes.

CHAPTER 9
MOULAGE AND OTHER
PLASTER OF PARIS - The commonly used casting material in the Philippines is
SOME TECHNIQUES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USED OF PLASTER OF PARIS
Hastening – add ½ teaspoonful of table salt to the plaster.
Retarding – add 1 part of a saturated solution of borax to 10 parts of water to be used in
making the plaster. One teaspoonful of sugar may also be used.
Hardening – soak in sodium bicarbonate
CAST OF HUMAN BODY
Negocoll –this is a rubbery gelatinous material made of colloidal and
magnesium soaps.
Hominit – a flesh colored resinous substance used for making positives from negocoll
negatives.
Celerit – a brown colored substance used for backing and strengthening the hominit.

CHAPTER 10
METALLURGY APPLIED
TO CRIME DETECTION
METALLURGY – the art of extracting and working in metals by the application of chemical and
physical knowledge.
METALLOGRAPHY – the branch of metallurgy which involves the study of the microstructures
of metals and alloys.
Application of Metallurgy in Criminal Investigation
RESTORATION OF SERIAL NUMBERS
1. CAST IRON AND CAST STEEL – a 10% solution of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate.
2. WROUGHT IRON AND FORGED IRONS AND STEELS- Solution 1: Hydrochloric acid, 80 cc;
water, 60 cc., copper chloride, 12.9 gm, alcohol, 50 cc. Solution 2: 15% nitric acid.
3. ALUMINUM – Glycerine, 30 cc., hydrofluoric acid, 20 cc., nitric acid, 10 cc.
Due to the dangerous nature of hydrofluoric acid, only
experienced chemists should use the solution.
4. COPPER, BRASS, GERMAN SILVER, AND OTHER COPPER ALLOYS – Ferric chloride, 19 gm,
hydrochloric acid, 6 cc., and water, 100 cc. Since the reagent is slow in its action, it is
recommended that “retaining wall” method should be employed. The reagent can remain for
24 hours.
5. STAINLESS STEEL – Use dilute sulfuric acid or 10% hydrochloric acid in alcohol.
6. LEAD (MOTOR CAR BATTERIES, ETC.) – Glacial acetic acid, 3 parts, hydrogen peroxide, 1 part.
7. ZINC – 10% sodium hydroxide solution. The “retaining wall” method is recommended.
8. GERMAN SILVER – Ferric chloride syrupy solution, 25% concentrated hydrochloric acid, 25%,
and water 50%.
9. TIN – 10% hydrochloric acid.
10. SILVER – Concentrated nitric acid solution.
11. GOLD AND PLATINUM – Aqua regia.
12. WOOD – Erased numbers and figures on wood can also be treated and excellent results
have been obtained by subjecting the suspected areas to a jet of steam. Liquid that is SYRUPY is
sweet or thick like syrup; a SYRUPY quality of behavior is sentimental in
an irritating way.

CHAPTER 11
PETROGRAPHY APPLIED
TO CRIME DETECTION
Petrography - is that branch of geology which deals with the systematic classification and
identification of rocks, rock forming minerals, and soils.
SOIL- as evidence has been overlooked by most investigators probably because it is such a
commonplace substance is more or less taken from granted.
1. Alluvial Soil – its particles may be derived from almost infinite number of sources, and since
the action of water and wind would in a few cases be identical over long periods of time in
different spots, great variations in composition would be expected
2. Colluvial Soil – soil in which some movement and intermingling of parts has occurred would
be expected to be less variable.
3. Sedentary Soil – least variable
CONSTITUENTS OF SOIL
1. Primary Minerals – undecomposed rock fragments
ranging from stones down thru pebbles, sand, and silt.
2. Clay Minerals – may be found in nearly all soils and is
the major constituent of most heavy soils. It imparts to
a soil cohesiveness and plasticity, and becomes hard
and adherent on heating.
3. Organic Constituents – organic matter is one of the
most variable of all soil constituents and is of peculiar
importance in the identification of soils.
DUST AND DIRT- has been described as “matter in the wrong place”.
Classification of Dust
1. Dust deposited from the air
2. Road and footpath dusts
3. Industrial Dusts
4. Occupational Dusts

CHAPTER 12
SMOKE AND FLAME
IDENTIFICATION
White Smoke – indicates burning of “humid materials”
Black smoke accompanied by large flame – indicates petroleum “products or rubber”
Reddish Brown Smoke – presence of nitrocellulose sulfur, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric
acid
Red Flame – presence of “petroleum”
Blue Flame – presence of “alcohol, aldehyde or ketone”
Biting Smoke – “irritating to nose” and caused coughing indicate presence of chlorine.

CHAPTER 13
DRUGS
PRELIMINARY TEST
DRUGS TEST USED REACTIONS NOTED
Opium and derivatives Marquis Purple or violet color
Heroin Nitric Acid Yellow or green color
Morphine Nitric Acid Red orange to yellow color
Cocaine Cobalt Thiocyanate Blue precipitate
Barbiturates Dillie-koppanyi Violet color
Amphetamines a. Marquis, b. Mandelin a. Red orange to dark brown
b. Green to reddish brown color

LSD PABA Purple color

Marijuana Duquenois-Levine KN Violet color, Red bottom layer
CONFIRMATORY TESTS
MICROCRYSTALLINE EXAMINATION -A small amount of the drug is dissolved in a few drops of
solvent on a slide. Then a reagent is added, forming crystals characteristic of the
drug. This is observed under the microscope.
THE UV AND IR SPECTROPHOTOMETERS AND THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH – can also be used
for positive identification of the drugs.

SCIENTIFIC NAME OF CERTAIN DRUGS

Cocaine – Benzol Methyl Ecgonine
Coca Plant – Erythroxylon Coca Lamarch
Marijuana – Cannabis Sativa L.
Opium – Papaver Somniferum
Shabu – Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
Ecstasy – Methylenedioxymethamphetamine